Isolation and identification of soil bacteria resistant to surfactants in washing detergents

Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) and polyoxyethylene lauryl ether (POLE) are the major surfactants in washing detergents. In the present study, we isolated surfactant-resistant bacteria from soil samples collected from a sports ground and a farm field. The samples were treated with 2.0% LAS or POLE at 25°C for 30 min and cultivated on agar plates at 25°C for several days, after which manifold bacterial colonies were isolated. Thereafter, we tested the ability of each bacterial isolate to resist the antibacterial activity of the surfactant. Ten LAS-resistant strains were isolated, and all were found to be Gram-negative bacteria such as Enterobacter and Pseudomonas. On the other hand, 18 POLE-resistant strains were isolated, of which 14 were Gram-positive bacteria including Bacillus and Microbacterium. Notably, one POLE-resistant strain was identified as Bacillus cereus, a potential causative agent for foodborne illness. The genera of LAS- and POLE-resistant bacteria did not overlap. Therefore, the combination of LAS and POLE could be more effective to eliminate soil bacteria from clothes and/or daily necessities.     

Effect of Inorganic Additives on a Conventional Anionic–Nonionic Mixed Surfactants System in Aqueous Solution

The interaction between an anionic surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate) and a nonionic surfactant [polyoxyethylene (9.5) octyl phenyl ether] in aqueous salt solution was investigated using the surface tension method. The critical micelle concentration values were determined for the individual surfactants and their corresponding mixtures. The interaction parameter between the surfactants in the mixed micelles, the activity and activity coefficients in the mixed micelles, and the thermodynamic parameters were calculated using various approaches, viz., Clint, Rubingh, and Maeda models. It was observed that the critical micelle concentration of the mixed surfactants system reveals little deviation from ideality.     

含水乙醇汽油体系相稳定剂的研究

通过向乙醇汽油中加入相稳定剂的方法,获得稳定的含水乙醇汽油体系,从而降低其成本,促进乙醇汽油在我国的推广应用。对4种非离子表面活性剂:月桂醇聚氧乙烯醚(AEO-3)、壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(NP-4)、辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚(OP-4,OP-6)的相稳定效果进行研究。结果表明:对E15,E20和E25乙醇汽油,相稳定剂用量(体积分数)大于3%时,AEO-3的相稳定效果最优;对E5,E10乙醇汽油,随各表面活性剂的HLB值逐渐增大,相稳定效果依次增强。温度一定,体系的最大增溶水量与表面活性剂用量、乙醇配比均成正比。     

Screening of Surfactant Foaming Properties Using the Gas-Sparging Method: Design of an Optimal Protocol

Foaming properties of five model surfactants, namely, sodium laureth sulfate (SLES), sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), polyoxyethylene 23 lauryl ether (Brij L23), polysorbate 20 (Tween 20), and polysorbate 80 (Tween 80), have been compared as a function of experimental conditions using the gas-sparging method. The influence of surfactant concentration relative to the critical micelle concentration (CMC) and three process parameters—frit porosity, gas flow rate, and preset volume of foam (or bubbling time)—was studied by means of a 2^4–1 factorial design. Three foaming properties were considered: foam capacity, foam stability, and maximal foam density. At the CMC, SLES, SDS, Tween 20, and Brij L23 were indistinguishable, all having very high foaming capacity and stability, regardless of process conditions. At 0.1 CMC, differences among them were highlighted especially at the lowest frit porosity coupled to the highest gas flow rate. Those conditions are thus recommended when a rapid screening of surfactant foaming performances is needed.     

