表面改性多孔淀粉的制备及微生物固定化应用

以玉米淀粉为原材料,利用生物酶解法制备多孔淀粉,并以聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)为表面改性剂,以戊二醇(GA)为交联剂,对多孔淀粉进行交联改性。以沉降积为指标,优化确定多孔淀粉改性的最佳工艺条件。利用Zeta电位仪检测分析改性多孔淀粉颗粒表面的电荷分布情况,并通过扫描电子显微镜观察改性多孔淀粉的外部形貌。α-淀粉酶和糖化酶的混合比例为1∶4,酶添加量为5%,反应体系p H保持6左右,在45℃条件下酶催化反应24h时,可制备出外部形态完整、表面分布较多孔洞的多孔淀粉。以GA为交联剂,用PEI对多孔淀粉表面进行改性的最佳条件为:PEI添加量6%,GA添加量5%,35℃条件下搅拌反应8h。此条件下制备的改性多孔淀粉,形态保持完整,沉降积表现最佳,且颗粒表面分布丰富的正电荷,等电点达到9.8。以表面改性的多孔淀粉为载体,在酸性条件下固定化大肠杆菌,制备了淀粉固定化大肠杆菌。     

湘莲中产耐酸性α-淀粉酶菌株的分离及鉴定

目的从湘莲中分离产耐酸性α-淀粉酶菌株,并对其进行鉴定。方法采用淀粉富集培养基分离湘莲中产α-淀粉酶菌株,通过形态学、生理生化分析及16S rDNA序列分析进行鉴定;在不同pH(3.20、3.38、3.56、3.85、4.15和4.45)条件下培养筛选出的菌株,测定酶活力,确定产酶的最适pH;在不同温度(25、30、35和40℃)条件下培养耐酸性α-淀粉酶产生菌,测定酶活力,确定产酶的最适温度;用不同碳源(蔗糖、淀粉和葡萄糖)和不同氮源[牛肉膏、(NH4)2SO4、柠檬酸氢二铵、柠檬酸三铵和蛋白胨]培养耐酸性α-淀粉酶产生菌,测定酶活力,确定产酶的最适碳源和氮源。结果从湘莲样品中筛选出2株酶活力较高的菌株,酶活力分别为376.21和395.62 U/ml,分别编号为LL5和LL9,2株菌株均为解淀粉芽胞杆菌。菌株LL5产α-淀粉酶的最适pH为3.56,最适温度为34℃,最适碳源为葡萄糖,最适氮源为柠檬酸三铵,为耐酸性α-淀粉酶产生菌。结论成功从湘莲中分离出1株产耐酸性α-淀粉酶菌株LL5。     

玉米生粉发酵生产L-乳酸的研究

研究了以α 淀粉酶为主的多种酶配合作用对玉米生粉乳酸发酵的影响。添加纤维素酶、酸性蛋白酶和脂肪酶能够加强液化酶和糖化酶对玉米生粉的水解作用 ,提高产酸水平和底物利用率。各种酶的最适添加量为α 淀粉酶 :8u/g干淀粉 ;纤维素酶 :5u/g原料 ;酸性蛋白酶 :2u/g原料 ;脂肪酶 :1u/g原料。在此条件下 ,当玉米粉初始浓度为 14 0g/L时 ,摇瓶产酸 6 5 .72 g/L ,发酵罐中产酸可达 71.6 5 g/L ,达到并超过高温蒸煮乳酸发酵的水平。同时研究了底物浓度对产酸的影响。     

普鲁兰酶产生菌的筛选、鉴定及其发酵条件优化

从土壤中分离出一株产普鲁兰酶活性较高的菌株Z1,初步鉴定为盐球菌（Halococcus sp．）。研究了其产酶最适条件,确定产酶最适碳源为糯米淀粉、最适氮源为酵母膏＋蛋白胨,优化的培养条件如下：发酵初始pH值为6．0,接种量为14％,500mL摇瓶装液量为150mL,转速为180r·min^-1,培养温度为30℃,培养时间为52h。在优化条件下产酶量达到最高峰,酶活力可达5．06U·mL^-1。     

