生物质与煤混烧燃烧特性研究

利用TG-DTG热分析技术对煤、生物质及二者混合物的燃烧过程进行分析,研究了煤种、生物质、生物质添加比例、升温速率及氧气流量等因素对燃烧特性的影响.结果表明,生物质的着火特性、燃尽特性和燃烧性能明显优于原煤;添加生物质可以改善原煤的燃烧特性,随着生物质添加量的增加,燃烧性能改善越显著;升温速率增加,着火特性指数和综合燃烧特性指数升高,燃尽性能降低;增加氧气流量,可以显著改善燃料的燃烧性能.     

响应曲面法评价与优化混煤富氧燃烧特性

研究了小龙潭褐煤、富源烟煤和昭通褐煤混煤的燃烧特性,对比了不同氧气浓度、不同升温速率下煤样的热解及燃烧特性,采用响应曲面法优化软件对氧气浓度、升温速率及煤粉配比进行优化.结果表明,富氧燃烧时,煤样着火温度和燃尽温度降低,燃烧时间缩短;氧气浓度高于30%(?)后,煤粉燃烧特性参数变化趋于平缓,实际应用中氧气浓度应控制在30%左右;煤粉燃烧后段活化能较高,煤样活化能、指前因子随氧气浓度增大而增大;升温速率增大,煤样的着火温度和燃尽温度升高,煤粉燃烧时间延长,稳定性、燃烧性变差.氧气浓度越高,煤样燃烧性能越好,设置可燃性指数和燃烧特性指数最大,燃尽温度和投资成本最小,小龙潭褐煤:昭通褐煤:富源烟煤质量比为100:55.07:1时优化的4个评价指标最好,可燃性指数为43.56×10-7,燃烧特性指数为4.27×10-10,燃尽温度为680.01℃,成本为252.49$/t.     

川北低热值煤矸石燃烧特性研究

利用热重分析仪研究不同粒径、不同升温速率下川北低热值煤矸石着火稳定性和综合燃尽特性,并且对煤和煤矸石不同掺混比例的热失重进行了研究。结果表明,1.0 mm以下低热值煤矸石的着火稳定性与粒径没有明显关系,且均极易稳定着火。煤矸石的综合燃尽指数则随着煤矸石粒径的增大而降低;提高升温速率,可以使低热值煤矸石的燃烧强度增加,但着火、燃尽温度均升高;低热值煤矸石中掺混煤可以提高热失重率,改善低热值煤矸石的着火特性,达到更好的燃烧效果,有利于提高锅炉的安全性和经济性。     

神府煤粉燃烧特性

为了给煤粉锅炉用户提供煤粉优选理论依据,以煤粉锅炉主要用煤神府煤制备的煤粉为研究对象,采用TG-DTG对煤粉的燃烧特性进行研究,分析了不同煤粉及升温速率对煤粉燃烧特性的影响。结果表明:在空气气氛下,升温速率提高,TG、DTG曲线向高温方向移动,煤粉的着火温度升高,最大质量变化速率增大,最大失重温度提高,燃尽指数增大;随着灰分和粒径改变,升温速率为10或20℃/min时,煤粉的着火温度变化不显著,燃尽指数及综合燃烧特性指数均有影响。灰分减小,粒径不变时,D煤粉的综合燃烧指数为1.51,优于粒径74μm、灰分9.5%的P煤粉。     

低氧气氛下煤粉燃烧特性

为研究煤粉低氮燃烧时CO_2成分在低氧含量气氛下对燃烧的作用,在热重分析仪上进行了煤粉低氧气氛下的燃烧试验。通过模拟真实燃烧反应中的反应气氛,研究了O_2/CO_2混合比例、升温速率对煤粉燃烧特性的影响。结果表明,在O_2/CO_2混合气氛下,温度为1 000℃以内均存在着燃烧反应和气化反应的竞争关系。CO_2含量高时,CO_2与煤粉的气化反应对煤粉燃烧反应抑制程度逐渐增加。O_2/CO_2比例降低,煤粉的燃尽温度升高幅度明显,煤粉难以燃尽;煤粉的点火温度受CO_2含量影响不大;升温速率由10℃/min升至20℃/min对煤粉可燃性和着火稳定性提升明显,20℃/min升至30℃/min影响不大。     