生物质腰果酚醚硫酸铵表面活性剂的性能研究

研究了腰果酚醚硫酸铵/正丁醇/烷烃/水体系拟三元相图、腰果酚醚硫酸铵的乳化性能和泡沫性能。结果表明,腰果酚聚氧乙烯醚硫酸铵/正丁醇/烷烃/水拟三元相图能形成液晶区和大范围O/W微乳液区,乳化性能随水硬度增加而增强,乳化顺序为：硬水＞0.5mol?L-1氯化钠＞0.1mol?L-1氯化钠＞去离子水,腰果酚聚氧乙烯醚硫酸铵具有低的起泡性。     

醇醚硫酸盐AES浓缩物的合成

本文以月桂醇为起始剂合成月桂醇聚氧乙烯(3)醚,然后以氨基磺酸为硫酸化剂,分别制得醇醚硫酸盐的铵盐和钠盐,其活性物浓度为70％,各项表面活性及理化特性符合应用的要求。     

Composition of mixed anionic/nonionic surfactant micelles

A proposed method of determining the composition of mixed micelles in equilibrium with monomer of known composition is described. The systems were sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyoxyethylene 23 lauryl ether (Brij 35) in water and in 0.1 M sodium chloride solution at 25°C. This technique applies the Gibbs-Duhem equation to the mixed micelle, which is treated as a pseudophase. This proposed methodology which needs only critical micelle concentration data as a function of monomer composition, is applied to an anionic/nonionic surfactant pair. The calculated monomer-micelle equilibrium is found to be very similar to the much-used regular solution for nonideal systems.     

Water-in-gasoline microemulsions stabilized by polyglycerol esters

Synergistic effect for the mixtures of polyglycerol esters of fatty acids (PGEFs) [including triglycerol diisostearate (TGDIS), pentaglycerol distearate (PGDS), triglycerol monostearate (TGMS) and triglycerol monooleate (TGMO)] with sodium oleate solubilizing water in gasoline has been investigated. The effect of a series of alcohols on the water amounts solubilized in the microemulsion systems of TGDIS/sodium oleate/alcohol/gasoline/water has been studied. It was shown that the microemulsion system of TGDIS/sodium oleate/1-butanol/gasoline/water exhibited better behavior in solubilizing water than the other systems studied. The best weight ratio of TGDIS/sodium oleate was 6:4, in which the maximum solubilization capacity of water was 2.402 g at 16 °C, when the amount of the mixed surfactants and gasoline were 0.740 and 6.000 g respectively. In addition, the microemulsion system of TGDIS/sodium oleate/1-butanol/gasoline/water was more water soluble and less temperature sensitive, in comparison with the microemulsion system of TGDIS/lauryl polyoxyethylene (9) ether (AEO₉)/gasoline/water.     

Advantage of Sodium Polyoxyethylene Lauryl Ether Carboxylate as a Mild Cleansing Agent

Five anionic surfactants widely used in commercial skin cleansers were studied: sodium polyoxyethylene lauryl ether carboxylate (EC), sodium polyoxyethylene alkyl ether sulfate (ES), sodium dodecyl sulfate, potassium laurate, and N-cocoyl-l-glutamic acid monosodium salt. The amount of surfactant from aqueous solution adsorbed into the stratum corneum (SC), the degree of SC swelling, the change of the secondary structure of SC proteins (denaturation). The surface tension of surfactant–zein mixed solutions, and the solubilization behavior of zein were measured. Results showed that EC had the lowest adsorption into SC, the lowest SC swelling, and lowest denaturation of SC proteins. Low interactions between surfactants and SC proteins were also observed for EC/ES mixture solutions as well as. Mixing EC with ES good foaming performance. The EC/ES mixture, at about 1:1 ratio, is an excellent surfactant system for skin cleanser applications having cleansing characteristics and mildness to the skin.     