超声波对木薯淀粉性质及结构的影响

考察了超声波对木薯淀粉理化性质及结构的影响. 结果表明,经超声处理后淀粉表观粘度下降,凝沉增强;经超声处理2 min,淀粉糊透明度提高,抗酶解能力降低;延长超声时间则导致糊透明度下降和抗酶解能力增强. FT-IR和XRD分析结果表明,超声作用未破坏淀粉分子基团,但淀粉结晶结构遭到破坏,结晶度下降. SEM分析显示,淀粉团粒结构减弱,受侵蚀的颗粒数量增多;淀粉-碘复合物分析表明,超声波造成淀粉大量降解,破坏支链结构和淀粉长链,直链淀粉含量增加. DSC分析表明,淀粉经超声处理后糊化焓基本不变,糊化温度升高.     

一株产普鲁兰酶芽孢杆菌的筛选鉴定及发酵条件优化

从甘肃定西某淀粉加工厂附近土壤中分离得到一株产普鲁兰酶酶源菌AI-1,通过形态学、生理生化试验及16S rRNA序列鉴定并对其进行系统发育分析,鉴定为解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens),对其发酵培养基成分和发酵条件进行了优化。优化后的发酵培养基成分为:可溶性淀粉1.5%,酵母膏1%,蛋白胨1%,NaCl0.5%,K2HPO40.1%,MgSO4·7H2O 0.05%;最佳发酵条件为:培养温度36℃,发酵培养基初始pH 7.0,接种量8%(V/V),摇床转速150 r/min,发酵周期72 h。在此优化条件下,菌株AI-1发酵所产普鲁兰酶的酶活由最初的2.45 U/m L提高到了4.52 U/m L。     

一株产普鲁兰酶芽孢杆菌的筛选鉴定及发酵条件优化

从甘肃定西某淀粉加工厂附近土壤中分离得到一株产普鲁兰酶酶源菌AI-1,通过形态学、生理生化试验及16S rRNA序列鉴定并对其进行系统发育分析,鉴定为解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens),对其发酵培养基成分和发酵条件进行了优化。优化后的发酵培养基成分为:可溶性淀粉1.5%,酵母膏1%,蛋白胨1%,NaCl0.5%,K2HPO40.1%,MgSO4·7H2O 0.05%;最佳发酵条件为:培养温度36℃,发酵培养基初始pH 7.0,接种量8%(V/V),摇床转速150 r/min,发酵周期72 h。在此优化条件下,菌株AI-1发酵所产普鲁兰酶的酶活由最初的2.45 U/m L提高到了4.52 U/m L。     

扩展青霉脂肪酶的生产及其在外消旋烯丙醇酮拆分上的应用

试图应用脂肪酶催化拆分法代替化学法拆分外消旋烯丙醇酮(4-羟基-3-甲基-2-(2-烯丙基)-2-环戊烯-1-酮,allethrolone).以Rodamine B平板筛选法获得了一株脂肪酶高产菌Penicillium expansum PED-03,并对该菌液态发酵产脂肪酶的主要工艺参数进行了优化.确立了0.5%的淀粉和4% 的豆饼粉为该菌种的适宜碳源和氮源,最适C/N为0.5.Tween-80对产酶有明显的促进作用,添加0.05% Tween-80后所产酶活力可提高55%.发酵罐产酶试验结果表明,搅拌速度对脂肪酶的产生有明显影响,适宜的搅拌速度为500 r·min-1. 利用P. expansum PED-03脂肪酶在非水相中对外消旋烯丙醇酮进行手性拆分,反应36 h时转化率(C)可达理论值的96%,产物的对映体过量值(eeP)可达99%,显示了该酶在烯丙醇酮的酶法拆分方面具有良好的应用潜力.的淀粉和4% 的豆饼粉为该菌种的适宜碳源和氮源,最适C/N为0.5.Tween-80对产酶有明显的促进作用,添加0.05% Tween-80后所产酶活力可提高55%.发酵罐产酶试验结果表明,搅拌速度对脂肪酶的产生有明显影响,适宜的搅拌速度为500 r·min-1. 利用P. expansum PED-03脂肪酶在非水相中对外消旋烯丙醇酮进行手性拆分,反应36 h时转化率(C)可达理论值的96%,产物的对映体过量值(eeP)可达99%,显示了该酶在烯丙醇酮的酶法拆分方面具有良好的应用潜力.     