热重法研究褐煤的富氧燃烧特性

采用热重法(TG)研究了富氧条件下三种褐煤的燃烧特性。富氧气氛采用O2与N2混合气体,氧气体积百分含量分别为21%,30%,40%,80%。根据实验数据确定氧浓度对挥发份初析点、着火点、燃尽点及最大失重速率点的影响。结果表明,富氧气氛可改善褐煤的燃烧特性,使煤粉着火点、燃尽点、最大失重速率点提前,燃烧速度加快。     

高温高压快速加氢热解褐煤残渣的燃烧特性

利用热分析技术研究了催化剂Ca(CH_3COO)_2,Fe_2O_3,K_2CO_3和CH_3COONa,升温速率10℃/min,15℃/min和20℃/min及O_2/N_2和O_2/CO_2气氛对朔州褐煤高温高压快速加氢热解残渣燃烧特性的影响。结果表明:催化剂能使残渣的TG-DTG曲线向低温区移动,最大失重峰对应的温度显著降低,着火指数、燃尽指数和综合燃烧特性指数增大,催化剂对残渣的燃烧有促进作用,影响程度由高到低的顺序为CH_3COONa,K_2CO_3,Fe_2O_3,Ca(CH_3COO)_2。提高升温速率,残渣的DTG曲线逐渐向高温区移动,着火指数、燃尽指数和综合燃烧特性指数增大,能够有效改善残渣的燃烧性能。同种气氛下,着火指数、燃尽指数和综合燃烧特性指数随氧气体积分数增大而增大;相同氧气体积分数时,残渣在O_2/N_2气氛下燃烧的着火指数、燃尽指数和综合燃烧特性指数均大于其在O_2/CO_2气氛下燃烧的相应特征指数,这可能与CO_2的比热容及扩散系数有关。     

富氧气氛下煤粉燃烧及动力学特性的实验研究

采用综合热分析仪研究了两种煤粉在三种不同粒径范围下氧浓度对其燃烧特性参数的影响,并计算得到各工况下的动力学参数.结果表明,随着氧浓度增加,燃烧DTG曲线向低温区移动,着火及燃尽温度降低,燃尽时间缩短,综合燃烧指数明显提高,燃烧特性得到改善,尤其对粒径较大的煤粉改善更为明显;煤粉燃烧反应低温段的反应活化能和频率因子比高温段低,反应级数较小;不同氧浓度下,煤粉燃烧活化能和频率因子间存在动力学补偿效应.     

生石灰对褐煤燃烧特性的影响

利用热重分析仪研究生石灰对褐煤燃烧特性的影响,采用了描述煤燃烧着火及燃尽性能的燃烧特性指数S,可燃性指数C和着火稳燃特性综合判别指标Rw,并根据热动力学方法计算各过程的热动力学参数,即活化能E和频率因子A.结果表明,在加入生石灰后,褐煤燃烧明显分为两个阶段,并且随着生石灰混合比例的增加,前期的燃烧强度逐渐减弱,后期的燃烧强度逐渐增强.当生石灰的添加量在20％左右时,试样的活化能较原煤略有降低,且最大燃烧速率比原煤快,但随着生石灰添加量继续增加,燃尽性能变差.     