Synergistic Interaction between Nonionic Octylphenol Polyoxyethylene Ethers and Effect of Hydrophilic Chain

The micellization of binary mixture composed of nonionic octylphenol polyoxyethylene ether (OP-n, n is the average number of oxyethylene unit) and its homologues, as well as the effect of hydrophilic chain were investigated. The tensiometry was adopted to determine the critical micelle concentration of binary surfactant mixture. According to the regular solution theory, some thermodynamic models were used to predict the parameters of micellization and the thermodynamic parameters. For all the three binary mixtures of nonionic/nonionic surfactants, each of which shows a nonideal mixing and can behave synergistically in aqueous solution. For both the mixture of OP-10/OP-7 and the mixture of OP-10/OP-4, the positive deviation of the mole fraction of surfactant in mixed micelle from its ideal value coexists with the negative deviation in the entire range of compositions in aqueous solution, while for the mixture of OP-7/OP-4, it only shows a positive deviation. Thermodynamic data indicate that for all the three binary surfactant mixtures, the process of micellization is entropically spontaneous, and the change of hydrophilic chain results in the difference in the stability of mixed micelle. The results can be explained by the steric effect, the hydrogen bonding and the hydration. The work helps with understanding the interaction between molecules and properties for some industrial products constituted by nonionic surfactant and its homologues.     

Synergism and Phase Behavior of Alcohol Polyoxyethylene Ether Acetate and Cationic Surfactant-Mixed Systems

Synergism in mixed micelle formation and surface tension reduction efficiency and the ternary phase behavior of anionic surfactant (alcohol polyoxyethylene ether acetate containing 10 ethylene oxide group and a fatty chain of C_16–18) with cationic surfactants (dodecyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride and lauryltrimethyl ammonium chloride) were investigated. Surface tension of the systems at different molar ratios was studied in detail and the interaction parameters of each system were calculated. The results show that both systems have lower values of critical micelle concentration (CMC) and γ_cmc than individual surfactants especially at equal ratio between cationic and anionic surfactants. Both systems present synergism in mixed micelle formation and surface tension reduction efficiency. The ternary phase behavior of the two systems was investigated using a polarized microscope. The micellar phase and lamellar phase were observed in both systems and the coexisting phase was only observed in the dodecyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride system.     

不同农药助剂的初级生物降解性研究

以新型复配农药助剂——松脂基表面活性剂1号和2号以及传统农药助剂壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚、松香酸聚乙二醇酯和直链十二醇聚氧乙烯醚为目标物,通过实验考察了不同类型农药助剂的初级生物降解特性。8 d的生物降解实验结果表明,松脂基表面活性剂1号的初级生物降解度为79.1%,松脂基表面活性剂2号的初级生物降解度为82.4%,松香酸聚乙二醇酯的初级生物降解度为84.2%,壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚的初级生物降解度为91.1%,直链十二醇聚氧乙烯醚的初级生物降解度大于99%。新型复配农药助剂的组成结构更为复杂,其初级生物降解度要低于直链醇类、酚类的聚氧乙烯醚及单一结构酸类的聚乙二醇酯等农药助剂。     

低压法合成双(4-烯丙氧基-3,5-二溴苯基)砜

对阻燃剂双(4-烯丙氧基-3,5-二溴苯基)砜(ATBS)的合成工艺进行了改进。用四溴双酚S(TBS)和烯丙基氯为原料,在NaOH水介质中,低压条件下(表压0.3~0.4 MPa)合成了收率、质量分数均较高的ATBS。为促使反应进行,使用了添加剂CTAB(十六烷基三甲基溴化铵)和多种工业常见表面活性剂DBS(十二烷基苯磺酸钠)、OP-10(壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚)、OS-15(长链脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚)。研究了添加剂用量、反应时间等因素对ATBS收率及质量分数的影响规律,得到了较佳反应条件。与常压法相比,低压法反应时间短,收率较高。由不同添加剂得到ATBS的收率(质量分数、添加剂)分别为97.4%〔w(ATBS)=98.5%、CTAB,〕99.7%〔w(ATBS)=94.7%、DBS,〕97.4%〔w(ATBS)=94.0%、OP-10,〕97.8%〔w(ATBS)=96.9%、OS-15〕和91.4%〔w(ATBS)=93.4%、Tween-80〕。     

有机硅改性丙烯酸酯乳液的合成及表征

以反应性有机硅单体为原料,十二烷基苯磺酸钠（DBS）、辛烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚（OP-10）为乳化剂,过硫酸钾（K2S2O8）为引发剂进行有机硅改性丙烯酸酯乳液（简称硅丙乳液）的合成研究。采用正交实验优化了硅丙乳液的制备工艺,确定最佳工艺参数。采用红外光谱表征产物的结构,表明该方法成功合成了有机硅改性丙烯酸酯乳液。     

十六醇聚氧乙烯醚(3)羧酸盐的合成及其耐盐性和界面性能研究

以十六醇聚氧乙烯(3)醚为原料,经羧甲基化合成了十六醇聚氧乙烯醚羧酸钠,产率最高达到83.8%。产品经红外光谱和质谱表征为十六醇聚氧乙烯醚(n)羧酸盐(C16AEC,n=1～3)。研究表明,C16AEC具有优良的抗Na+能力,45℃下对NaCl的容忍度达到135 g.L-1,与典型的耐盐型表面活性剂十二醇聚氧乙烯醚(3)硫酸盐(AES)相当;但C16AEC抗二价离子(Ca2+和Mg2+)的能力一般,45℃下对CaCl2和MgSO4的容忍度仅为0.5和1.8 g.L-1,远不如AES;C16AEC微乳体系的最佳盐度(NaCl)和中相盐宽亦与AES微乳体系接近;C16AEC具有优良的表面活性,25和45℃下临界胶束浓度(cmc)都在10-5mol.L-1数量级,γcmc小于30 mN.m-1;C16AEC具有较好的亲油性,通过与两性表面活性剂复配,45℃下可在0.1%～0.3%的总质量浓度范围内使大庆原油/地层水界面张力降到10-3mN.m-1数量级,无需添加任何碱或中性电解质。     

双功能改性丙烯酸树脂皮革涂饰剂的研制

在丙烯酸丁酯—丙烯腈—丙烯酸甲酯体系中，引入１％～２％的丙烯酸，２％～３％的Ｎ－羟甲基丙烯酰胺，５％的烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚硫酸铵与十二烷基硫酸钠复配乳化剂，采取自生种子聚合技术可制得双功能团改性的丙烯酸树脂皮革涂饰剂。     

Micellar and Interfacial Behavior of Cationic Benzalkonium Chloride and Nonionic Polyoxyethylene Alkyl Ether Based Mixed Surfactant Systems

Micellar and interfacial properties of mixed surfactant systems comprising benzalkonium chloride, a cationic surfactant and nonionic polyoxyethylene alkyl ether surfactants (POE: C₁₀E₇, C₁₀E₈, C₁₀E₉, C₁₀E₁₀) have been investigated by surface tension, fluorescence and dynamic light scattering techniques. Critical micelle concentration (CMC) for different mixing mole fractions has been investigated by surface tension and fluorescence measurements. Ideal CMC, mixed micellar composition (X ₁ ^m , X ₁ ^σ ), interaction parameters for mixed micelles (β ^m) and adsorption monolayer (β ^σ ), surface excess concentration (Г_max), minimum area per molecule (A _min) and related thermodynamic properties have also been determined. Lowering of the CMC and negative interaction parameter values indicate synergism in the mixed micelle and monolayer formed, whereas, thermodynamic parameters evaluated for the proposed mixed systems indicate stability of the resulting micelles and monolayer. Micellar aggregation number (N _agg) and hydrodynamic diameter (D _h) computed from fluorescence and dynamic light scattering measurements respectively illustrate micellar growth in the mixed state. Results obtained for the proposed mixed systems can be helpful in designing smart materials for industrial surfactant based formulations.     

