典型煤碳燃烧特性研究和数值模拟

本文以三种典型煤的碳燃烧为研究对象，分别采用简单一维沉降燃烧方式和等温加热燃烧方式，实验研究了煤在快速加热条件下，其碳的初期和中，后期燃烧过程。以实验为基础，建立了煤的碳燃烧模型，变工况数值模拟了煤的碳燃烧过程，揭示了煤不同条件下的单颗粒碳燃烧特性。     

准东煤燃烧中矿物质转化行为的CCSEM研究

在沉降炉中进行了准东煤的燃烧实验,利用计算机控制扫描电镜技术(computer controlled scanning electron microscopy,CCSEM)研究了煤中矿物质的转化行为。研究表明煤中主要矿物为方解石、高岭石、含铁类物质以及未分类矿物,燃烧后灰中石英、铁的氧化物、白云石的含量急剧增加,未分类矿物和方解石的含量下降。同时对3种重要致渣元素Na、Fe、Ca在燃烧前后的矿物转化行为及颗粒粒径分布进行了详细研究。     

从煤的表面特性研究煤燃烧过程

对煤燃烧过程中表面结构特性及其对燃烧过程的影响了评述,通过对不同表征煤表面结构特征手段和方法进行比较,对近年来表面分形结构理论在煤燃烧研究中应用情况的分析,进行了有在结构特征与煤燃烧特性的关联,以期对煤的燃烧过程有一个新的认识。     

煤燃烧过程中各形态硫析出规律的研究

利用改进的自动测硫仪,以高有机硫北宿烟煤和高黄铁矿硫阳泉无烟煤作为研究对象,在不同温度下对原煤和脱无机硫煤在煤燃烧过程中硫析出特性进行了研究,另外对原煤和脱无机硫煤在热解和燃烧时硫形态的变化进行了研究．实验表明：黄铁矿硫、有机硫、煤中有机硫的分布在不同温度下具有不同的析出能力;煤热解和燃烧过程中各形态硫可以向其它形态转移,使硫的析出变得十分复杂．其结果对研究煤燃烧过程中硫的析出规律及燃中固硫有一定帮助．     

煤中难燃组分的研究进展

简要回顾了煤中难燃组分的研究现状及其最新进展，着重讨论了各种煤岩组分在热解过程中的不同表现，及其造成的煤焦形态差异和由此经起的不同型态煤焦的燃烧特性差别，进而主意述了煤中难燃组分的研究方法及其优缺点。     

燃煤砷污染和抑制的研究进展

对煤燃烧过程中微量砷的污染和抑制的国内外研究现状进行了综述 .概述了煤燃烧过程中微量砷的排放对环境产生的危害 .分析了煤中砷在燃烧过程中不同温度下的转化形态 ,烟气中砷的主要存在形态 ,以及煤中砷在燃烧产物中的配置和主要影响因素 .给出了美国不同电站的燃煤锅炉、工业燃煤锅炉以及民用燃煤锅炉砷的排放因子 .探讨了不同吸附剂与含砷化合物的作用机理 ,以及减少燃煤过程中砷污染的可行性 .强调了加强煤燃烧过程中微量砷排放研究的重要性     

田庄选煤厂分选产品燃烧过程中汞的释放规律

通常煤中含有0.1×10-6～0.15×10-6的汞,在燃烧和气化过程中被排放到空气中.由于其高挥发性和毒性,特别是会对神经系统造成影响,所以成为人们关注的一种重要的重金属元素.对河南省田庄选煤厂的一种T煤进行了分选,根据分选产品的TGA和DTG曲线分析了煤样的燃烧特性,通过对不同温度段元素汞和氧化态汞的采集和测定,研究了不同分选产品的汞释放行为.结果表明,末原煤、末中煤和末精煤具有相似的燃烧和汞释放行为.烟气中元素汞的含量大于氧化态汞的含量.通过物理分选,煤样中部分无机汞可以被富集到重产品中.     

混煤燃烧过程中矿物质的形态变化及相变

引　言炉内受热面结渣被认为是电站锅炉中最难以处理的一个问题 ,特别在我国长时间内煤粉锅炉作为主要的能源供应手段 .近年来 ,国内有许多电站采用混煤燃烧的方法以适应不同的要求 ,如减少结渣和ＳＯｘ 的排放 .然而 ,实际上如果混煤中设计使用的煤和实际使用的煤特性不一样 ,混煤燃烧可能会导致严重的结渣 .对单一煤种燃烧过程中的矿物质行为已经有了广泛研究[1～ 4 ] ,但对混煤很少有研究[5,6] .本文主要研究混煤燃烧后矿物质行为特性的变化 ,并用ＸＲＤ分析矿物质形态随温度的变化 ,从矿物学的观点来解释混合煤灰熔融特性 ,以揭示混煤结…     

煤燃烧过程分析与建模及其应用于Texaco气化炉模拟研究

以煤燃烧过程分析研究为基础,将煤燃烧过程分解为煤干燥过程、煤热解过程、燃烧过程和气渣分离过程,详细分析各过程的机理并建立相应数学模型,重点开展对常规分离器模型的优化。将该煤燃烧过程模型应用于Texaco气化炉,通过对该过程进行编程求解,计算所得的模拟值与文献值吻合较好,证明所建立的煤燃烧过程模型准确合理,为煤燃烧过程的工艺流程的数值模拟研究奠定了基础,可用于气体组成、除尘、脱硫等不同工艺过程的数值模拟研究。在此模型的基础上,进一步分析了在一定物流参数下不同温度对Texaco气化炉煤燃烧生成合成气组成的影响。     

煤炭燃烧过程中生成NO_X特性的研究

研究了煤燃烧过程中氮氧化物（NOx）的生成机理、抑制原理、抑制技术及进展。     

Analysis of pulverized coal particles (10–100 μm) for Fe, S, Ca, Si and Al on a particle-by-particle basis

A computer controlled scanning electron microscope fitted with soft X-ray fluorescence analysed thousands of pulverized coal particles in the size range 10 to 100 μm for amounts of Al, Si, Ca, S and Fe in each of the particles. Two coals were used, namely, subbituminous C, Comanche-Wyoming and subbituminous B, Rosebud-Montana. In pulverized coal combustion Rosebud coal has a bad slagging record not predictable from conventional slagging indices based on the elemental analyses of the total coal ash. The coal particles were placed into one of four groups: little mineral matter; low melting point inorganic composition; high melting point compositions; and large amounts of iron or pyrite. On this basis, Rosebud coal had 47% of its mineral matter in groups likely to cause slagging compared with 12% for Comanche coal, in agreement with the slagging record. It is concluded that although the particle-by-particle analysis technique used here is in a crude state of development, it can give a correct indication of the possible slagging behaviour of a pulverized coal in cases where conventional slagging indices based on the analysis of the total mean coal ash fail to give the correct indication.     

A mathematical model of ash formation during pulverized coal combustion

A mathematical model of ash formation during high-rank pulverized coal combustion is reported in this paper. The model is based on the computer-controlled scanning electron microscope (CCSEM) characterization of minerals in pulverized coals. From the viewpoint of the association with coal carbon matrix, individual mineral grains present in coal particles can be classified as included or excluded minerals. Included minerals refer to those discrete mineral grains that are intimately surrounded by the carbon matrix. Excluded minerals are those liberated minerals not or at least associated with coal carbon matter. Included minerals and excluded minerals are treated separately in the model. Included minerals are assumed to randomly disperse between individual coal particles based on coal and mineral particle size distributions. A mechanism of partial-coalescence of included minerals within single coal particles is related to char particulate structures formed during devolatilization. Fragmentation of excluded minerals, which is important particularly for a coal with a significant fraction of excluded minerals, is simulated using a stochastic approach of Poisson distribution. A narrow-sized sample of an Australian bituminous coal was combusted in a drop-tube furnace under operating conditions similar to that in boilers. The particle size distribution and chemical composition of experimental ash were compared to those predicted with the model. The comparisons indicated that the model generally reflected the combined effect of coalescence of included minerals and fragmentation of excluded minerals, the two important mechanisms governing ash formation for high-rank coals.     

燃煤过程中颗粒物的形成机理研究进展

介绍了煤粉燃烧过程中颗粒物的形成机理，包括亚微米飞灰和残灰颗粒的主要形成途径．亚微米颗粒主要来自无机物的气化-凝结过程，在高温条件下无机矿物首先以氧化物、次氧化物或原子的形式气化，当温度降低时，无机蒸气通过均相成核、异相冷凝、凝并、团聚等过程形成细微颗粒．残灰由残留在焦炭颗粒中的矿物转化而成，焦炭破碎和表面灰的聚合是决定残灰最终粒径分布的主要过程，除此之外，对于含外来矿物较多的煤种，矿物破碎对残灰颗粒的形成也有十分重要的影响．最后对燃煤过程中颗粒物的形成机理研究提出了建议．     

煤种性质对煤粉工业锅炉结焦的影响

燃煤锅炉内结焦会对锅炉运行的安全性和经济性造成极大损害,因而分析影响燃煤锅炉结焦的因素,进而有效预防燃煤锅炉结焦至关重要。在实际应用中,针对影响燃煤锅炉结焦的不同因素,可采取不同的预防措施。研究发现煤的灰熔融性温度、煤粉颗粒大小、锅炉燃烧气氛、一二次风动力场、锅炉截面热负荷和锅炉热负荷等都会影响燃煤锅炉结焦。为了解决某地区煤粉工业锅炉预燃室、炉膛、对流受热面大面积燃烧结焦问题,笔者结合燃煤锅炉燃烧结焦的机理,先后采取调整燃烧气氛、增大二次风刚性、减小煤粉颗粒粒径、更换孙家岔煤粉等措施对不同条件下的结焦现象进行对比分析,发现煤种、煤粉粒径大小是影响某地区煤粉工业锅炉燃烧结焦的因素。通过SEM-EDS(扫描电镜和能谱分析)对锅炉焦块进行微观形貌与元素组成分析,现场取样锅炉现用煤粉和孙家岔煤粉进行煤质及灰成分对比分析,并根据灰成分进行结渣性判别指标计算,结果表明锅炉燃烧现用煤种灰熔融性温度较低,煤灰软化温度Ts为1 170℃,小于1 200℃,为易熔煤,容易结渣,属于典型的易结焦煤种;结渣性判别指标计算结果显示,4项指标评价为"严重",1项指标评价为"中等",结渣性严重。综合分析认为:锅炉燃烧煤种发生改变,煤的灰熔融温度较低是影响某地区煤粉工业锅炉燃烧结焦的最本质因素。为进一步解决现场实际问题,采取破坏煤灰中酸碱平衡,提升煤的灰熔融温度,配合调节煤粉粒径等措施,如对锅炉现用煤种掺混5%的石英,提高煤灰中Si O2含量,掺混后煤粉的灰熔融温度达到1 280℃,提高了110℃;调大煤粉磨机频率,从19 Hz增大到22 Hz,煤粉粒度(200目,0.075 mm)过筛率从70%增大到85%。经过上述调整后,锅炉运行平稳,结焦状况显著改善,燃烧调整措施取得了较好的效果。     

Experimental investigation on the combustion behaviour of pre-dried Greek lignite

The present paper includes the results of the combustion tests with Greek dried lignite performed at a 1 MWth semi industrial scale pulverized coal combustion facility. Scope of the campaign is the investigation of the combustion behaviour of Greek lignite, i.e. temperature fields, ignition, burnout, emissions, as well as slagging and fouling tendency, while firing with varying levels of recirculated flue gas. Dry coal co-firing conditions in a large scale boiler are simulated by adjusting the volume flow of recirculated flue gas.Two test series representing different boiler operation modes are performed. During the first series the maximum flue gas temperature increase, when co-firing dry coal, is determined, while in the second test series the needed load decrease, in order to keep constant furnace outlet temperature in dry coal co-firing conditions is recorded. A detailed measurement set is carried out including temperature profiles, emissions, fuel, fly ash sampling and slagging and fouling investigations through the installation of dedicated deposition probes.The anticipated increase of the furnace temperature profiles by decreasing the inserted recirculated flue gas is confirmed by the experimental results. No clear trend of dry coal co-combustion on the emissions' behaviour is noticed, while dry coal firing appears to have a moderate effect on the deposition behaviour of Greek lignite. These preliminary investigations indicate that no significant operational problems are expected during a potential future demonstration of dry lignite co-firing in a Greek large scale boiler.     

锅炉全烧准东煤沾污结渣特性分析

针对燃烧新疆准东煤存在结渣、沾污等问题,在新疆宜化150 t/h锅炉全烧准东煤进行实炉测试试验。在全烧准东煤期间,对锅炉炉膛水冷壁、过热器、低温受热面、底渣的结渣形态观测,对以上各部位渣样取样分析。结果显示,锅炉全部燃烧准东煤时存在严重的结渣与沾污问题。结合实验室试验研究及本次实炉测试试验,认为结渣、沾污主要原因是由于煤中钠的氯化物、氧化物、单质气化后形式挥发到烟气中冷凝在高温管壁,与烟气SO_2、Fe_2O_3等化合生成硫酸盐沉积,煤中铁矿石分解后与CaO、Al_2O_3等形成低温共融化合物,降低灰熔融性温度,增加准东煤灰结渣、沉积倾向,煤中高钙、高水分加速了烟气低温段的积灰。     

电站煤粉锅炉掺烧兰炭试验研究

为考察兰炭在电站煤粉锅炉上的适应性,确定兰炭在煤粉锅炉上的掺烧比例和方式,在充分掌握兰炭燃料特性基础上,在国内首次进行了配中速磨制粉系统的电站煤粉锅炉掺烧兰炭试验。试验结果表明,电站锅炉燃用兰炭具有减轻燃烧器喷口结渣、大幅降低烟气污染物生成量、对低热值煤具有较好替代作用等优势,试验锅炉可以预混掺烧方式实现安全稳定燃用33%比例的兰炭。针对兰炭的强磨损、低燃尽特性对制粉系统以及锅炉安全经济运行可能产生的不利影响,提出了"预混+防磨+燃烧调整"的燃用兰炭原则。     

分解炉内混煤燃烧最佳三次风速的模拟研究

针对某公司5500 t/d三喷腾分解炉内混煤燃烧效果不佳的问题,利用FLUENT软件,采用二步竞争反应模型及二混合分数方法,对炉内不同三次风速下的速度场、温度场及组分场进行模拟研究,得到了三次风对混煤燃烧的影响规律,并对模拟结果进行了验证. 结果表明,二混合分数方法模拟结果符合混煤在分解炉内的实际燃烧情况;三次风速为26 m/s时,混煤的主要燃烧区域占分解炉的2/3,煤粉燃烧的最高温度为1940 K,煤粉的燃烬率为95.45%,分解炉内的温度分布满足生料分解的要求,避免了结渣.     

Effects of coal blending on the reduction of PM10 during high-temperature combustion 2. A coalescence-fragmentation model

A coalescence-fragmentation model has been developed to predict the behaviors of coal mineral particles during the combustion of pulverized bituminous coals or coal blends. Based on the computer-controlled scanning electron microscope (CCSEM) characterization of coal minerals, the particle size distributions (PSDs) and mineral species of ash particles can be simulated. In particular, the interactions among excluded minerals (mainly referring to the excluded Ca-bearing-species and Fe-bearing-species) and included minerals are accounted for in this model. The PSDs and the mineral species of ash particles are derived from the coalescence and fragmentation of coal mineral particles. Based on this proposed model, both of the predicted PSDs and the mineral species of ash particles are in good agreement with their corresponding experimentally measured values. And the comparisons further demonstrate that the combined effects of coalescence of included minerals and fragmentation of excluded minerals have direct impacts on the ash-forming process. In addition, for the coals rich in excluded Ca- and/or Fe-bearing-species, the interactions among included minerals and excluded minerals are another important mechanism governing ash formation for high-rank coals.     

煤样不同密度组分中致渣矿物特性的CCSEM研究

将一种典型的易结渣烟煤分为低（<1.3 g·cm^-3）、中（1.3～1.6 g·cm^-3）、高（>1.6 g·cm^-3）3个密度煤样。利用先进计算机控制扫描电镜（CCSEM）技术对原煤及分密度煤样中的致渣矿物进行了深入研究。结果表明,Na与K在煤中无机矿主要以硅铝酸盐的形式存在;粒径大于22 mm的外在（独立于炭基质）黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿主要分布在高密度煤中;未识别矿物（复杂硅铝酸盐）在高密度煤矿物中所占的比例最小,但其中Fe含量为20%～90%的颗粒所占比例最高;不同密度煤样中,内在（与炭基质结合）矿的硅铝比和碱酸比不同,低密度煤中内在矿的碱酸比最大,结渣倾向最严重,而中密度煤内在矿的碱酸比和硅铝比均小于原煤。