乌拉盖褐煤热解特性及反应动力学参数研究

为获得较好的褐煤半焦制备工艺参数,研究了不同制备条件(热解终温、升温速率、原煤粒径、热解气氛)下制得的乌拉盖褐煤半焦的燃烧性能和燃烧动力学参数。结果表明,热解终温对半焦品质的影响最大,热解升温速率、原煤粒径和热解气氛对半焦燃烧特性的影响不显著。热解终温由350℃升至600℃时,反应指数RI由235℃升至292℃,半焦着火性能变差;燃尽指数Cb由4.68升至6.15,半焦燃尽性能变差;爆炸指数Kd由2.54降至0.46,半焦爆炸倾向性变低;反应活化能由44.4 k J/mol升至63.4 k J/mol,半焦燃烧动力学特性变差。热解终温为520℃时制得的半焦反应指数、燃尽指数、爆炸指数和反应活化能分别为265℃,5.34、0.80和53.2 k J/mol,属于易着火、易燃尽、中等爆炸燃料,燃烧特性良好。     

骑式摩托车油箱喷涂工艺的改进

面对日益激烈的市场竞争,摩托车油箱外观质量越来越成为影响销售的因素之一。文章介绍了改进工艺后的油箱涂装,该涂装体系提高了油箱外观的丰满度,降低了油箱涂装的生产成本。     

SEDIMENTATION OF BINARY MIXTURES OF PARTICLES OF UNEQUAL DENSITIES AND OF DIFFERENT SIZES

A model is developed for the sedimentation from a suspension of two particle species of unequal densities and of different sizes. The composition and the thickness of various layers in the sediments are predicted using graphical and analytical methods. The model predictions were in excellent agreement with experimental results, when the particle size ratio was ≥ 108. When size ratio of the particles was 2.60 and 4.31 the agreement occurred in about 50 percent of the cases.     

COMPARISON OF METHODS OF ANALYSIS OF GYPSUM1

The different analytical methods proposed for the evaluation of gypsum have been subjected to an experimental test. A combination method, consisting of a fusion with KHCO₃ and determination of CaO by KMnO₄ titration, the SO₃ by Andrews method of titration of BaCrO₄ has been found to give very reliable results with the least consumption of time.     

HEASUREHENT OF INSTANTANEOUS RATES OF LOSS OF VOIATILE COMPOUNDS DURING DRYING OF DROPS

A novel technique serves to monitor instantaneous rates of loss of a volatile solute from a suspended drop during drying. A highly sensitive electron capture detector is used to monitor concentrations of SF6 released into a flowing gas stream from a suspended, drying drop. Simultaneously, the appearance and morphological development of the drop are monitored with a video camera. This provides the wherewithal of relating instantaneous rates of loss of the volatile solute to particular events during the development of particle morphology.

Initial experiments have been carried out with drops of aqueous solutions of glucose, sucrose, maltodextrin and coffee extract. The results clearly display the onset of the volatiles-retentive selective diffusion phenomenon. There is also substantial loss of the volatile component later in the drying process, when the drops undergo repeated ex ansion, bursting and cratering due to the formation of internaf bubbles. These experiments appear to be the first quantitative demonstration of major losses accompanying changes in drop morphology.     

用两个形状指数表征粉煤灰颗粒形貌的研究

引用两个形状指数表征颗粒形状的概念,即先将颗粒形状近似为椭圆,再将椭圆图像分离:以圆为基准的颗粒宏观形状指数δ;以光滑椭圆为基准的颗粒轮廓凹凸度,即微观形状指数ζ。分析和发展了近似椭圆模型。并运用图像分析仪对粉煤灰、水泥样品进行实验。结果表明,粉煤灰颗粒的两个形状指数δ和ζ都大于水泥颗粒。证明粉煤灰颗粒的球形度、表面光滑度优于水泥,而且,随着粒径增大,δ和ζ呈下降趋势,表明磨制颗粒越粗。(?)粒形状越不规则。文中还运用近似椭圆模型再现了颗粒的模拟图像。     

