红外测温技术在玻璃窑炉上的应用研究

本文简要介绍了红外测温原理,并就红外测温技术在玻璃窑炉上的应用作了初步探讨,对红外测温仪、光学高温计、辐射高温计和表面温度计测得的窑炉内火焰、玻璃液和窑体外表面等温度值进行了分析比较。结果表明,红外测温仪具有直观、灵敏、测量值准确、稳定、可作远距离和动态测量等特点,因此它在玻璃窑炉上有着广阔的发展前景。但被测对象高温热发射率值的确定需作进一步研究。     

应用修正R—K状态方程计算中压下一氧化碳变换反应中各反应组分的逸度系数

本文应用修正R—K状态方程计算了合成氨过程中,变换反应各反应组分的压缩因子和逸度系数。通过将压缩因子计算值与文献提供的标准数据相校核,表明该方法适用于以渣油为原料8.5MPa压力下操作的变换反应逸度系数的计算。故推荐采用修正R—K状态方程进行中压变换反应器的设计使用。     

箱纸板自动配色的修正算法

为了解决基于单常数理论的配色软件在箱纸板配色实践中遇到的问题，通过对多层纸板光学特性的分析。引入了一种对样品反射测量值的修正算法，在空白样上测得Ro和R∞，计算散射量的修正常数SW用于配色计算：结果表明：K／S与染料用量呈线性关系，Rc与Rm呈小幅正偏差。因此，在配色中可不再考虑衬层颜色的影响，将复杂的纸．箱纸板配色转化为单一层面的配色，实验结果验证了修正算法的可靠性。     

汽相热阻法应用于水平管内冷凝过程的研究

建立了一个简明的物理模型及数学模型;对Bell和Ghaly的汽相热阻法作了一些补充和阐述.提出界面波纹对汽相热阻影响的修正因子V_r;推导出水平管内液池覆盖面积对液相传热系数影响的修正因子(θ/π)β,并拟合出β—θ的关联式.提出一个完整的对流冷凝传热系数h_c的计算方法.实验数据表明Bell法偏低约10—15%,其原因是未考虑波纹对汽相热阻的影响.修正后的汽相热阻法计算的h_c值与实验结果相差±10%.     

一些偏心因子的修正值

<正> 笔者曾在文献中介绍了404种物质较准确的偏心因子值,其中有192种引自 Passut 与 Danner 发表的数值。他们是在所得最佳实验数据的基础上,用 Pit-zer 的严格定义计算得到的。自从 Passut 等发表了那些烃化合物的偏心因子值以后,发现了一些矛盾,对于一些性质有出入的物质作了进一步测定。测定后所推荐的这些物质的偏心因子值列     

隧道窑烧成带高温参数测量

论述了使用热电偶和光学高温计测量隧道窑烧成带温度时的影响因素、修正方法及实际应用中的注意事项     

仪器设备经检定/校准产生的修正信息在检验检测中的应用

阐述修正值和修正因子的概念、相互关系、应用方法,以及非计量点的修正值、修正因子的计算方法。     

钒催化剂形状因子的测定及固定床压力降计算公式的研究

本文对四种钒催化剂的形状因子进行了测定。同时根据四种钒催化剂的床层压力降等实测数据,在Ergun公式的基础上对该阻力系数公式进行了修正。由本文提出的修正公式所得的阻力系数来计算床层压力降的计算值和实测值较为接近。     

基于MATLAB的叶片型面几何造型及超差计算

介绍了激光非接触式四坐标测量仪图形输出系统的研制与开发。简述了叶片测量原理;采用MATLAB软件,对测得的叶片数据进行处理,并运用spline工具箱,绘制了被测叶片截面的B样条曲线,建立了叶片的三维几何模型;最后实现了模型的超差计算。     

预测管道中气体爆炸超压的改进ME法

分析了管道中可燃气体爆炸超压的特点,提出了利用ME模型预测管道中气体爆炸超压的新方法,在能量守恒定律和爆炸能量相似律分析的基础上结合爆炸反射压力理论修正了ME模型并用于封闭管道中气体爆炸超压的预测,利用修正的ME模型计算了甲烷在管道中的爆炸超压,对计算值与实验值同ME模型、TNT当量模型的计算值以及数值模拟计算结果进行了比较分析.实验的管道分别是直径为2m、长29m的大型圆管和边长为80mm、长24m的小型方管.数值模拟的独头巷道横截面是方形,边长为1.77m,巷道全长30m,瓦斯填充长度为6m.比较分析结果表明：修正的ME模型计算值与实验值以及数值模拟计算结果吻合较好.该方法可用于管道中气体爆炸灾害事故危险性分析与评估,给管道防爆泄压设计和爆炸防护提供重要参考.     

