一种高含量羟基积雪草苷在化妆品中的研究应用

本文主要讨论一种高含量羟基积雪草苷在化妆品中的研究应用,主要研究高含量羟基积雪草苷溶解稳定性,增稠兼容性。结果表明:高含量羟基积雪草苷在水中溶解度30 g/100 g;溶解稳定性较好,透明,无析出;增稠兼容性中,常温放置粘度无明显变化,Total CICA 80无离子性;其增稠体系选择Arisroflex AVC类较优。     

RDX在68%硝酸中溶解度的测定及关联

采用测定固体在液体中溶解度的实验装置,用静态平衡法测定298 K～343 K时黑索今（RDX）在质量分数68%硝酸中的溶解度。用数学方法对RDX在不同温度下溶解度数据进行关联,拟合出RDX溶解度与温度的线性方程,并计算不同温度下RDX在68%硝酸中的溶解度。与实测溶解度值进行比较,平均相对误差小于2%。建立了溶解-结晶模型并界定介稳区宽度,从而为RDX在不同温度下重结晶提供了参数依据。     

几种硝胺炸药在熔态TNT和DNP中的溶解性及其结晶晶型

为研究硝胺类炸药在熔铸载体中的溶解性并分析溶解后硝胺类炸药的相变,采用物理分离的方法分别测出了RDX、HMX和CL-20在90℃的2,4,6-三硝基甲苯(TNT)和3,4-二硝基吡唑(DNP)中的溶解度;通过拉曼光谱对溶解后回收的硝胺类炸药进行了表征。结果表明,90℃下,RDX、HMX和CL-20在TNT中的溶解度分别为3.35、0.24和4.99g/100g,在DNP中的溶解度分别为12.28、2.64和7.03g/100g;RDX在TNT、DNP中溶解冷却后的晶型均为β型,HMX在TNT、DNP中溶解冷却后的晶型均为α型,RDX、HMX在TNT、DNP中溶解前后晶型一致,均未发生变化;CL-20在TNT、DNP中溶解后回收的晶型均由ε型变为β型,说明CL-20在熔铸炸药载体中由于温度与溶剂的作用晶型不稳定,硝胺类炸药在熔铸载体中溶解并发生相变将会严重影响炸药的性能。     

超临界水中硫酸钠溶解度研究

研究硫酸钠在超临界水中的溶解度。在实验范围内 (4 0 0 5 0 0℃ ,2 2 .5 30MPa)测得溶解度均小于40× 10 -6g/g。随温度降低和压力升高 ,硫酸钠溶解度增大。关联了溶解度模型 ,表明同一温度下的硫酸钠溶解度对数与水密度对数呈线性关系。     

温度对RDX/PET/NPBA推进剂药浆流变特性的影响

为获得温度对RDX/PET/NPBA推进剂药浆流变特性的影响,采用稳态和动态流变学方法测试了不同温度下RDX在硝酸酯增塑的PET黏合剂药浆中的黏度,研究了其流变特性随温度的变化规律。结果表明,当实验温度低于53℃时,RDX/PET/NPBA药浆黏度随温度的升高快速降低;高于53℃时,降幅变缓;当温度为57~60℃时,药浆黏度处于相对平稳状态。温度升高引起RDX/PET/NPBA药浆黏度的变化与黏合剂基体、RDX溶解度及RDX与键合剂作用三者之间均有关联。同时从RDX/PET/NPBA胶片实验结果得出,温度升高后胶片的力学性能提高,表明温度对键合剂的作用影响较大。     

丁二酸在环己烷,环己酮,环己醇中溶解度的研究

丁二酸是己二酸生产过程中,与己二酸和戊二酸一起共存于环己烷、环己醇和环己酮组成的混合体系中的一种副产物.为了提高己二酸的纯度,需要对丁二酸在环己烷、环己醇、环己酮中的溶解性能进行研究.本文利用常压固液平衡测定装置,对丁二酸在环己烷、环己酮、环己醇单一溶剂及其混合溶剂中的溶解度进行了测定.结果表明,丁二酸在环己酮和环己醇中的溶解度,分别为3.9784 g和1.2070 g,均大于1 g,属可溶范畴;在环己烷中的溶解度,仅0.0082 g,小于0.01 g,属于难溶范畴.在环己酮和环己醇的单一溶剂中,在20～50 ℃时,对丁二酸的溶解能力是环己酮>环己醇>环己烷;而在60～80 ℃时,则是环己醇>环己酮>环己烷.在3种溶剂的混合体系中,丁二酸的溶解度均随温度升高而增大;低于50 ℃时,随温度升高溶解度增大缓慢,在50～80 ℃时随温度升高增大较快.     

RDX/PEG悬浮液的流变性能

为获取RDX对固体火箭推进剂药浆流变性能的影响规律,采用稳态和动态流变学方法研究了RDX在硝酸酯增塑的聚乙二醇黏合剂体系中的流变特性、黏弹性及温度对悬浮液流变性能的影响.结果表明,随RDX含量的增加,颗粒间相互作用增强,从而导致悬浮液体系假塑性程度升高和损耗模量频率谱偏离线性程度增大.在RDX(I)悬浮液中RDX存在临界体积分数,且在硝酸酯增塑的聚乙二醇黏合剂体系中的表观黏度随温度的升高呈增加趋势,这与RDX的粒度和固-液界面相关.     

Na_2B_4O_7在NaCl-KCl-NaF熔盐体系中的溶解度及溶解机理

采用等温饱和法研究了Na_2B_4O_7在NaCl-KCl-NaF熔盐体系中的溶解度。通过热力学及X射线衍射分析,确定了Na_2B_4O_7的溶解机理。结果表明:随温度的升高Na_2B_4O_7在NaCl-KCl-NaF熔盐体系中的溶解度增大,温度达到750℃时溶解度显著增大;Na_2B_4O_7在熔盐体系中的溶解平衡时间随温度的升高而缩短,温度达到750℃后在3.5h溶解均能达到平衡;Na_2B_4O_7在NaCl-KCl-NaF熔盐体系中的溶解机理为物理溶解。     

高浓度球形二氧化硅粒子悬浮液流变行为研究

采用stober方法制备了单分散球形二氧化硅粒子,利用球磨分散技术制备了稳定的二氧化硅/聚乙二醇200体系,对该体系的稳态流变性能进行研究,考察了粒子浓度,粒径,温度对体系流变性能的影响。结果表明,当剪切速率小于临界剪切速率时,体系呈剪切变稀行为;当剪切速率大于临界剪切速率时,体系呈剪切增稠行为。随粒子的浓度增大体系在测试剪切速率范围内的粘度增大,临界剪切速率减小,剪切增稠幅度增大。     

紫外光谱法分析从废弃推进剂中回收的RDX

以溶剂萃取法提取的废弃改性双基固体推进剂中黑索今(RDX)为研究对象,采用乙腈溶解水析出法去除提取物中的杂质硝化棉(NC),通过紫外光谱法测定了回收RDX的纯度,并与目前通常采用的液相色谱法进行了对比。实验结果表明,RDX的乙醇溶液在223 nm处有最大吸光度;RDX的质量浓度在0.0333 mg/L~0.0777 mg/L与其吸光度呈良好的线性关系,相关系数r=0.9999;所回收的RDX纯度达99.0%以上;紫外光谱法定量分析RDX具有快捷、准确、设备便宜的优点。     

Solubility Determination of Raw Energetic Materials in Molten 2,4‐Dinitroanisole

2,4‐Dinitroanisole (DNAN) is an ingredient used in several insensitive munition formulations that have recently been qualified by the US Army. A phenomenon known as irreversible growth is found to occur during conditioning cycles of insensitive munitions (IM) that contain DNAN. A possible cause of the irreversible growth maybe the potential solubility of energetic components formulated with melted DNAN. This report documents methods development and procedures used to determine the solubility of energetic constituents in molten DNAN at 100 °C. High performance liquid chromatography and ion chromatography were used for quantitation. Solubilities (given as g energetic per 100 g DNAN) of RDX, HMX, NTO, NQ, and AP were found as 13.7, 3.02, 0.222, 0.448, and 0.088, respectively.     