典型煤碳燃烧特性研究和数值模拟

本文以三种典型煤的碳燃烧为研究对象，分别采用简单一维沉降燃烧方式和等温加热燃烧方式，实验研究了煤在快速加热条件下，其碳的初期和中，后期燃烧过程。以实验为基础，建立了煤的碳燃烧模型，变工况数值模拟了煤的碳燃烧过程，揭示了煤不同条件下的单颗粒碳燃烧特性。     

氢气纯度分析方法准确性的探讨

ONACCURACYOFANALYSISOFOFHYDROGEN1前言我公司目前应用的氢气纯度分析方法有两种,一种是爆炸反应法,另一种是焦性没食子酸吸收法。几年来,人们对两种分析方法的准确性曾有过褒贬不一的评论。这里我们也谈谈自己粗浅的观点。2爆炸法测定氢气纯度一定量的氢气样品与适量的空气之均匀混合物因反应后生成液体水而引起气体体积减少,减少的体积等于参加反应气体体积之和。其中l／3为氧气,2／3为氢气。根据氢气取样量和反应前后混气体体积之差,以及氢气在反应中的体积比例关系,可计算出样品的氢气纯度。计算公式式中：A一混…     

茶多酚提取方法进展

本文综述了国内外现有茶多酚提取方法的现状以及近期的研究进展，并对其优缺点进行了评价。这将有助于中低档茶的综合利用和茶多酚的进一步开发应用。     

ANALYSIS OF RECENT MEASUREMENTS OF THE VISCOSITY OF GLASSES

Viscosity of Simple Soda-Silicate 500° to 1400°C Comparison of the results given by English with those of Washburn, Shelton and Libman, indicates a discrepancy in the absolute values of log₁₀ viscosity amounting to 0.6, those of Washburn et al., being relatively too high. If correction for this is made, the isothermal curves of log₁₀ viscosity as a function of soda content are smooth up to 50% Na₂O, showing no inflection. The observations as a function of temperature T are all represented within accidental error by an equation of the type where all three constants vary regularly with the composition. Change of Viscosity of Glass (6SiO₂, 2Na₂O) due to Molecular Substitution of CaO, MgO and Al₂O₃ for Na₂O The effect is clearly brought out by plotting (from the results of English) the change of log₁₀η due to the substitution as a function of temperature. The curves each show a sharp bend at a temperature between 840° and 1050°C, which is designated the aggregation temperature T_a. If we divide these curves by the corresponding percentage substituted, we get curves for each oxide which are straight and parallel below the aggregation temperatures, the slopes (increase of change of log₁₀η per 100°C) being −0.056 (CaO), −0.055 (MgO), −0.018 (A1₂O₃) per per cent oxide substituted. For substitution of 1/2 molecule the slopes are −0.325 (CaO), −0.23 (MgO) and −0.18 (Al₂O₃) per 100°. At the aggregation temperature the change of log₁₀η per per cent is a minimum, 0.03 to 0.06 for CaO, 0.12 for MgO, 0.07 for Al₂O₃. Evidence of Aggregation in Glasses, from viscosity Measurements The sharp bends in the plots of change of log₁₀η due to substitution of an oxide for Na₂O, suggest the beginning of molecular aggregation at these temperatures. These aggregation temperatures are close to the devitrification temperatures, but the effect on the viscosity curves cannot be due to actual devitrification since it does not change with time. Taking the aggregation temperatures as equal to devitrification temperatures, additional isotherms are roughly sketched into the equilibrium triangle of the system Na₂O-CaO-SiO₂. Change of Viscosity of Glass (4SiO₂, 2Na₂O) due to of Substitution of B₂O₃ for SiO₂ The change of log₁₀η (from the results of English) is plotted as a function of temperature, and also the change of log₁₀η per per cent B₂O₃. The curves are more complex than for the substitution for Na₂O.     

环氧树脂羟基值测定方法的研究

利用乙酸酐、吡啶和浓硫酸混合的乙酰化试剂测定环氧树脂中羟基值含量的方法具有操作简便、滴定终点明显和分析结果误差小等优点。