全径向流型凯洛格氨合成塔的数学模拟分析及其操作条件优化

建立了全径向型凯洛格（Kellog）氨合成塔（托普索S一200内件）的一维均相数学模型,并以实际运行的生产工艺数据为条件,应用龙格一库塔法求解微分方程组,确定在线使用的A110—1催化剂的活性校正系数;以此为基础,应用该数学模型,对全径向型的凯洛格氨合成塔（托普索S一200内件）的操作条件进行优化;结果表明,一维均相数学模型及其计算程序可为全径向型凯洛格氨合成塔的操作和优化提供参考,对提高氨合成塔生产能力具有积极意义。     

Surface temperature measurements on burning materials using an infrared pyrometer: accounting for emissivity and reflection of external radiation

This paper demonstrates the successful use of an infrared pyrometer, operating in the 8–10 µm wavelength band, to measure the surface temperature of combustible specimens in a heat release calorimeter. The temperature histories of ten different materials were measured in the ICAL (intermediate scale calorimeter). The set of materials comprised four wood products, gypsum board, polyisocyanurate foam, PVC floor tile, PMMA and two non‐combustible boards. A small‐diameter bare thermocouple was installed on each specimen in order to determine an accurate temperature for comparison. The spectral emissivity and the spectral flux reflected from the surface were measured simultaneously and used to correct the apparent temperature measured by the pyrometer. The spectral emissivity and reflected spectral flux were both constant prior to ignition for all the combustible materials. During the burning phase all the combustible materials had a spectral emissivity very close to unity. The agreement between the temperatures measured with the pyrometer and thermocouple was not affected by the flame. The wood products, the polyisocyanurate foam and the calcium silicate board required no correction for reflected spectral flux over the whole temperature range. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evaporation and Energy Transfer for a Partially Molten, Laser-Heated Sapphire Filament

Molten regions were formed on 0.025-cm-diameter sapphire filaments that were heated from one side with a continuouswave CO₂ laser beam in a low-pressure flow reactor. As the laser intensity was increased, the liquid/solid interface moved from the laser-heated edge to the opposite edge of the filament, the apparent temperature measured in the molten region with an optical pyrometer increased from 1470 ± 25 to 2040 ± 30 K, and the filament evaporation rate increased by a factor of 1.6. This change in apparent temperature resulted from an increase in the spectral emittance with the liquid layer thickness. The change in evaporation rate resulted from a 1.09 times larger evaporating area, a 1.24 ± 0.09 times larger evaporation coefficient, and a 10 ± 5 K larger average temperature when the filament cross section was completely liquid than when liquid first formed on the solid filament. Optical and energy-transfer properties of sapphire and liquid Al₂O₃ were calculated from optical pyrometry, energy-balance measurements, and spectral absorption coefficient data for sapphire. At the melting temperature, the total emittance is approximately 0.051 and 0.31 ± 0.03 for the solid sapphire and liquid aluminum oxide filaments, respectively. The thermal accommodation coefficient for Ar atoms is 0.53 ± 0.07 on the solid and approximately unity on the liquid. The spectral absorption coefficient, kλ, at the optical pyrometer wavelength (0.665 μm) is 0.1 ± 0.04 cm⁻¹ for the solid and 12 ± 12 cm⁻¹ for the liquid. This value of kλ for solid sapphire at the melting point is 12 times that of pure, void-free material and reflects the influence of impurities and small voids in the sapphire filaments that were used.     

GPR System for Monitoring Paddy Moisture Content in a Drying Process

High-frequency ground penetrating radar (GPR) was used in this study to monitor the moisture content of paddy in a drying process. The reflected radar pulses were used to calculate the dielectric constant of paddy. Owing to the temperature increase, Nelson and Noh's quadratic model was extended by introducing a temperature correction factor adapted to predict the dielectric constants at different temperatures. The calculated paddy moisture content was in good agreement with the values measured by the conventional oven method. Our results demonstrate the potential use of GPR systems as an online tool for monitoring the paddy moisture content in the drying process.     

Spectral Transmission of Glass at High Temperatures and Its Application to Heat-Transfer Problems

The variation of absorption coefficient with wave length and temperature has been measured for a number of glasses containing iron oxide and chromium oxide. From these results, an effective mean free path F has been calculated, in which all the information on the variation of absorption coefficient, at a given temperature, is compounded. This value of F then has been used to calculate the coefficient of radiation conductivity K_r . It has been shown that there is a correlation between the mean free path F and the iron oxide content of soda-lime-silica glasses. Examples are given of the method of estimating furnace bottom temperatures and temperature gradients through a mass of glass.     

Simultaneous measurements of two-dimensional temperature and particle concentration distribution from the image of the pulverized-coal flame

This paper presented a model for simultaneously measuring the two-dimensional temperature and particle concentration distribution from the images of the flame. In order to determine the relationship between a point in the three-dimensional space and its image in the camera, the optical image-formation process was analyzed. The inverse problem of the radiation transfer in the participating medium was studied. The mathematics method to simultaneously solve the temperature and the particle concentration was discussed. To validate the model presented in this paper, a test furnace with the fuels mixed by pulverized-coal and oil was set up. The temperature and particle concentration of a cross section were measured under different coal feed rates. The comparison between the measured temperature by the pyrometer and the calculated temperature according to the flame image proved that the two-dimensional distribution of temperature can be obtained accurately. The particle concentration distribution was reasonable under different cases.     

蓝宝石内部缺陷点在冲击压缩下的热点效应

以蓝宝石晶体为代用材料,利用飞秒激光内雕的方法在其内部人为制造缺陷点,利用辐射高温计测量在冲击压缩下缺陷点光辐射强度和温度的变化过程,分析内部热点的形成和发展过程.结果表明,相对于没有缺陷的情况,有缺陷点的样品内部形成了热点,并且热点的光辐射强度明显增强,温度也快速升高,其辐射驰豫时间约200ns.建立了进一步研究炸药中热点生成和传播的新实验方法.     

湿法硫酸技术

摘要：介绍了托普索WSA工艺的最新进展和MECS SULFOX技术的最新应用。WSA—DC技术将WSA技术的尖端优势（主要是高能效）与二次转化工艺的高转化率相结合,同时将一次转化后的气体循环到SO2转化器的进口以代替空气稀释,因而有可能处理φ（SO2）远高于6％～7％的进气。MECS SULFOX技术适用于各种废气和酸性气制酸,具有自动化操作、高效回收废热、简单而紧凑的模块化设计等主要优点。     

NTO与黏结剂的界面作用

采用DCAT 21型动态接触角/表面张力仪测量了NTO、GAP、HTPB、聚氨酯的接触角,通过接触角计算出NTO、GAP、HTPB、聚氨酯的表面自由能,并计算了NTO与GAP、HTPB、聚氨酯之间的黏合功W和铺展系数S。NTO-GAP、NTO-HTPB和NTO-聚氨酯界面之间的黏合功分别为114.59、76.13和101.81N/m,铺展系数为63.57、33.14和53.27 N/m。结果表明,NTO与GAP、HTPB、聚氨酯界面之间的相互作用大小顺序为NTO-GAPNTO-聚氨酯NTO-HTPB。红外光谱研究结果也显示,NTO-聚氨酯的界面相互作用比NTO-HTPB的界面相互作用强。     

分流式换热器的性能比较和理论分析

基于对<2-4>及<2-6>型分流式换热器基本方程的解析解,给出了温度效率P和对数平均温差修正系数F的计算公式。在热容量比R及传热单元教NTU的实际有意义的范围内,比较了<1-n>(n=2,3,4)及<2-n>(n=4,6,8)型分流式换热器的P值。对结果进行了有益的讨论。