混菌发酵产饲用复合酶的研究

对采用黑曲霉、淀粉液化芽孢杆菌和酿酒酵母混合发酵产含复合酶饲料的培养基和发酵条件进行了研究。结果表明,30℃发酵48 h,发酵产物中纤维素酶酶活、蛋白酶酶活分别为1 265、3 236 u/g干曲。     

脂肪酶稳定性研究

研究了淀粉、粗纤维、糖、金属离子、醇、盐类对脂肪酶稳定性的影响.结果表明:从粗酶中分离出来的淀粉和粗纤维再加入到纯酶中,酶稳定性有所下降;从粗酶中分离出来的总糖和金属离子(以金属化合物形式)再加入到纯酶中,对酶稳定性的影响不大;外加一定浓度的氯化钾、四硼酸钠、丁二酸钠、山梨糖、丙三醇均可延长脂肪酶的热稳定性半衰期,而以山梨糖和丙三醇混合使用效果最好,在35℃下可延长脂肪酶的热稳定性半衰期256.8 h.     

Process modeling and optimization of industrial ethylene oxide reactor by integrating support vector regression and genetic algorithm

This article presents an artificial intelligence‐based process modeling and optimization strategies, namely support vector regression–genetic algorithm (SVR‐GA) for modeling and optimization of catalytic industrial ethylene oxide (EO) reactor. In the SVR‐GA approach, an SVR model is constructed for correlating process data comprising values of operating and performance variables. Next, model inputs describing process operating variables are optimized using Genetic Algorithm (GAs) with a view to maximize the process performance. The GA possesses certain unique advantages over the commonly used gradient‐based deterministic optimization algorithms The SVR‐GA is a new strategy for chemical process modeling and optimization. The major advantage of the strategies is that modeling and optimization can be conducted exclusively from the historic process data wherein the detailed knowledge of process phenomenology (reaction mechanism, kinetics, etc.) is not required. Using SVR‐GA strategy, a number of sets of optimized operating conditions leading to maximized EO production and catalyst selectivity were obtained. The optimized solutions when verified in actual plant resulted in a significant improvement in the EO production rate and catalyst selectivity.     

Enrichment of glutaminase production by Bacillus subtilis RSP‐GLU in submerged cultivation based on neural network—genetic algorithm approach

BACKGROUND: Owing to the importance of glutaminase in biotech product production, its production with isolated Bacillus subtilis RSP‐GLU (MTCC 9727) was investigated. Fermentation factors play an important role in product enhancement. Hence, glutaminase production was optimized using an artificial neural network (ANN) coupled genetic algorithm (GA). RESULTS: A ‘6–12–1’ topology ANN was constructed to identify the nonlinear relationship between fermentation factors and enzyme yield. ANN‐predicted values were optimized for glutaminase production using a GA. The overall mean absolute predictive error (MAPE) and the mean square errors (MSE) were observed to be 0.00125 and 1.77 and 0.002 and 3.06 for training and testing, respectively. The goodness of neural network prediction (coefficient of R²) was found to be 0.996. The maximum interactive impact on glutaminase production was noted with rpm versus medium volume. The use of ANN–GA hybrid methodology resulted in a significant improvement (47%) in glutaminase yield. CONCLUSION: Five different optimum fermentation conditions out of 500 revealed maximum enzyme production. Glutaminase enzyme production in this Bacillus subtilis RSP‐GLU is strongly influenced by aeration of the fermentation. A hybrid ANN‐GA effectively identifies the different fermentation conditions for optimum production of enzyme in a given large set of conditions. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Plasma assisted nitrogen oxide production from air: Using pulsed powered gliding arc reactor for a containerized plant