月桂醇聚氧乙烯醚(7)己基磺基琥珀酸混合双酯钠的合成与性能

采用控制酯化率和非外加相转移催化剂在常压进行反应的方法合成了月桂醇聚氧乙烯醚(7)己基磺基琥珀酸混合双酯钠。最佳工艺条件为:n〔月桂醇聚氧乙烯醚(7)〕∶n(顺酐)=1 00∶1 10,于130℃下单酯化反应2 5h,得到产率为99 6%的单酯化产物。n(己醇)∶n(顺酐)=4 0∶1 0,于170℃下双酯化反应2 0h,得到产率为95 8%的双酯化产物。n(亚硫酸氢钠)∶n(顺酐)=1 10∶1 00,加热介质温度为170℃下磺化反应2 5h。测得产物的表面张力、临界胶束浓度、乳化力、渗透力、分散力、耐硬水性能分别为30 7mN/m、3 548×10-5mol/L、3 5min、3 7s、59 5%和14min。与磺基琥珀酸双己酯钠盐(DHSS)和月桂醇聚氧乙烯醚(7)磺基琥珀酸单酯二钠盐(LESS)进行了性能对比。结果表明:分散力、乳化力和耐硬水性能较DHSS均得到了改善,渗透性能较LESS得到了较大的提高。     

Surface properties in binary mixtures of aerosol OT and nonionic surfactants

The surface tensions of the mixed systems consisting of sodium di-2-ethylhexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol OT) and homogeneous polyoxyethylene glycol-n-dodecyl ether (nED; n=5 to 8) were measured in the absence and presence of sodium chloride (NaCl) by a modified Wilhelmy plate method. In the case of the system containing nED and Aerosol OT, the nED concentrations were fixed at various amounts, and all the surface tension curves approached 32 or 33 mN/m as the concentration of Aerosol OT approached 1 × 10⁻³ mol/l. On the other hand, when the Aerosol OT concentration was fixed at 1 × 10⁻³ mol/l, the surface tension curves for the mixed system showed a flat portion in the range where mixed micelle in the solution and the two dimensional ones on the water surface were formed. Further, molecular interaction parameter B was calculated by the Rosen extension of the regular solution treatment of Rubingh. The average values of B in the nED-AOT systems increased as the value of n increased. The values of B increased with increasing activity of AOT. In the case of the system containing 6ED, AOT and NaCl, the surface tension curves showed inflection points shifted to higher concentrations of AOT as the concentration of nED increased.     

Synergistic effect between amino sulfonate amphoteric surfactant and octylphenol polyoxyethylene ether (10) in aqueous solutions with different acidicities: consideration of different thermodynamic models

The micellization behavior of binary mixtures of sodium n‐dodecyl diamine sulfonate (C12AS) and octylphenol polyoxyethylene ether (10), OP‐10, in aqueous solutions at pH 3.5, 6.0, and 8.5 was investigated, and the values of mixed critical micelle concentration (C^M) were determined by both UV–vis spectroscopy using pyrene as a probe and by tensiometry. Within the framework of the pseudophase separation model, four thermodynamic models were adopted to describe the micellization parameters including the interaction parameters (β₁₂) between two surfactants, the components in real and ideal mixed micelles, the activity coefficients in mixed micelles, the thermodynamic parameters, and the thermodynamic stability. The experimental values of C^M, inferior to the ideal values, show nonideal mixing; the negative values of β₁₂ obtained from Rubingh's, Rodenas's, and Motomura's models mean the synergistic effect. Although there exist some divergences in the micellization parameters predicted by the three treatments, similar results were obtained, indicating the validity of these models in this investigation. Based on the calculation errors, Rubingh's model is best to describe the interacting behavior between the two surfactants in this investigation. Thermodynamic parameters predicted by the three treatments show a spontaneous process of micellization and an entropic contribution in the formation of mixed micelles. Different acidities of solutions result in different stabilities of micellization. The stability in feeble acidic solution is higher than in acidic or basic solution, and the stability in basic solution is slightly superior to that in acidic solution. All the above described phenomena can be explained rationally by the electrostatic effect of head groups of C12AS, the steric effect of head group for two surfactants, the molecular structures of surfactants, the influence of added counterion, and so on. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry