温敏性萃取水凝胶对生物大分子的分离

合成了均聚的聚N 异丙基丙烯酰胺(PNIPAM)水凝胶以及N 异丙基丙烯酰胺与丙烯酰胺共聚的〔P(NIPAM-AM)〕水凝胶,并研究了它们的溶胀性能及其对生物大分子的萃取分离性能。结果表明,两种温敏凝胶具有很好的溶胀性能,其低临界共溶温度(LCST)分别为30 4和31 0℃,它们对蛋白质和酶的分离效率在LCST附近发生突跃,如PNIPAM水凝胶对白蛋白的分离效率在LCST前后从96 2%降至59 8%。当交联剂N,N 次甲基双丙烯酰胺(Bis)的质量分数w(Bis)>4%时,分离效率大于90%(LCST以下)。     

温度及pH敏感生物水凝胶的研究

运用互穿网络技术,合成了具有温敏性的聚(N 异丙基丙烯酰胺)(PNIPAm)和生物大分子明胶(gelatin)的互穿网络聚合物(PNIPAm/Gelatinsemi IPN和PNIPAm/GelatinIPN)水凝胶,该水凝胶的最低临界溶液温度(LCST)与PNIPAm水凝胶的LCST基本相同,均为33℃左右,但在LCST以下的平衡溶胀率减小、相变区域略微变宽。在此基础上,通过N 异丙基丙烯酰胺(NIPAm)与丙烯酸(AAc)交联共聚,改变了水凝胶的LCST,在pH=4 0的缓冲溶液中,各水凝胶的溶胀行为基本一致,与AAc含量无关,LCST都为28℃左右;在pH>4 0的缓冲溶液中,LCST随AAc组分含量的增加而增加,但温敏性减小。同时,AAc的加入,使水凝胶具有pH敏感性,敏感点为pH=4 5左右。还考察了该水凝胶降解的特点:戊二醛(GA)交联后的明胶网络,保留了明胶的生物降解性,但互穿网络水凝胶在实验条件下几乎未被胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶降解,在pH=9 6的碱性条件下,水凝胶可发生化学降解。     

温敏聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺的载药和释药性能研究

以对乙酰氨基酚为模型药物分子,温敏水凝胶聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(PNIPAAm)为载体,研究了药物在凝胶上的负载和在不同温度(25和37℃)下磷酸盐缓冲溶液(pH 7.4)中的释放行为.结果表明,对乙酰氨基酚的负载量约为35wt％,并且与载体PNIPAAm存在氢键作用.药物在磷酸盐缓冲溶液中的体外模拟释放结果显示,当温度(37℃)高于凝胶的LCST时,对乙酰氨基酚释放的较慢;当温度(25℃)低于其LCST时,释放的较快.因此,可通过环境温度的改变达到APAP在载体PNIPAAm上控制释放的目的.     

N-异丙基丙烯酰胺

N-异丙基丙烯酰胺为丙烯酰胺衍生物的单体,由于分子内有亲水性的酰胺基和疏水性的异丙基,其均相聚合物具有较低的临界溶解温度(LCST)等良好特性。由于其聚合物具有在32℃以下呈水溶性,32℃以上呈水不溶性这一特殊的溶解特性,正在开发用于制造某些感温性聚合物凝胶的原料。     

温敏性聚(N-异丙基丙烯酰胺)/聚丙烯酰胺互穿网络水凝胶

采用紫外引发法制备了物理交联的聚(N-异丙基丙烯酰胺)和化学交联聚丙烯酰胺为组分的互穿网络水凝胶。利用FFIR对所得的凝胶进行了结构分析;测定了该水凝胶在20℃时的溶胀率和50℃时的水保持率;利用DMA和DSC分别研究了水凝胶的储能模量随温度的变化及相转变行为。结果表明:与聚(N-异丙基丙烯酰胺)水凝胶相比,该水凝胶有较好的溶胀率;且具有超快的响应速率,如10 min内失去90%的水;其储能模量增加;虽然其相转变行为变弱,但临界溶解温度(LCST)有所提高。     