The production of NO_x from air and air + O₂ is investigated in a pulsed powered milli‐scale gliding arc (GA) reactor, aiming at a containerized process for fertilizer production. Influence of feed mixture, flow rate, temperature, and Ar and O₂ content are investigated at varying specific energy input. The findings are correlated with high‐speed imaging of the GA dynamics. An O₂ content of 40–48% was optimum, with an enhancement of 11% in NO_x production. Addition of Ar and preheating of the feed resulted in lower NO_x production. Lower flow rates produced higher NO_x concentrations due to longer residence time in the GA. The volume covered by GA depends strongly on the gas flow rate, emphasizing that the gas flow rate has a major impact on the GA dynamics and the reaction kinetics. For 0.5 L/min, 1.4 vol % of NO_x concentration was realized, which is promising for a containerized process plant to produce fertilizer in remote locations. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 526–537, 2018     

Factors affecting aflatoxin contamination of cottonseed I. Contamination of cottonseed withAspergillus flavus at harvest and during storage

Examination of cottonseed production has shown that boll weevils (Anthonomus grandis), boll rots, and improper handling and storage conditions are critical factors inAspergillus flavus contamination of cotton-seed.A. flavus cultures were isolated from both field-collected and laboratory emerged boll weevils, as well as from boll weevil emergence holes. Diseased cotton bolls have been found to containA. flavus conidia. Infection byA. flavus was limited to the surface of cottonseeds collected from gin and from the gin blower. Seeds improperty stored outside the gin were infected internally withA. flavus. Observation of bright greenish-yellow fluorescence was not useful as a diagnostic procedure to detect contaminated seeds. Aflatoxin-producing potential ofA. flavus isolates is being investigated. WhenA. flavus conidia were artifically inoculated onto the surface of the seeds, 87% of the seeds from Athens, GA, were internally infected whereas only 29% of the seeds from Macon, GA, were internally infected.A. flavus invade the cottonseed embryo through the chalazal region, the micropylar region, or cracks developed in the seed coat during ginning. Invasion of cottonseed byA. flavus was predominant at 28, 30, and 37 C while at 15 and 20 C other fungi dominated in surface and internal invasions of cottonseed. At relative humidities of 75% and 80%,Chaetomium spp. successfully competed in growth on the surface, while at a relative humidity of 90% and above, fungi belonging to the orderMucorales outgrewA. flavus.     

黄孢原毛平革菌产酶的简化结构动力学模型

In order to understand the behavior of ligninolytic enzyme production by white rot fungi Phanerochaete chrysosporium, study on time courses and a mathematical model for the production of lignin peroxidase (LiP) and manganese peroxidase (MnP) of the fungi was undertaken. Based on the Monod-Jacob operon model, the ligninolytic enzyme would be synthesized in the absence of a related repressor. The repressor is assumed to be active in the presence of ammonia nitrogen, and as combined as co-repressor, it causes the inhibition of enzyme synthesis. The model can explain the mechanism of extracellular ligninolytic enzyme production by white rot fungi. The results,as predicted by the model, correspond closely to those observed in experimental studies. In addition, some light is also shed on unmeasured variables, such as the concentrations of repressor and mRNA that are related to the enzyme synthesis.     

A novel 3-layer mixed cultural evolutionary optimization framework for optimal operation of syngas production in a Texaco coal-water slurry gasifier☆

Optimizing operational parameters for syngas production of Texaco coal-water slurry gasifier studied in this paper is a complicated nonlinear constrained problem concerning 3 BP (Error Back Propagation) neural networks. To solve this model, a new 3-layer cultural evolving algorithm framework which has a population space, a medium space and a belief space is firstly conceived. Standard differential evolution algorithm (DE), genetic algorithm (GA), and parti-cle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO) are embedded in this framework to build 3-layer mixed cultural DE/GA/PSO (3LM-CDE, 3LM-CGA, and 3LM-CPSO) algorithms. The accuracy and efficiency of the proposed hybrid algo-rithms are firstly tested in 20 benchmark nonlinear constrained functions. Then, the operational optimization model for syngas production in a Texaco coal-water slurry gasifier of a real-world chemical plant is solved effective-ly. The simulation results are encouraging that the 3-layer cultural algorithm evolving framework suggests ways in which the performance of DE, GA, PSO and other population-based evolutionary algorithms (EAs) can be improved, and the optimal operational parameters based on 3LM-CDE algorithm of the syngas production in the Texaco coal-water slurry gasifier shows outstanding computing results than actual industry use and other algorithms.     

复配优势菌用于污水处理及污泥减量的研究

从特定活性污泥中筛选优势菌与EM菌复配,通过正交试验,确定复配优势菌的最佳投加量,并经动态模型进一步验证试验结果.结果表明,根据污水特点添加不同量的复配优势菌,不仅有效地减少了剩余污泥的产量,而且提高了出水指标.     

Modulated gluconic acid production from immobilized cells of Aspergillus niger ORS‐4.410 utilizing grape must

BACKGROUND: Gluconic acid (GA) production by immobilized cells of mutant Aspergillus niger ORS‐4.410 on polyurethane sponge (PUS) and calcium‐alginate (Ca‐alginate) was evaluated in repeated batches of solid state surface fermentation (SSF) and submerged fermentation (SmF) conditions, respectively, utilizing rectified grape must as carbon source. RESULTS: The passive immobilization of cells in fermentation medium solid support of having 0.4 cm³ cube size, 4% spore suspension, 0.6 g inoculum of PUS immobilized cells at 32 °C and 2.0 L min^?1 resulted in the maximum GA production (88.16 g L^?1) with a 92.8% yield, while the Ca‐alginate matrix with a 0.5 cm diameter bead size, 2–3% spore suspension, 15 g inoculum at 34 °C and 150 rpm agitation speed revealed 67.19 g L^?1 GA with a 85.2% yield. Repeated use of PUS showed higher levels of GA (110.94 g L^?1) in the third–fourth fermentation cycles with 95–98% yield and 22.50 g L^?1 d^?1 productivity under SSF that was 2.5‐fold higher than the productivity obtained from a typical fermentation cycle, and 54% greater than the productivity obtained with repetitive use of Ca‐alginate immobilized cells of A. niger under SmF. CONCLUSION: Using immobilized cells of A. niger in PUS, the rectified form of grape must can be utilized for GA production as an alternative source of carbohydrate by replacing the conventional fermentation conditions. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effects of Ozone Gas Exposure on Toxigenic Fungi Species from Fusarium,Aspergillus, and Penicillium Genera

The antifungal properties of ozone (O₃) gas exposure towards toxigenic fungi were evaluated in laboratory-scale treatments trials. O₃ gas was utilized at a concentration of 60 μmol/mol at different times of exposure, which efficiently inhibited the fungi colonies growth, especially F. graminearum and P. citrinum. At the concentration applied, O₃ gas exposure was able to inhibit conidia germination, caused hyphae morphological alterations that led to hyphae death and ROS production of all fungi tested. O₃ action can be related to cell metabolism alterations, leading to apoptosis and oxidative stress, showing to be effective on controlling toxigenic fungal development which is one of the main problems regarding food contamination.     

Investigation of composition and properties of various types of alumina for production of refractories

Conclusions The alumina grades investigated can be divided into two groups: the first contains the grades GO, GA5, GA8, GA6, and GA85, and the second GK.An increase in the content of-Al₂O₃ in the alumina considerably decreases the intensity with which it is ground, independently of the method of milling. The degree of sintering of the samples made of alumina of all grades is determined principally by the particle size after milling.The properties of the alumina GO mean that it satisfies the requirements of the refractory industry; the alumina grades GA5, GA6, and GA8 can also be recommended.The alumina grades GA85 and GA8 can be recommended for the manufacture of pure vacuum-tight ceramics. The alumina GK cannot be recommended for fired ceramics on account of its low grindability and poor sintering qualities. The GK grade may be used after milling as a bond in the manufacture of corundum refractories.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 8, pp. 45–50, August, 1969.