美国不敏感混合炸药的发展现状

介绍了美国研究发展的几种不敏感混合炸药,包括以DNAN基PAX系列炸药、以蜡为添加剂的MNX-194等熔铸炸药、AFX-757、PBXN-109、PBXIH-135、PAX-2A、PAX-3以及TATB基等高聚物黏结炸药的性能和应用情况.指出不敏感炸药在武器中已经大量应用.     

熔铸炸药的研究进展

综述了DNAN、TNAZ、DNTF、M eNQ四种可作为熔铸载体炸药的国内外研究现状,介绍了它们的合成方法、物理化学与爆轰性能、相容性、熔铸配方以及国内外在为其熔铸所做的最新研究成果,为促进上述载体炸药能更好地应用到熔铸中提供必要的参考数据。其中DNAN已经在美国投入到实际熔铸应用中,TNAZ、DNTF、M eNQ处于合成放大阶段和熔铸应用初级阶段。这些炸药的研究和应用将推动无TNT熔铸时代的到来。     

DNAN基高致密熔铸炸药装药安全性研究

文章从熔铸炸药的一般性质入手,分析了以球形化RDX/DNAN为基的高致密熔铸炸药装药的可行性与优越性;通过制备一定量的RDX/DNAN和RDX/TNT熔铸炸药药柱,采用GJB炸药试验方法,进行密度和冲击波感度测试。试验结果表明,相同配比下使用球形化RDX的TNT基高致密熔铸炸药相对于使用普通RDX的TNT基高致密熔铸炸药,其密度更高,冲击波感度略有降低。而相同RDX含量下,将载体由TNT改为DNAN,其冲击波感度又降低了超过15%,安全性得到了极大的提升。     

国外火炸药技术发展新动向分析

在系统跟踪近3年来国外研发动态的基础上,综述了新型熔铸炸药、火炸药绿色与安全工艺技术、富氮化合物、先进发射装药技术和火炸药新概念新技术等的最新研究与进展,从5个方面详细分析了研究新动向:美国陆军开启二硝基茴香醚基不敏感熔铸炸药的应用时代;CL-20合成与制备工艺技术的蓬勃发展;富氮化合物合成研究不断推陈出新;先进发射装药技术日趋成熟并推向应用;火炸药新概念和新技术探索研究取得可喜成果。附参考文献23篇。     

DNAN基熔铸炸药贮存寿命预估研究

介绍了DNAN基熔铸炸药在其安全临界贮存温度的测试分析基础上,进行了温度为71℃下的加速贮存试验,分析了炸药在贮存过程中的质量和体积变化以及贮存试验前后的真空安定性和5s爆发点变化,得出DNAN基熔铸炸药满足在常温(21℃)下的理论贮存寿命。     

DNAN基熔铸复合炸药的爆轰性能

采用GJB772A-97方法704.2锰铜压力传感器法和GJB772A-97方法702.1电测法测试了6种2,4-二硝基苯甲醚(DNAN)基熔铸复合炸药的爆速和爆压及空中爆炸冲击波参数,通过计算得到配方中铝粉的反应度λ和反应区间长度L。结果表明,DNAN基熔铸复合炸药空中爆炸威力(Δp·I)与反应度和反应区间的乘积(λ·L)的大小关系一致。λ·L值越大,其爆炸威力越大。     

约束对DNAN基熔铸炸药点火反应特性的影响

为了探究约束对2,4-二硝基苯甲醚(DNAN)基熔铸炸药点火反应特性的影响，设计了不同壁厚条件下单端点火试验和相同壁厚的爆轰试验；基于爆炸相似理论，通过对比爆轰试验与点火试验产生的冲击波超压，估算了炸药在点火试验中产生的等效反应药量。结果表明，DNAN基熔铸炸药在一般约束条件下(壁厚小于10mm),经黑火药引燃后仅发生燃烧反应；在强约束条件下(壁厚20、30、40及50mm)反应更为剧烈，但未发生典型的燃烧转爆轰过程，反应烈度为爆燃或爆炸级。DNAN基熔铸炸药发生反应的等效反应药量随着管体壁厚增大，爆炸百分比从23.9%依次增加至34.8%、77.3%及78.7%。可知在一定范围内增强约束条件，炸药燃烧进程会随之加快，反应更为剧烈，但当约束条件足够强时，这种促进作用将不再明显。     

DNAN基熔铸混合炸药慢烤燃的尺寸效应

利用自行设计的烤燃试验装置,采用多点测温方式,以1.0℃/min的升温速率对3种不同装药尺寸的DANA基熔铸混合炸药进行慢烤,测量烤燃弹的温度变化,以此为基础,建立烤燃弹的计算模型,利用FLIENT软件对不同装药尺寸的烤燃弹进行了数值模拟,研究装药尺寸对DNAN熔铸混合炸药烤燃响应特性的影响。结果表明,约束条件和升温速率不变时,装药尺寸对DNAN基熔铸混合炸药的响应温度有明显影响,装药直径为19mm的烤燃弹在升温速率1.0℃/min下,当长径比小于4时,炸药的响应温度随长径比增大呈指数降低趋势,同时响应时间随装药尺寸增大也呈指数衰减;当长径比大于4时,炸药的响应温度趋于恒定,响应时间也基本不变。在升温速率不变时,DNAN熔铸炸药的相变温度与尺寸无关,在1.0℃/min升温速率下的炸药点火位置均在药柱中心,点火区域与装药尺寸呈几何相似。     

热刺激强度对DNAN基熔铸炸药烤燃响应特性的影响

为研究热刺激强度对DNAN基熔铸炸药烤燃试验的热反应规律,利用自行设计的烤燃试验装置,采用多点测温烤燃试验,在升温速率0.055、1.0、2.0K/min下对该炸药进行了烤燃试验。建立了炸药烤燃计算模型,分别模拟计算了升温速率0.055、0.5、1.0、2.0、3.0、5.0K/min下的烤燃响应情况。结果表明,升温速率对DNAN基熔铸炸药的相变温度、响应温度、点火位置都有较大影响;升温速率为0.055K/min时,炸药发生相变和响应时的温度较低,点火区域位于药柱中心;升温速率为5.0K/min时,炸药发生相变和响应时的温度较高,而点火区域位于药柱上、下两端环状区域;随着升温速率的增大,炸药的响应温度不断升高,相变时的温度呈对数增加。     

DNTF基熔铸炸药的金属加速作功能力

用圆筒试验获得含铝和不含铝两种配方的DNTF基熔铸炸药的筒壁膨胀速度、比动能和格尼系数的变化规律,研究了其金属加速作功能力,并与Octol炸药进行了对比。结果表明,DNTF可显著提高混合炸药的金属加速作功能力;加入少量铝粉虽然会降低初始筒壁速度,但在圆筒膨胀后期,筒壁速度可超过不含铝配方,且提高了DNTF基熔铸炸药的持续金属加速作功能力;与Octol炸药相比,含铝DNTF基熔铸炸药的格尼系数提高了6.2%。     

Partial Reparametrization of the BKW Equation of State for DNAN‐Based Melt‐Cast Explosives

DNAN‐based melt‐cast explosives are a type of new, insensitive munitions (IM) explosives. Quickly determining munitions’ explosive properties is extremely important during the formulation design stage. The aim of this study was to partially reparameterize BKW‐EOS (only β and κ were reparameterized on the basis of the parameters (α , β , κ , and θ ) of classical BKW‐RDX set and BKW‐TNT set) to more accurately predict the properties of DNAN‐based melt‐cast explosives. A new set of parameters β and κ was obtained (β =0.19, κ =9.81) according to measured detonation velocity and detonation pressure for ideal DNAN‐based melt‐cast formulations (DNAN/RDX and DNAN/HMX). For non‐ideal DNAN‐based melt‐cast formulations (DNAN/RDX/Al and DNAN/HMX/Al), aluminum oxidation degree was first determined according to the measured detonation heat; then, another new set of parameters β and κ was obtained in the same way as the ideal formulations (β =0.24, κ =8.5). The predicted detonation properties with BKW reparametrization for DNAN‐based melt‐cast explosives agreed with the measured data.     

Characterization of PAX‐21 Insensitive Munition Detonation Residues

Insensitive high explosives are being used in military munitions to counteract unintended detonations during storage and transportation. These formulations contain compounds such as 2,4‐dinitroanisole (DNAN) and 3‐nitro‐1,2,4‐triazol‐5‐one (NTO), which are less sensitive to shock and heat than conventional explosives. We conducted a series of four tests on snow‐covered ice utilizing 60‐mm mortar cartridges filled with 358 g of PAX‐21, a mixture of RDX, DNAN, and ammonium perchlorate. Rounds were detonated high‐ and low‐order using a fuze simulator to initiate detonation. Blow‐in‐place (BIP) operations were conducted on fuzed rounds using an external donor charge or a shaped‐charge initiator. Results indicate that 0.001 % of the original mass of RDX and DNAN were deposited during high‐order detonations, but up to 28 % of the perchlorate remained. For the donor block BIPs, 1 % of the RDX and DNAN remained. Residues masses for these operations were significantly higher than for conventional munitions. Low‐order detonations deposited 10–15 % of their original explosive filler in friable chunks up to 5.2 g in mass. Shaped‐charge BIPs scattered 15 % of the filler and produced chunks up to 15 g. Ammonium perchlorate residue masses were extremely high because of the presence of large AP crystals, up to 400 μm in the recovered particles.     

Simultaneous Determination of Multiple Mechanical Parameters for a DNAN/HMX Melt‐Cast Explosive by Brazilian Disc Test Combined with Digital Image Correlation Method

Tensile strength, tensile modulus, compressive modulus, and Poisson's ratio are important mechanical parameters for brittle explosives. Generally, these parameters are separately measured by several different tests in which the homogeneity of specimens cannot be guaranteed, thus requiring a simultaneous determination of these mechanical parameters by one test. In this paper, simultaneous determination of multiple mechanical parameters of a DNAN/HMX melt‐cast explosive using Brazilian disc test combined with digital image correlation (DIC) method is described. The method would allow tensile strength, tensile modulus, compressive modulus, and Poisson′s ratio to be obtained simultaneously by one test, when the influences of rigid body motion have been effectively removed. The method principle was introduced in detail in this paper. The effect of temperature on the mechanical properties and the difference between the tensile modulus and compressive modulus of the DNAN/HMX melt‐cast explosive were investigated. The elastic constants and tensile strength were quantitatively analyzed and are qualitatively correct, which demonstrates the effectiveness of the presented method.     

Energetic Residues from the Detonation of IMX‐104 Insensitive Munitions

The development of insensitive munitions by NATO countries is an ongoing effort. Less‐sensitive ingredients in both explosives and propellants will ensure the protection of deployed troops against an unwanted reaction to an external stimulus on the munitions stockpile. In the US Army, current efforts are directed towards the development of melt cast insensitive explosive formulations. Various formulations, mainly based on DNAN and NTO, have been developed and are now being fielded. Our research goal is to measure the deposition rate of energetics compounds from various insensitive munitions detonation scenarios. Our hypothesis is that the relative insensitiveness of these formulations leads to slightly higher deposition rates than conventional explosive formulations. This paper describes detonation residues research on mortar rounds containing IMX‐104 explosive. Analyses indicate that high‐order detonation residues are slightly greater for this formulation than for conventional munitions. However, blow‐in‐place detonations (BIPs) resulted in much higher residues deposition, indicating that a larger donor charge is required for efficient detonation. The highly soluble compound NTO was particularly problematic, with BIP deposition approaching 95 % of the original load. Toxicological studies of NTO are not finalized, leaving considerable uncertainty regarding the feasibility of approving these rounds for distribution.     

熔铸混合炸药用载体炸药评述

介绍了TNT、3号炸药、DNTF、TNAZ、DNAN、DNP等典型熔铸载体炸药的物化性能、爆炸性能、安全性能、结晶和凝固性质铸装质量,分析了作为载体炸药所存在的优点和不足,提出了利用优势克服不足的途径.认为TNT通过改性仍然是熔铸炸药的主要载体炸药;3号炸药具有系统研究的必要;DNTF通过降低冲击波感度和强化结晶控制研...     

墨水直写增材制造技术及其在含能材料领域的研究进展

系统介绍了墨水直写(DIW)增材制造技术及其在含能材料领域的应用,重点综述了近年来DIW技术在亚稳态分子间复合物(铝热剂、铝-氟聚物)、复杂异型火炸药装药结构(固体推进剂装药、炸药装药)及火工品药剂中的研究进展,并提出与之相关的机遇和挑战。指出DIW技术在一定程度上能够弥补传统装药技术的不足,在新型多孔/特殊结构装药和能量密度递变的火炸药装药研发与制造方面极具开发应用潜力,未来可进一步加强增材制造火炸药配方应用基础研究、光-热协同固化体系研究以及弹药壳体-装药一体化制造等方面的研究,为我国新型、高精度战略武器装备的发展提供新思路与技术途径。     

Ageing of Australian DNAN Based Melt‐Cast Insensitive Explosives

2,4‐Dinitroanisole (DNAN) is a new melt‐cast matrix ingredient that replaces traditional TNT in TNT‐based melt‐cast explosives. Aside from sensitiveness improvements, the use of DNAN allows for the continued operation of existing melt‐cast facilities (for example the Australian Munitions plants located at Mulwala and Benalla) without the need for major plant modifications. Researchers at Defence Science and Technology Group (DST Group) have developed several DNAN based formulations that have been extensively characterized. In an effort to better understand the ageing properties of these formulations, an accelerated ageing program was undertaken. Testing was conducted under two different ageing conditions; the first test condition was conducted at a constant 60 °C with ambient humidity and the second test condition was the A2 diurnal cycle (representative of hot dry climates). Analysis of the formulation density, sensitiveness, mechanical and thermal properties was made at three‐month intervals for a period of 12 months and results compared with conventional explosives similarly aged. For all DNAN‐based formulations there was negligible change in impact, friction, electrostatic discharge, and thermal testing over time. These results highlight the ability of the ARX formulations to diurnal temperature cycling and to hold favorable sensitiveness properties to various stimuli.     

荧光共轭聚合物在炸药探测中的应用

概述了炸药和炸药探测技术的种类以及荧光共轭聚合物的化学传感原理,综述了荧光共轭聚合物传感技术在炸药探测方面的应用研究进展以及取得的主要成就,并对其存在的主要问题做了简要的说明。提出高灵敏度、高信息负载度、低误判率的专用彩色聚合物炸药探测器件,在未来器件中有着更大的发展前景。