AM/NIPAM对P(NIPAM-co-AM)温敏凝胶性能的影响

以丙烯酰胺(AM)、N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(NIPAM)为单体,过硫酸铵(APS)-亚硫酸氢钠(SBS)为氧化-还原引发体系,N,N'-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(BIS)为交联剂,制备了亲水型温敏凝胶P(NIPAM-co-AM)。研究了投料比m(AM)/m(NIPAM)对凝胶性能的影响。结果表明,随着凝胶体系中亲水单体AM比例的增大,共聚凝胶溶胀率、保水率、硬度均提高。当AM质量分数从0增大到100%时,凝胶硬度从84.929 g增为1 252.222 g。DSC表明,当AM质量分数从2%提高到10%时,凝胶LCST从38.61℃增加到57.95℃。随着AM比例降低,凝胶LCST向低温方向移动,相变范围温敏性越好。     

AM/NIPAM对P(NIPAM-co-AM)温敏凝胶性能影响

以丙烯酰胺(AM)、N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(NIPAM)为单体,过硫酸铵(APS)-亚硫酸氢钠(SBS)为氧化-还原引发体系,N,N'-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(BIS)为交联剂,制备了亲水型温敏凝胶P(NIPAM-co-AM)。研究了投料比AM/NIPAM对凝胶性能的影响。结果表明：随着凝胶体系中亲水单体AM比例的增大,共聚凝胶溶胀率、保水率、硬度均提高。当AM从0增大到100%时,凝胶硬度从84.929g增为1255.222g。DSC表明,当AM含量从2%提高到10%时,凝胶LCST从38.61℃增加到57.95℃。随着AM比例降低,凝胶LCST向低温方向移动,相变范围温敏性越好。     

温度敏感的固定化纤维素酶的合成及性能

具有低临界溶解温度（LCST）特性的聚合物聚（N-异丙基丙烯酰胺）与纤维素酶键联，对键联后的酶的各种性能进行了研究。实验结果表明，固定化的纤维素酶仍具有LCST特性，其稳定性也有所提高。     

温敏性微凝胶对蛋白质和酶的吸附性能

用微乳液聚合方法以N-异丙基丙烯酰胺为单体合成了温敏性微凝胶聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(PNIPAM),研究了其对两种蛋白质和两种酶的吸附性能,测定了吸附等温线和温度对吸附量的影响。结果表明,微凝胶在低临界溶解温度(LCST)附近吸附蛋白质和酶的量有一突跃,例如在LCST前后,1 g纳米颗粒吸附的酪蛋白的质量分别为225 mg和415 mg;吸附的枯草杆菌蛋白酶的质量分别为12 000U/mg和27 500 U/mg。蛋白质和酶是通过物理吸附作用结合到PNIPAM微凝胶上,可以用调节温度的方法,来控制温敏微凝胶对蛋白质和酶的吸附与脱附。     

温敏性水凝胶的制备及其对胃蛋白酶溶液的分离性能

通过溶液聚合法合成了丙烯酰胺(AM)与丙烯酸(AA)质量比不同的聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)与AA二元共聚水凝胶(PAM-AA),并研究了水凝胶的吸水性能和对胃蛋白酶溶液的浓缩性能。结果表明:水凝胶对蛋白质的浓缩性能与其吸水性能保持一致,单体AM与AA质量比为1∶1时具有最优浓缩倍率,为3.21倍;通过加入温敏性单体N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(NIPAM)对PAM-AA进行改性,发现NIPAM的加入会降低凝胶的吸水率,但使凝胶具有温敏性能,其低临界相转变温度(LCST)为32℃。利用温敏性凝胶的特性,在温度高于LCST时吸附蛋白质,温度低于LCST时释放蛋白质,可以实现对蛋白质较优浓缩,最高浓缩倍率可达3.72倍。PAM-AA对蛋白质浓缩通过吸水实现,而PAM-AA-NIPAM通过吸附蛋白质实现。     

多孔半互穿温敏水凝胶点击反应固定化酶

以N-异丙基丙烯酰胺（NIPAM）为温敏单体,引入线性聚甲基丙烯酸-β-羟乙酯（PHEMA）或乙二胺胺化的聚甲基丙烯酸-β-羟乙酯（PAEMA）,制备多孔半互穿水凝胶,并引入马来酰亚胺基团修饰,制备了两种新型水凝胶酶固定化载体Ⅰ和Ⅱ,凝胶的平均孔洞大小均约在10 ?m以上。以Ⅰ和Ⅱ为载体,马来酰亚胺与巯基的点击反应为基础,进行脂肪酶与糖化酶的固定化研究。结果表明,通过点击反应固定化得到的固定化脂肪酶最高活力回收率达6.03%,是相同条件下戊二醛固定化的5倍左右,且稳定性较高。     

Reaktive träger zur immobilisierung von enzymen auf der grundlage von polyvinylalkohol

On the basis of poly(vinyl alcohol) various reactive carriers for the immobilization of enzymes were synthesized. Starting as well from hydrolyzed beads of crosslinked poly(vinylacetate), as from tubes of poly(vinyl acetate-co-ethylene) which have been coated with poly(vinyl alcohol) resp. from poly(vinyl alcohol) containing synthetic pulp reactive carriers were synthesized by reaction with 2-(3-aminophenyl)-1,3-dioxolane followed by diazotization. Furthermore reactive isothiocyanato groups as well as mixed polymeric disulfides with 2-thiopyridine groups were introduced into gels of poly(vinyl alcohol) which were crosslinked with terephthalaldehyde. The immobilization of enzymes was carried out with papain, trypsin, glucose oxidase, and catalase. The properties of the immobilized enzymes were investigated.     

融合蛋白CR2-GDH固定化及不对称还原制备(S)-4-氯-3-羟基丁酸乙酯

比较介孔分子筛材料SBA-15、MCM-41、海藻酸钙、改性二氧化硅4种载体固定化融合蛋白CR2-GDH其酶固载量和酶活回收率,选择SBA-15为固定化载体。研究固定化条件对固定化融合酶量的影响以及固定化酶的稳定性,固定化酶在双相体系催化不对称还原反应。结果表明,在pH值为5.5、酶浓度为1.4mg/mL、反应1h条件下,固定化酶量为27.7mg/g。加入25mmol/L的Ca²⁺,固定化酶的酶活回收率由58.6%提高到78.1%。与游离酶相比,固定化酶的热稳定性显著提高,40℃条件下酶活回收率提高19.1%。固定化酶水相中反复使用7批次后,剩余活性仍超过30%,具有较好的操作稳定性。与游离酶相比,固定化酶更耐受烷烃类有机溶剂。在水/有机溶剂双相反应体系中,Ca²⁺/SBA-15固定化酶和游离酶催化相比,产物得率提高23.8%。     

温度和pH双重敏感性水凝胶的制备及表征

在5种不同温度下聚合交联,制备了一系列温度和pH双重敏感性聚(N-异丙基丙烯酰胺-co-衣康酸)水凝胶。实验发现,15、25℃得到的凝胶是透明的,45、55℃得到的凝胶是白色不透明的,而在相转变温度附近(35℃)得到的凝胶则是半透明的。FTIR测定表明,它们具有相似的化学组成和结构。SEM观察证实,它们具有不同的表面形态。测定了不同温度和pH下达到平衡时水凝胶的溶胀比,考察了水凝胶在水和强酸性溶液中的去溶胀动力学。结果表明,与15℃或25℃制备的水凝胶相比,45℃和55℃制备的水凝胶的性能有显著提高:(1)溶胀比大为增加。15℃或25℃制备的水凝胶在25℃时溶胀比分别为65.3和68.1,而45℃和55℃制备的水凝胶此时溶胀比分别高达105.7和110.1;(2)45℃和55℃制备的水凝胶在极端环境下对温度的变化仍具有较快的响应速率。例如在温度为60℃,pH=1.67的强酸条件下,45℃和55℃制备的水凝胶在60 min内皆可失去95%的水,而15℃或25℃制备的水凝胶在120 min内只能失去42%左右的水。     

固定化微生物技术在废水处理中的应用

通过对固定化技术方法以及不同载体选择的介绍,分析评价了固定化微生物在废水处理中应用研究进展。认为固定化微生物是一种比一般生物处理法更为高效的方法,并讨论了它在含毒重金属离子废水、有机废水、难降解废水、含磷含氮废水中的应用。研究表明:固定化技术的应用前景十分广泛,但在从实验室阶段走向废水处理的实际应用阶段上还存在一些问题。     

Adsorption of ammonium and nitrate ions by poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) gel and poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐chlorophyllin) gel in different states

The adsorption of ammonium and nitrate by temperature‐stimulus‐responsive poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (NIPA) gel and poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐chlorophyllin) (NIPA‐CH) gel in different states was investigated. Both the NIPA gel and NIPA‐CH gel could adsorb ammonium and nitrate in a swollen state (swollen gel) and a swelling state (swelling gel), and they adsorbed ammonium more than nitrate. When the gels were shrinking (shrinking gel), they could adsorb a little ammonium from solution, but when the gels were in a shrunken state (shrunken gel), they hardly adsorbed ammonium. The adsorption of both ammonium and nitrate increased for the swelling NIPA gel in comparison with the swollen gel. The NIPA‐CH gel was the opposite in this respect. The difference in the amounts of adsorption of ammonium and nitrate by the swollen and swelling NIPA‐CH gels was more significant than that of the NIPA gels. It was suggested that ions such as ammonium and nitrate could not diffuse into the gels freely. The adsorption of ammonium and nitrate was affected not only by the phase transitions of the gels but also by the electrical charges. The experimental results for the adsorption of ammonium and nitrate during the volume changes of the gels imply that if the gels are applied to the immobilization of microorganisms, they may improve mass transfer between the immobilization matrix and bulk liquid under cyclic temperature changes and promote reactions of the immobilized microorganisms, especially the nitrification of nitrifying bacteria immobilized by the NIPA‐CH gel. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 2367–2372, 2005     

Preparation,properties and uses of polymer-enzyme conjugates

Enzymes can be immobilized by gel entrapment, by microencapsulation, by physical or ionic adsorption, by covalent binding to inorganic or organic carriers, or by whole cell immobilization. Of particular interest is the large number of chemical reactions developed for the covalent binding of enzymes via their nonessential functional groups to inorganic carriers such as glass, ceramics and iron, to natural polymers such as cellulose and Sepharose, and to synthetic polymers such as nylon, polyacrylamide, and other vinyl polymers and copolymers possessing reactive chemical groups. The stability of certain enzymes is markedly increased on their immobilization. It was thus possible to transform the biologically active polymer derivatives into active enzyme beads, enzyme capsules, enzyme columns and enzyme membranes and these enabled the construction of enzyme reactors such as the batch-stirred tank reactors, the continuous packed bed reactors, and fluidized bed reactors. So far mainly immobilized hydralases and isomerases are being used in industry on a large scale. It seems likely, however, that once adequate techniques become available for cofactor recycling, the use of immobilized enzymes will be extended to other organic reactions, particularly those involving stereospecific synthesis of simple or complex organic molecules. Among the industrial processes in which immobilized enzymes are being used, it is worth mentioning the industrial-scale continuous production of fructose enriched syrup from glucose by immobilized glucose-isomerase, the batch process for the production of 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA) from penicillin G with the aid of immobilized penicillin amidase; the production of aspartame from aspartic acid and phenylalanine by immobilized thermoase; the large scale production of optically active amino acids with immobilized amino acid acylase; and the large scale production and application of immobilized lactase for the hydrolysis of lactose. The recently developed process for acrylamide production using immobilized nitrilase containing microbial cells should also be referred to. The successful use of an NAD-polyethylene glycol conjugate (NAD-PEG) as a nondialyzable water-soluble coenzyme derivative in the enzymic synthesis of leucine from α-ketoisocaproic acid and ammonia, in a membrane-enclosed reactor containing L-leucine dehydrogenase, NAD-PEG, formate and formate dehydrogenase, illustrates the new possibilities opened up by making use of cofactor-polymer conjugates. The use of enzyme-polymer conjugates in analytical and clinical is also illustrated.     

溶胶-凝胶包埋固定化酶的研究

介绍了溶胶-凝胶(sol-gel)包埋法制备固定化酶的基本过程和影响因素,着重论述了S iO2、有机改性硅胶和有机/无机杂化硅胶三类溶胶-凝胶基质材料制备固定化酶的特性和在催化反应中的应用,对溶胶-凝胶包埋法制备高性能固定化酶的发展前景予以展望。     

Study on a carboxyl‐activated carrier and its properties for papain immobilization

BACKGROUND: Most enzymes, including protease, play a key role in biotechnology, but their use is quite limited due to poor recovery, limited reusability and instability. Immobilized enzymes offer advantages over free enzymes. This paper reports a simple method for the preparation of immobilized papain, an endolytic cysteine protease (EC: 3.4.22.2), on carboxyl‐activated silica nanoparticles. RESULTS: The carboxyl‐activated carriers produced reactive carboxyl groups which then react with the free amino groups of enzyme to give peptide bonds (? CO? NH? ). The results showed that the thermal and pH stabilities of the immobilized papain were higher than those of free enzyme. And the apparent K_m value of the immobilized papain was 1.26 times higher than that of free enzyme. Moreover, the immobilized papain retained more than 45% of the original activity after ten reuses continuously. CONCLUSION: The results indicated that papain was successfully immobilized on the surface of the activated carriers. The immobilized papain had not only higher activity recovery, but also better stability, reusability and environmental adaptability. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry