EMIES/nC9H10O2基低共熔溶剂的制备及其氧化脱硫活性的研究

通过简单加热1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑硫酸乙酯（EMIES）离子液体和3-苯丙酸（C₉H₁₀O₂）的混合物，制备了一系列酸性低共熔溶剂EMIES/nC₉H₁₀O₂（n=0.25,0.5,1,2,4）。通过FTIR，¹H NMR和TGA的表征，确定EMIES/nC₉H₁₀O₂的结构。以该低共熔溶剂为催化剂和萃取剂，H₂O₂为氧化剂，组成氧化-萃取脱硫体系，用于脱除模拟油中的硫化物。考察了原料配比、反应温度、氧硫比（O/S）、低共熔溶剂加入量和不同硫化物对脱硫性能的影响。结果表明，在EMIES和C₉H₁₀O₂摩尔比为1∶1，反应温度为50℃，O/S比为8，低共熔溶剂加入量为1.5 g和模拟油5 ml的反应条件下，二苯并噻吩、4,6-二甲基二苯并噻吩和苯并噻吩的脱除率分别为94.8%、91.6%和46.4%。低共熔溶剂可循环使用6次，活性无明显下降。此外，对该氧化-萃取脱硫体系的脱硫机理进行了探讨。     

加碱萃取精馏制取无水叔丁醇

以乙二醇与KOH的混合物作萃取剂,采用加碱萃取精馏对85%叔丁醇进行分离,得到了纯度为99.5%的叔丁醇产品。设计了工艺流程,确定了操作条件,萃取剂可用减压精馏的方法回收,回收的萃取剂循环使用不影响分离性能。实验结果表明:加碱萃取精馏也是分离叔丁醇-水恒沸体系的有效方法。     

Evidences for pore mouth and key–lock catalysis in hydroisomerization of long n-alkanes over 10-ring tubular pore bifunctional zeolites

The evidence for the pore mouth catalysis model for n-alkane methylbranching on Pt/H-ZSM-22 hydroisomerization catalyst is reviewed. It is based on adsorption equilibria at catalytic temperatures determined using tracer and perturbation chromatography, reaction product distributions obtained with nC₈–nC₂₄ n-alkanes and rival model screening for catalytic conversions. In the Henry regime, methylbranched isomers have lower adsorption entropy and enthalpy compared to n-alkanes explained by the enhanced rotational and translational freedom of methyl and methylene groups positioned outside the pore interacting with the external surface. Adsorption isotherms for isoalkanes are in agreement with dual site adsorption in pore mouths and on external surfaces, respectively. The hydroisomerization can be modeled with a bifunctional reaction scheme and adsorption on the external crystal surfaces and pore mouths. The selectivity for 2-methylbranching reflects the optimum van der Waals interaction of the n-alkane with the zeolite pore and methylbranching in that part of the chain that is located outside the first 10-ring of the zeolite pore to facilitate desorption. Very long n-alkanes (C₁₂⁺) exhibit key–lock adsorptions and penetrate simultaneously with their two ends into two different pores. Key–lock physisorption leads to branching at more central C atom positions.     

低共熔溶剂萃取精馏分离苯/环己烯共沸物研究

以四丁基溴化铵(TBAB)、氯化胆碱(ChCl)为氢键受体,乙二醇(EG)、乙酰丙酸(LA)为氢键供体合成的TBAB:EG (1:2), TBAB:LA (1:2), ChCl:LA (1:2)三种低共熔溶剂(DES)作为萃取剂,通过萃取精馏分离苯-环己烯共沸体系。实验测量了环己烯-苯-DES三元体系气液相平衡,并对DES组成中氢键供体和氢键受体对分离性能的影响进行探讨。结果表明,DES的分离性能由高到低依次为ChCl:LA (1:2)>TBAB:LA (1:2)>TBAB:EG (1:2);采用NRTL模型关联环己烯-苯-DES三元体系的气液相平衡数据,拟合得到体系二元交互参数;在Aspen Plus V7中针对ChCl:LA (1:2)为溶剂的萃取精馏过程进行建模计算,并将其分离效果与传统溶剂N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAC)进行对比,以DES为溶剂的萃取精馏过程相比于DMAC,回流比由3.8降至0.30,流程整体热负荷减少了16.57%。     

甲醇和三甲氧基硅烷共沸物分离过程模拟和优化

三甲氧基硅烷（trimethoxysilane）是合成功能性有机硅化合物的重要中间体。在以甲醇和硅为原料合成三甲氧基硅烷的工业化生产过程中,过量的甲醇和产物三甲氧基硅烷会形成最高共沸物。本文探究了变压精馏、萃取精馏和隔壁塔萃取精馏三种分离提纯甲醇和三甲氧基硅烷的工艺,以最小年度总费用（TAC）为目标函数,运用混合整数非线性规划（MINLP）对三种流程进行了优化,比较了三种流程的效率和二氧化碳排放量。结果表明,与变压精馏相比,通过隔壁塔萃取精馏分离甲醇与三甲氧基硅烷共沸物具有明显的优势。分离100kmol/h甲醇（摩尔分数50.00%）和三甲氧基硅烷的TAC从198.84万美元/年降低到98.93万美元/年,降幅高达50.25%,效率从8.17%提高到13.82%,二氧化碳排放量从1217.53kg/h减少到684.22kg/h,减少了43.80%。     

Simulation and analysis of multi-stage centrifugal fractional extraction process of 4-nitrobenzene glycine enantiomers☆

Based on the interfacial ligand exchange model and the law of conservation of mass, the multi-stage enantioselective liquid–liquid extraction model has been established to analyze and discuss on multi-stage centrifugal fractional extraction process of 4-nitrobenzene glycine (PGL) enantiomers. The influence of phase ratio, extractant concentra-tion, and PF6?concentration on the concentrations of enantiomers in the extract and raffinate was investigated by experiment and simulation. A good agreement between model and experiment was obtained. On this basis, the influence of many parameters such as location of stage, concentration levels, extractant excess, and number of stages on the symmetric separation performance was simulated. The optimal location of feed stage is the middle of fractional extraction equipment. The feed flow must satisfy a restricted relationship on flow ratios and the liquid throughout of centrifugal device. For desired purity specification, the required flow ratios decrease with extractant concentration and increase with PF6?concentration. When the number of stages is 18 stages at extractant excess of 1.0 or 14 stages at extractant excess of 2.0, the eeeq (equal enantiomeric excess) can reach to 99%.     

Recycling and Reuse of Ionic Liquid in Homogeneous Cellulose Acetylation

Molecular distillation was used to recover ionic liquid (IL) 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (AmimCl) in homogeneous cellulose acetylation. The five factors that affect the separation efficiency of molecular distillation, namely, feed flow rate, distillation temperature, feed temperature, wiper rotating speed, and distillation pressure, are discussed. The optimal recovery condition was determined via orthogonal experiments using an OA₉(3⁴) design. The IL was recycled and reused 5 times in the homogeneous cellulose acetylation system under optimal conditions. The purity of recycled IL the 5th time reached 99.56%. FT-IR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) and ¹H NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy showed that the structure of the recovered IL is not changed. This work proves that AmimCl has excellent reusability, and that molecular distillation is an effective method for recovering IL in homogeneous cellulose acetylation.     

萃取蒸馏脱除油品中硫的过程模拟与优化

汽车尾气严重污染环境,为了生产满足环保法规的硫含量低于10μg/g的汽油,提出了在传统的萃取蒸馏中以有机溶剂+离子液体（IL）为复合萃取剂的脱硫法。以与真实催化裂化（FCC）汽油组成及物性相近的模型油为模拟汽油,利用COSMO-RS模型计算了30种常见IL对环己烷-噻吩的选择性和溶解能力,筛选出用于萃取蒸馏脱硫添加剂的最佳离子液体为[EMIM][BF₄]。通过Aspen Plus软件以N-甲酰吗啉（NFM）+[EMIM][BF₄]为复合萃取剂进行了汽油脱硫的工艺流程模拟与优化。优化结果为萃取剂由NFM（质量分数98%）和[EMIM][BF₄]（质量分数2%）构成,萃取蒸馏塔质量回流比R=0.4,剂油质量比S/F=1,采出率为70%。模拟结果表明：萃取蒸馏可高效地脱除苯并噻吩、硫醚及噻吩类硫化物,上述硫化物总量可从1581μg/g降低至5.37μg/g,脱硫率达98.1%,质量收率为70%,体积收率为75%。此外,通过对比计算值与文献中实验值,验证了COSMO-RS预测IL热力学性质、UNIFAC预测有机硫化物-烃类汽液相平衡的准确性和模拟工艺流程的可靠性。     

炼厂气回收过程中分离技术的能效分析

针对炼厂气多目标回收工艺设计时缺乏理论指导的问题,本文系统阐述了分离过程能效比的概念,将气体分离过程中压力和温度变化导致系统与外界交换的能量统一用电功表示,得到了分离过程能耗与产品回收量间关系的定量表示方法;以某厂炼厂气回收过程为例,比较了不同分离技术和不同分离过程的能效比。当产品氢纯度要求不高（≥97%）时,采用变压吸附（PSA）工艺的能效比较高（0.86）,与膜分离工艺相比,提高了28%;当产品氢纯度要求较高（≥99.9%）时,采用膜分离-PSA工艺可以获得更高的能效比（0.54）,与PSA-膜分离工艺相比,能效比提高了40%。研究结果表明：分离过程的能效比可以用于评价不同分离技术或不同分离过程的能量效率,可用于指导不同分离技术的适用范围和多技术耦合工艺过程的设计,能够为炼厂气回收工艺设计提供一定的理论指导。     

界面聚合制备含丙烯氧基团的复合膜用于CO2分离

含有醚氧基团的膜与CO₂分子具有较强的极性作用,可以实现对CO₂/N₂物系的高效分离.其中,含丙烯氧(PO)基团的聚合物链段自由体积较大且不易结晶,是一类具有发展潜力的溶解选择性膜材料.以均苯三甲酰氯为油相单体,含PO基团的多胺为水相单体,通过界面聚合,成功制备了含PO基团的复合膜.分别采用聚醚胺D400、D230及T403为多胺水相单体,考察了膜内PO基团数量和交联度对复合膜分离性能的影响.结果表明,采用D400所制的复合膜由于具有最高的PO基团含量及较低的交联度,因此具有最高的CO₂渗透速率和CO₂/N₂分离因子.之后,考察了单体浓度、酸吸收剂种类以及水相溶液pH对复合膜分离性能的影响.通过优化这些制膜条件,制备出了CO₂/N₂分离性能较好的复合膜.     

原甲酸三甲酯-醋酸萃取精馏全局多目标优化

在生产杀菌剂嘧菌酯中间体过程中,反应物原甲酸三甲酯（TMOF）与生成物醋酸（HAc）发生共沸,导致反应物堆积和原料损耗。为解决共沸物分离问题,使用Hayden-O'Connell修正的UNIFAC基团贡献法研究其汽液平衡,设计常规萃取精馏（CED）、侧线萃取精馏（SED）、隔壁塔萃取精馏（EDWC）三种工艺,以分离组分摩尔纯度、再沸器热负荷（Q）、年度总费用（TAC）为目标,运用灵敏度耦合箱线图响应面法（S-BBD）对三种工艺参数分别优化。结果表明,优化方法预测值与实际值存在较优拟合关系, CED、SED、EDWC对TAC和Q的预测误差均不超过1%。分离纯度相同时,SED较CED节约10.37%TAC和6.88%热负荷,EDWC较CED节约10.65%TAC和10.53%热负荷,三种工艺方案均可为化工实际生产提供理论基础。     

原甲酸三甲酯-醋酸萃取精馏全局多目标优化

在生产杀菌剂嘧菌酯中间体过程中,反应物原甲酸三甲酯（TMOF）与生成物醋酸（HAc）发生共沸,导致反应物堆积和原料损耗。为解决共沸物分离问题,使用Hayden-O'Connell修正的UNIFAC基团贡献法研究其汽液平衡,设计常规萃取精馏（CED）、侧线萃取精馏（SED）、隔壁塔萃取精馏（EDWC）三种工艺,以分离组分摩尔纯度、再沸器热负荷（Q）、年度总费用（TAC）为目标,运用灵敏度耦合箱线图响应面法（S-BBD）对三种工艺参数分别优化。结果表明,优化方法预测值与实际值存在较优拟合关系, CED、SED、EDWC对TAC和Q的预测误差均不超过1%。分离纯度相同时,SED较CED节约10.37%TAC和6.88%热负荷,EDWC较CED节约10.65%TAC和10.53%热负荷,三种工艺方案均可为化工实际生产提供理论基础。     

Highly selective synthesis of propylene glycol ether from methanol and propylene oxide catalyzed by basic ionic liquid

BACKGROUND: Propylene glycol ether is expected to be a safe substitute for toxic ethylene glycol ether usually used in industry owing to its negligible toxicity. Although catalysis of solid acids or bases for the synthesis of the ether can avoid separation of catalysts, liquid waste treatment and corrosion problems, it suffers from drawbacks, e.g. lower activity and selectivity to target product, high reaction pressure and temperature. In order to solve these problems, a basic ionic liquid, namely choline hydroxide was prepared and used as a catalyst for synthesis of the ether via atom‐economy reaction from propylene oxide and methanol. RESULTS: The ionic liquid showed excellent catalytic performance exhibiting 95.4% conversion of propylene oxide (PO) and 94.6% selectivity to 1‐methoxy‐2‐propanol. It is also an effective catalyst for the reaction of PO with other primary alcohols to yield corresponding ethers. In addition this catalyst can be recovered and reused. CONCLUSION: The high activity and selectivity can probably be ascribed to its basicity and/or the strong polarity and electrostatic field of the reaction medium caused by the ionic liquid. These findings are very rare in synthesis of propylene glycol ether to our knowledge. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Explosion limits estimation and process optimization of direct propylene epoxidation with H2 and O2

Direct propylene epoxidation with H₂ and O₂, an attractive process to produce propylene oxide (PO), has a potential explosion danger due to the coexistence of flammable gases (i.e., C₃H₆ and H₂) and oxidizer (i.e., O₂). The unknown explosion limits of the multi-component feed gas mixture make it difficult to optimize the reaction process under safe operation conditions. In this work, a distribution method is proposed and verified to be effective by comparing estimated and experimental explosion limits of more than 200 kinds of flammable gas mixture. Then, it is employed to estimate the explosion limits of the feed gas mixture, some results of which are also validated by the classic Le Chatelier's Rule and flammable resistance method. Based on the estimated explosion limits, process optimization is carried out using commercially high and inherently safe reactant concentrations to enhance reaction performance. The promising results are directly obtained through the interface called gOPT in gPROMS only by using a simple, easy-constructed and mature packed-bed reactor, such as the PO yield of 13.3%, PO selectivity of 85.1% and outlet PO fraction of 1.8%. These results can be rationalized by indepth analyses and discussion about the effects of the decision variables on the operation safety and reaction performance. The insights revealed here could shed new light on the process development of the PO production based on the estimation of the explosion limits of the multi-component feed gas mixture containing flammable gases, inert gas and O₂, followed by process optimization.     

丙烯氢氧环氧化动力学与反应器概念设计研究进展

环氧丙烷（PO）在全球产能最高的35种化学品中,是仅次于聚丙烯的第二大丙烯衍生物,主要用于生产聚醚多元醇、聚氨酯等。相比传统的氯醇法、共氧化法和双氧水直接氧化法（HPPO）等PO生产工艺,丙烯在氢氧混合气中一步环氧化制PO（HOPO）具有工艺简单、选择性高、产物易分离、能耗低等突出优势,是生产PO的理想工艺。重点介绍了丙烯氢氧环氧化反应动力学研究进展,包括主、副反应动力学模型以及催化剂失活模型。总结了基于该过程安全操作的反应器概念设计进展。分析了丙烯氢氧环氧化反应存在的挑战,从副产物生成途径、失活动力学及颗粒催化剂上的动力学等方面展望了可能的研究方向。     

采用分离集成技术从碳九芳烃中提取均三甲苯

采用萃取精馏和催促精馏相结合的分离集成技术从碳九芳烃中分离均三甲苯。考察了理论塔板数、回流比、萃取剂/进料/催促剂比（质量）对塔顶塔釜均三甲苯产物纯度的影响。结果表明,可得到纯度大于98.0%的均三甲苯产品,适宜的理论板数为102块、适宜的回流比为15、适宜的萃取剂/进料/催促剂比（质量）为7∶1∶0.3。本研究为进一步中试提供了依据。     

盐酸法磷酸萃取相的洗涤和磷酸反萃取过程初探

研究了从以磷酸三丁酯（TBP）为主的萃取相中反萃取磷酸的过程,考察了一步法流程（以硫酸溶液通过沉淀反应去除磷酸萃取有机相中氯化钙的同时反萃取磷酸）以及二步法流程（先以硫酸沉淀反应去除氯化钙,后用去离子水反萃取磷酸）所得的反萃磷酸的净化效果。结果表明,采用一步法时,反萃取磷酸的品质受到硫酸钙溶解平衡的影响,钙含量较高;而采用二步法时,反萃磷酸中氯化钙的质量分数可降低至0.002 7%以下,n（磷酸）/n（钙离子）提升了65倍以上,但有机相中磷酸的洗损为20%左右;利用聚焦光反射测量技术（FBRM）对洗涤过程中硫酸钙在有机相中的结晶过程进行了在线监测,通过扫描电镜（SEM）和X射线衍射（XRD）等手段对副产硫酸钙的晶体形貌和物相组成进行了分析,结果表明实验条件下洗涤10 min时,体系中的Ca²⁺生成半水石膏（CaSO₄·0.5H₂O）。计算表明,该盐酸法磷酸工艺洗涤过程中副产石膏值（以二水硫酸钙计）仅为二水硫酸法的8.7%,显著降低了湿法磷酸过程中的石膏处理量。     

变压精馏分离丙酮和环己烷的动态特性

基于丙酮-环己烷共沸体系的压力敏感性，利用Aspen Plus软件，以年度总费用(TAC)最小为目标函数对常规、部分及完全热集成变压精馏工艺进行稳态模拟与优化，并以经济最优的完全热集成变压精馏工艺为基础，借助Aspen Plus Dynamics软件建立多种不同控制结构，通过改变进料流量和进料组成考察了控制结构的有效性，并提出塔底热负荷/进料量比例控制与组成-温度串级控制相结合的改进控制结构。稳态模拟与优化结果表明，常规、部分和完全热集成三种工艺的最小TAC分别为3.64×105, 2.83×105, 2.76×105 $/y，经济最优工艺为完全热集成变压精馏。动态响应结果表明固定回流量/进料量控制结构在响应时间方面优于固定回流比控制结构，但产品纯度未达到设计值99.9wt%；而塔底热负荷/进料量比例控制与组成-温度串级控制相结合的改进控制结构能够有效保证产品纯度在99.9wt%及以上。     

反应精馏合成乙酸丁酯的实验和模拟(英文)

In this paper, a reactive distillation (RD) column was applied for synthesis n-butyl acetate from n-butanol and acetic acid. The Langmuir-Hinshelwood-Hougen-Watson (LHHW) kinetic model and an equilibrium stage model for separation were employed to study the RD process. The results obtained from the equilibrium stage model agreed well with the experiments. The effects of operating variables on the n-butanol conversion and n-butyl acetate purity were further investigated. The optimal column configuration for the production of n-butyl acetate was designed with 5 rectifying stages, 8 reaction stages and 13 stripping stages by the simulation study. According to the simulation results, n-butanol conversion and n-butyl acetate purity all reached greater than 96%.     

DMC-甲醇-水三元混合物的萃取精馏分离工艺

运用Aspen Plus软件回归文献数据校正了碳酸二甲酯（DMC）-水（H₂O）混合物的UNIQUAC热力学模型参数,并以该模型为基础分析了水作为萃取剂萃取精馏分离DMC-甲醇（CH₃OH）-水三元混合物的分离原理,结合混合组分的三角相图和物料组成设计了反向萃取精馏工艺,发现选用水为萃取剂可以利用DMC-水的部分互溶特性,通过三塔精馏即可分离DMC-甲醇-水三元混合物,沸点较高的DMC和少量水由塔顶馏出,而沸点较低的甲醇和大部分水由塔底采出,避免了DMC-甲醇二元共沸物的形成。同时,在相同分离要求下设计了变压精馏工艺,通过对两个精馏工艺参数模拟优化,发现萃取精馏工艺的总冷凝负荷和总加热负荷分别为888.7kW和898.2kW,其总能耗较变压精馏工艺节约了47.2%,萃取精馏工艺的年总费用（TAC）比变压精馏工艺下降了48.8%。