环丁砜混合有机电解液在超级电容器中的应用

将环丁砜作为耐高温、高压添加剂加入到TEA-BF4/AN体系电解液中,应用于商品化100 F活性炭基双电层超级电容器。通过恒流充放电、高温浮充测试对比了添加环丁砜前后两种电解液体系的电化学性能。发现添加环丁砜后的电解液超级电容器具有明显优势,在2.85 V,70℃条件下浮充1512小时,容量保持率高达80%。     

C@MnO_2复合物的制备及其电化学性能

采用水热法,通过控制KMnO_4浓度,制备出不同C/Mn比例的球体复合材料,应用于超级电容器,探讨不同C/Mn比例对比电容的影响。结果表明,在0.5 mol/L Na_2SO_4电解液中,CSM-3最高比电容可达216 F/g,1 A/g电流密度下恒流充放电400次,容量衰减不到4%,循环稳定性良好。简要分析了复合材料电极过程中双电层电容和赝电容对总电极容量的贡献。     

C@MnO_2复合物的制备及其电化学性能

采用水热法,通过控制KMnO_4浓度,制备出不同C/Mn比例的球体复合材料,应用于超级电容器,探讨不同C/Mn比例对比电容的影响。结果表明,在0.5 mol/L Na_2SO_4电解液中,CSM-3最高比电容可达216 F/g,1 A/g电流密度下恒流充放电400次,容量衰减不到4%,循环稳定性良好。简要分析了复合材料电极过程中双电层电容和赝电容对总电极容量的贡献。     

氰酸盐离子液体在石墨烯基超级电容器中的应用

将石墨烯电极与离子液体N-甲基-N-丙基吡咯烷氰酸盐([C3mpyr][OCN])/碳酸丙烯酯(PC)混合电解液组装成超级电容器,采用循环伏安(CV)、交流阻抗(EIS)、恒电流充放电(GCD)等方法研究了其在50、60、70℃环境下的电化学性能。结果表明:该体系在较高温度下的电化学性能优异,70℃下其比容量最高可达295 F·g~(-1),能量密度可达118 W·h·kg~(-1),且恒电流充放电循环稳定性较好。     

高比表面活活性炭电级的电化学性能研究

选用比表面积为2590m^2/g的石油焦基活性炭作为双电层电容器的炭电极材料,用直流恒流循环实验考察双电层电容器在不同允放电条件下的电化学性能。实验发现,活性炭电极具有良好的循环充放电性能,充放电效率高达97％,远高于普通电池。不同充放电电流有不同的充放电容量,恒流1mA充放电容量大于2mA和5mA时的充放电容量。活性炭的比电容为60F／g,且电化学性能稳定,有良好的应用前景。     

木炭基活性炭双电层电容器的电化学性能研究

以市售木炭为原材料,采用ZnCl2-CO2联用物理化学活化法制备成活性炭材料,以此活性炭为炭电极材料,6 mol.L-1KOH为电解液,组装成硬币形双电层电容器。用恒流充放电、循环伏安等电化学方法研究实验电容器的电化学性能。结果表明,活化效果显著,能将没有电容特性的普通木炭活化成性能良好的双电层电容器电极材料,适于大电流放电,80 mA放电时质量比电容达161 F.g-1,等效串联内阻为0.4Ω,充放电效率达98%,漏电流为255μA,能量密度达5.6 W.h.Kg-1。     

锰酸锂的制备及其在中性电解液中的电容性能

用高温固相法合成尖晶石型锰酸锂(LiMn2O4)电极材料.X射线衍射结果表明:800 ℃下得到纯的尖晶石型LiMn2O4样品.利用恒流充放电、循环伏安和交流阻抗等测试方法研究LiMn2O4在2 mol/L(NH4)2SO4溶液中的电容性能.结果表明:LiMn2O4电极材料在中性电解液中有较好的电容性能,电极的充放电曲线基本呈线性关系,比容量可达90F/g.电极经500次循环后容量并无衰减,具有极好稳定性.交流阻抗结果显示:LiMn2O4电极材料在2mol/L(NH4)2SO4溶液中内阻仅为0.3Ω.     

单斜镍锰酸锂在不同离子电解液中的性能研究

采用高温固相合成法合成正极材料单斜镍锰酸锂(Li_2Mn_(0.5)Ni_(0.5)O_3),采用X射线衍射技术确定电极材料晶型结构,以循环伏安法及恒流充放电法测试了该材料在中性水溶液中的电化学性能,探讨了电解液中不同离子组合对电池性能的影响。循环伏安法测试表明,在硫酸锂+硫酸锌+硫酸锰电解液中,该电极材料具有更加明显的氧化/还原峰,峰型更尖锐,峰电流更高;恒流充放电测试表明,该电极材料在硫酸锂+硫酸锌+硫酸锰电解液中具有较为明显的放电平台,放电中值电压为1.3 V。首次放电比容量达287.4 mA·h/g,库伦效率为94.8%,循环50次一直稳定在300 mA·h/g左右,并且库伦效率一直稳定在90%以上,表现出优异的电化学性能。     

氰酸盐离子液体在石墨烯基超级电容器中的应用

将石墨烯电极与离子液体N-甲基-N-丙基吡咯烷氰酸盐（[C₃mpyr][OCN]）/碳酸丙烯酯（PC）混合电解液组装成超级电容器,采用循环伏安（CV）、交流阻抗（EIS）、恒电流充放电（GCD）等方法研究了其在50、60、70℃环境下的电化学性能。结果表明：该体系在较高温度下的电化学性能优异,70℃下其比容量最高可达295 F·g^-1,能量密度可达118 W·h·kg^-1,且恒电流充放电循环稳定性较好。     

竹炭深加工及在能源电池中应用的研究

以天然毛竹材为原料,通过高温炭化、活化等处理后,得到具有高比表面积的竹炭基生物质能源电池材料。通过恒流充放电、循环伏安等电化学测试方法,考察了竹炭作为超级电容器及锂离子电池电极材料时的电化学性能。结果表明:采用KOH活化后得到的竹炭,比表面积可达2366m2/g;用作超级电容器电极材料,比容量可以达到205F/g,并表现出良好的充放电效率。作为锂离子电池负极材料在200mA/g的电流密度下30次循环后仍然具有225mA·h/g,显示了竹炭具有较高的比容量及良好的循环性能和倍率性能,作为新能源材料具有广泛的应用前景。     

Janus POSS-based hydrogel electrolytes with highly stretchable and low-temperature resistant performances for all-in-one supercapacitors

Conductive hydrogels can be utilized in the field of flexible supercapacitors due to their stretchable properties and high ionic conductivity. However, many of the conductive hydrogels lose their stretchability and conductivity at subzero temperatures. Herein, a novel Janus POSS-based hydrogel electrolyte that shows excellent flexibility and ionic conductivity at low temperatures is designed and prepared by the copolymerization of acrylamide and a water-soluble Janus-type polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (AS-POSS) containing sodium sulfonate groups and double bonding groups. The sodium sulfonate groups of AS-POSS and LiCl endow the hydrogel electrolyte with excellent anti-freezing ability. Simultaneously, the double bonding groups of AS-POSS enable a successful POSS crosslinking in the polymer network, resulting in a highly stretchable hydrogel electrolyte (1445%) with high ionic conductivity (0.067 S cm⁻¹) at −20°C. Thereafter, the all-in-one flexible supercapacitor is prepared by in-situ polymerization of aniline. Based on the exceptional anti-freezing properties of the Janus POSS-based hydrogel electrolyte, the all-in-one supercapacitor exhibits stable electrochemical performance (>90% capacitance retained under deformation at −20°C) and excellent cycling stability (only 19.7% capacitance decay over 2000 charge/discharge cycles at −20°C) at low temperatures. The Janus POSS-based hydrogel electrolyte is expected to be a promising gel electrolyte for an all-in-one supercapacitor that resists freezing.     

纳米氧化镍的低温固相合成及电容性能研究

通过低热固相反应法合成了纳米氧化镍,在不同温度热处理条件下研究氧化镍的结构、形貌及其作为超级电容器电极材料的电化学性能。采用XRD和SEM表征产物的结构特点,采用循环伏安和恒流充放电等方法表征其电化学性能。XRD测试结果表明,所制备的氧化镍为立方相,且随着热处理温度升高,晶型趋于完整。SEM和电化学测试结果表明,高温热处理（>400 ℃）使样品团聚更为严重,导致电极材料利用率降低,质子传递阻力加大,比电容急剧下降;低温处理颗粒分布均匀,粒子间存在孔道,使电极具有较大的比容量（228 F/g）和良好的化学稳定性,在20 mV/s快速扫描速率下,电极显示出良好的倍率特性。     

An asymmetric supercapacitor using RuO2/TiO2 nanotube composite and activated carbon electrodes

We reported an asymmetric supercapacitor technology where RuO₂/TiO₂ nanotube composite was used as positive electrode and the activated carbon as negative electrode in 1 mol/L KOH electrolyte solution. The electrochemical capacitance performance of the asymmetric supercapacitor was tested by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and galvanostatic charge-discharge tests. The results show that the asymmetric supercapacitor has electrochemical capacitance performance within potential range 0–1.4 V. A power density 1207 W/kg was obtained with an energy density of 5.7 W h/kg at a charge–discharge current density of 120 mA/cm². The supercapacitor also exhibits a good cycling performance and keep 90% of initial capacity over 1000 cycles.     

High-performance binder-free supercapacitor electrode by direct growth of cobalt-manganese composite oxide nansostructures on nickel foam

A facile approach composed of hydrothermal process and annealing treatment is proposed to directly grow cobalt-manganese composite oxide ((Co,Mn)₃O₄) nanostructures on three-dimensional (3D) conductive nickel (Ni) foam for a supercapacitor electrode. The as-fabricated porous electrode exhibits excellent rate capability and high specific capacitance of 840.2 F g^-1 at the current density of 10 A g^-1, and the electrode also shows excellent cycling performance, which retains 102% of its initial discharge capacitance after 7,000 cycles. The fabricated binder-free hierarchical composite electrode with superior electrochemical performance is a promising candidate for high-performance supercapacitors.     

稻壳基活性炭电极材料制备及其电化学性能研究

以稻壳为原料,氢氧化钠为活化剂,制备活性炭.进一步将该活性炭作为电极材料,以氢氧化钾溶液为电解液,组装超级电容器.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、氮气吸附脱附(BET)、扫描电镜(SEM)等手段,分析了不同活化温度对活性炭的比表面积及孔结构的影响,并利用恒流充放电、循环伏安等方法研究了电容器的电化学性能.结果表明:800 ℃活化下活性炭的比表面积最佳,为2760 m2/g,孔结构发达.此条件下,在6 mol/L的KOH电解液中,活性炭电容器比电容达267.2 F/g,等效内阻仅2.2 Ω,倍率性能好.经过5000次循环后,其电容保持率仍有83.7%,表明该稻壳基活性炭电极具有优异的充放电可逆性和循环稳定性.     

Electrolytes for hybrid carbon-MnO2 electrochemical capacitors

Different aqueous-based electrolytes have been tested in order to improve the electrochemical performance of hybrid (asymmetric) carbon/MnO₂ electrochemical capacitor (EC). Chloride and bromide aqueous solutions lead to the formation of Cl₂ and Br₂ respectively upon oxidation of the corresponding salt, thus limiting the useful electrochemical window of the MnO₂ electrode and producing gas evolution (in the case of chloride salts) detrimental to the cycling ability of an hybrid device. For sulfate and nitrate salts, MnO₂ electrode exhibits a 20% increase in capacitance when lithium is used as the cation compared to sodium or potassium salts, probably due to partial lithium intercalation in the tunnels of α-MnO₂ structure. The higher ionic conductivity and solubility of LiNO₃ has led to the investigation of this electrolyte in carbon/MnO₂ supercapacitor compared to standard hybrid cell using K₂SO₄. A lower resistance increase was evidenced when the temperature was decreased down to −10 °C. Long term cycling ability of carbon/MnO₂ supercapacitor was also evidenced with 5 M LiNO₃ electrolyte.     

超盐环境下含氮碳气凝胶的制备及其在超级电容器中的应用

多孔碳材料因其优异的导电性和稳定性,以及成本低廉等优点而成为当今的研究热点之一。以苯酚、甲醛和三聚氰胺为原料,利用高浓度氯化锌来提供超盐环境,经溶剂热反应后,在氮气中800℃下热解制得了含氮碳气凝胶(NCA)。扫描电子显微镜、拉曼光谱、X射线光电子能谱和氮气吸附等表征结果表明,该含氮碳气凝胶具有分级多孔蜂窝状结构,其比表面积高达729.6 m2/g。采用三电极测试体系测试了含氮碳气凝胶的电化学性能,结果表明,在三电极体系中,以0.5 mol/L H₂SO₄作为电解液,含氮碳气凝胶在电流密度为1 A/g时比电容达到350.7 F/g;在电流密度为20 A/g时,经过10000次充放电后,含氮碳气凝胶的电容保持率仍高达97.8%。在双电极体系中,含氮碳气凝胶在800 W/kg的功率密度下,能量密度可达26.8 (W·h)/kg。上述结果表明,该含氮碳气凝胶是一种非常理想的超级电容器电极材料。     

A green and high energy density asymmetric supercapacitor based on ultrathin MnO2 nanostructures and functional mesoporous carbon nanotube electrodes

A green asymmetric supercapacitor with high energy density has been developed using birnessite-type ultrathin porous MnO(2) nanoflowers (UBMNFs) as positive electrode and functional mesoporous carbon nanotubes (FMCNTs) as negative electrode in 1 M Na(2)SO(4) electrolyte. Both of the electrode materials possess excellent electrochemical performances, with high surface areas and narrow pore size distributions. More significantly, the assembled asymmetric supercapacitor with optimal mass ratio can be cycled reversibly in the high-potential range of 0-2.0 V and exhibits an excellent energy density as high as 47.4 W h kg(-1), which is much higher than those of symmetric supercapacitors based on UBMNFs//UBMNFs and FMCNTs//FMCNTs supercapacitors. Furthermore, our asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) device also exhibits a superior cycling stability with 90% retention of the initial specific capacitance after 1000 cycles and stable Coulombic efficiency of ~98%. These intriguing results exhibit great potential in developing high energy density "green supercapacitors" for practical applications.     

3D nanostructured CuxO modified copper foam as a binder-free electrode for all-solid-state supercapacitor

Copper oxides (Cu_xO) play an active role in the field of binder-free electrodes for supercapacitors due to their own advantages, including high theoretical capacity, non-toxicity, low cost, etc. Developing mild and cheap process to prepare Cu_xO nanomaterials would broad its application in supercapacitors. In this paper, copper oxide is used as an active material and copper foam (CF) is chosen as a substrate to synthesize metal oxide-based electrodes by an in-situ oxidation method. Ingeniously, the availability of copper foam has a dual nature encompassing as a collector as well as a copper source. The as-obtained Cu_xO/CF-60 electrode possesses an area capacitance of 354.6 mF cm⁻² under 2 mA cm⁻². It also has superior cycle stability with 93.8 % of initial capacitance undergo 5000 charge-discharge cycles. Moreover, the all-solid-state asymmetric supercapacitor, combining Cu_xO/CF-60 and activated carbon (AC) pasted on nickel foam (NF) as the respective positive and negative electrodes, exhibits an energy density of 25 μWh cm⁻² when power density reaches 3 mW cm⁻². The Cu_xO/CF-60//AC/NF device displays better cycling stability as 80.2 % of initial capacitance after 5000 cycles. This work provides a simple way for designing Cu_xO based electrodes and lays the foundation for subsequent improvements in electrochemical performance.     

Synthesis and plasma treatment of nitrogen-doped graphene fibers for high-performance supercapacitors

Graphene fiber-based supercapacitor has aroused great interest as a flexible power source in future wearable electronics. However, the low electrochemical performance of graphene fibers (GFs) usually causes the serious limitation of use in practical applications due to the material stacking, hydrophobicity and fabrication process complexity. In this work, a facile and effective plasma-assisted strategy is put forward to increase specific surface area, tune hierarchically porous structure and promote wettability of nitrogen-doped graphene fibers (NGFs), resulting in the improvement of electrochemical performance. The supercapacitor assembled from plasma-treated NGFs shows superior capacitance (878 mF/cm² at 0.1 mA/cm² current density) and high energy density (19.5 μW h/cm² at 40 mW/cm² power density), which is 23.7% and 131.4% higher than that of NGFs and GFs, respectively. Additionally, the fiber-based supercapacitor based on plasma-treated NGFs exhibits high rate capability of 59.8% and excellent cyclic performance (95.8% retention over 10,000 cycles). These plasma-treated NGFs can be promising candidates for high-performance and flexible power sources in future wearable electronics.