Partial Reparametrization of the BKW Equation of State for DNAN‐Based Melt‐Cast Explosives

DNAN‐based melt‐cast explosives are a type of new, insensitive munitions (IM) explosives. Quickly determining munitions’ explosive properties is extremely important during the formulation design stage. The aim of this study was to partially reparameterize BKW‐EOS (only β and κ were reparameterized on the basis of the parameters (α , β , κ , and θ ) of classical BKW‐RDX set and BKW‐TNT set) to more accurately predict the properties of DNAN‐based melt‐cast explosives. A new set of parameters β and κ was obtained (β =0.19, κ =9.81) according to measured detonation velocity and detonation pressure for ideal DNAN‐based melt‐cast formulations (DNAN/RDX and DNAN/HMX). For non‐ideal DNAN‐based melt‐cast formulations (DNAN/RDX/Al and DNAN/HMX/Al), aluminum oxidation degree was first determined according to the measured detonation heat; then, another new set of parameters β and κ was obtained in the same way as the ideal formulations (β =0.24, κ =8.5). The predicted detonation properties with BKW reparametrization for DNAN‐based melt‐cast explosives agreed with the measured data.     

Response surface optimization of the purification process of cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine explosive via digestion in binary solvent mixtures of acetone/water

The present study introduces a new route for the purification of cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) explosive containing cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine (HMX) impurity, based on the digestion of crude materials in the binary solvent of acetone/water. Here, first, the solubility data, enthalpy of dissolution and mixing of RDX and HMX were determined experimentally in binary solvent. Then, the effects of various factors on the purification of RDX were studied statistically via response surface methodology (RSM) experimental design. In this technique, unlike the solubility data, unexpectedly HMX was dissolved with higher ratio and solid RDX was obtained with purity >99.5 wt.% and improved crystal morphology.     

Characterization of PAX‐21 Insensitive Munition Detonation Residues

Insensitive high explosives are being used in military munitions to counteract unintended detonations during storage and transportation. These formulations contain compounds such as 2,4‐dinitroanisole (DNAN) and 3‐nitro‐1,2,4‐triazol‐5‐one (NTO), which are less sensitive to shock and heat than conventional explosives. We conducted a series of four tests on snow‐covered ice utilizing 60‐mm mortar cartridges filled with 358 g of PAX‐21, a mixture of RDX, DNAN, and ammonium perchlorate. Rounds were detonated high‐ and low‐order using a fuze simulator to initiate detonation. Blow‐in‐place (BIP) operations were conducted on fuzed rounds using an external donor charge or a shaped‐charge initiator. Results indicate that 0.001 % of the original mass of RDX and DNAN were deposited during high‐order detonations, but up to 28 % of the perchlorate remained. For the donor block BIPs, 1 % of the RDX and DNAN remained. Residues masses for these operations were significantly higher than for conventional munitions. Low‐order detonations deposited 10–15 % of their original explosive filler in friable chunks up to 5.2 g in mass. Shaped‐charge BIPs scattered 15 % of the filler and produced chunks up to 15 g. Ammonium perchlorate residue masses were extremely high because of the presence of large AP crystals, up to 400 μm in the recovered particles.     

Functional Properties of Protein Isolates Produced by Aqueous Extraction of De-hulled Yellow Mustard

Two types of protein isolates were prepared from de‐hulled yellow mustard flour by aqueous extraction, membrane processing and isoelectric precipitation. The precipitated and soluble protein isolates had 96.0 and 83.5% protein content on a moisture and oil free basis, respectively. Their functional properties were evaluated and compared with commercial soybean and other Brassica protein isolates. The soluble protein isolate exhibited high values for all properties. The precipitated protein isolate showed excellent oil absorption and emulsifying properties but poor solubility, water absorption and foaming properties due to its high lipid content (~25%). Storage temperature had limited effect on lipid oxidation, and hence the stability of the precipitated protein isolate at 25–45 °C. Flavor of wieners and bologna prepared with 2% of this isolate as binder was comparable to those prepared with soy protein isolate.     

Degradation of TNT,RDX, and HMX Explosive Wastewaters Using Zero‐Valent Iron Nanoparticles

The high‐energy explosives 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (TNT), hexahydro‐1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazine (RDX), and the high melting explosive octahydro‐1,3,5,7‐tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetrazocine (HMX) are common groundwater contaminants at active and abandoned munitions production facilities causing serious environmental problems. A highly efficient and environmentally friendly method was developed for the treatment of the explosives‐contaminated wastewaters using zero‐valent iron nanoparticles (ZVINs). ZVINs with diameters of 20–50 nm and specific surface areas of 42.56 m² g⁻¹ were synthesized by the co‐precipitation method. The explosives degradation reaction is expressed to be of pseudo first‐order and the kinetic reaction parameters are calculated based on different initial concentrations of TNT, RDX, and HMX. In addition, by comparison of the field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM) images for the fresh and reacted ZVINs, it was apparent that the ZVINs were oxidized and aggregated to form Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles as a result of the chemical reaction. The X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and X‐ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) measurements confirmed that the ZVINs corrosion primarily occurred due to the formation of Fe₃O₄. Furthermore, the postulated reaction kinetics in different concentrations of TNT, RDX, and HMX, showed that the rate of TNT removal was higher than RDX and HMX. Furthermore, by‐products obtained after degradation of TNT (long‐chain alkanes/methylamine) and RDX/HMX (formaldehyde/methanol/hydrazine/dimethyl hydrazine) were determined by LC/MS/MS, respectively. The high reaction rate and significant removal efficiencies suggest that ZVINs might be suitable and powerful materials for an in‐situ degradation of explosive polluted wastewaters.     

Verification of the Explosive Quality of TH‐5

This paper reports the characteristics of the explosive TH‐5, recycled (recovered) trinitrotoluene (TNT) with max. 5 wt‐% of hexogen (RDX). The explosive TH‐5 was obtained by delaboration of warheads and melting of explosive charges based on TNT and RDX and by separation (extraction) of high explosive components. The thermal characteristics of pure (virgin) TNT and RDX, and recycled explosive TH‐5 are determined by differential scanning calorimetry. The possibility of processing TH‐5 by pressing and casting is also examined. The comparative analysis of sensitivity of TH‐5 and TNT to friction is determined, as well as compressibility of explosives, and the detonation velocity of pressed and cast charges. Based on the analysis of experimental results, the defense standard requirements for the quality of TH‐5 are defined and possibility of practical application of explosive TH‐5 was estimated.     

RDX基铝薄膜炸药与铝粉炸药水下爆炸性能比较

为了减少铝粉炸药在生产过程中因铝粉对环境污染,降低铝粉炸药的撞击感度,提高含铝炸药的成型性及力学性能,将RDX用铝薄膜分层包裹得到新型的铝薄膜混合炸药。将铝薄膜混合炸药与铝粉炸药进行水下爆炸实验与爆速实验,得到两种炸药的爆速与压力时程曲线,经过分析计算得到两种炸药的压力峰值、冲量、冲击波能、气泡脉动周期与气泡能。结果表明：铝薄膜炸药药柱的轴向为RDX与铝薄膜独立贯通的结构,有利于降低混合炸药中添加物对基体炸药爆轰波传播的影响,从而使铝薄膜混合炸药的爆速高于铝粉炸药,导致铝薄膜炸药的冲击波损失系数高于铝粉炸药,使铝薄膜混合炸药的总能量、比气泡能与铝粉炸药相当情况下,其比冲击波能却降低了10.16%～10.33%,计算过程说明铝薄膜混合炸药的C-J压力计算公式具有合理性。     

Slurry explosive detonation synthesis and characterization of 10 nm TiO2

TiO₂ was prepared by detonating a slurry explosive made of Ti precursor, ammonium nitrate, cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX), and polystyrene (EPS). X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and UV–vis diffuse reflection spectroscopy revealed that the sample was composed of mixed crystals of rutile and anatase TiO₂ with irregular spherical shapes and 10 nm particle size. The minimum energy gap of the sample was 2.9 eV. An ideal TiO₂ explosive was prepared from a precursor/ammonium nitrate/RDX ratio of 1:1:0.6 and 2 g of EPS as a density modifier.     

Investigation of the rapid expansion of supercritical solution parameters effects on size and morphology of cephalexin particles

The particle size of organic and inorganic materials is vital parameter to determine its final use. Most of the newly developed pharmaceutical materials are poorly soluble or insoluble in the aqueous media such as biological fluids. Particle size reduction of such pharmaceuticals is one of the clues to improve the dissolution rate, adsorption and bioavailability. In this study, the effect of extraction and expansion parameters of the RESS process such as extraction temperature (313–333 K), extraction pressure (140–230 bar), effective nozzle diameter (450–1700 μm), nozzle length (2–15 mm) and spraying distance (1–7 cm) on the size and morphology of the precipitated particles of cephalexin were investigated. The morphology and particle size of the unprocessed and processed (precipitated) particles were examined by the SEM images. The mean particle size of the precipitated particles was between 0.86 and 7.22 μm depending upon the different experimental conditions used. The precipitated cephalexin particles were close to spherical form while the unprocessed particles were irregular or needle in shape.