硼氢化钠制氢技术在质子交换膜燃料电池中的研究进展

硼氢化钠储氢量高达10.6%,安全、无爆炸危险,携带和运输方便;供氢系统设备简单,启动速度快,产氢速度可调,因此是一个非常良好的氢载体,是为质子交换膜燃料电池供氢的理想储氢介质。硼氢化钠供氢系统也已逐步应用于质子交换膜燃料电池电源中。介绍了这种制氢方式的几项关键技术：硼氢化钠水解制氢催化剂、硼氢化钠制氢反应器、氢气净化系统等在质子交换膜燃料电池中的研究进展,并指出了今后的研究发展方向。     

大功率PEMFC空气供给系统建模与实验验证

近年来,质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)作为车载燃料电池的主要动力源受到广泛关注。空气压缩机为电堆提供系统所需的氧气和阴极压力,是质子交换膜燃料电池系统中必不可少的一部分,其工作性能对燃料电池稳态和动态工作性能有很大的影响。基于实验室已有150 kW质子交换膜燃料电池系统,对离心式空压机的工作特性进行了研究,建立了包含离心式空气压缩机的空气供给系统应用模型。通过实验验证,仿真模型能够准确地反映离心式空压机与空气系统的特性,同时能真实反映包含离心式空压机的大功率质子交换膜燃料电池空气系统的稳态控制效果,以及不同控制策略下的动态响应效果。该模型对研究大功率质子交换膜燃料电池空气供给系统以及相应的控制策略提供理论支持,仿真模型与实验结果为下一步控制策略优化提供基础与参考。     

大功率PEMFC空气供给系统建模与实验验证

近年来,质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)作为车载燃料电池的主要动力源受到广泛关注。空气压缩机为电堆提供系统所需的氧气和阴极压力,是质子交换膜燃料电池系统中必不可少的一部分,其工作性能对燃料电池稳态和动态工作性能有很大的影响。基于实验室已有150 k W质子交换膜燃料电池系统,对离心式空压机的工作特性进行了研究,建立了包含离心式空气压缩机的空气供给系统应用模型。通过实验验证,仿真模型能够准确地反映离心式空压机与空气系统的特性,同时能真实反映包含离心式空压机的大功率质子交换膜燃料电池空气系统的稳态控制效果,以及不同控制策略下的动态响应效果。该模型对研究大功率质子交换膜燃料电池空气供给系统以及相应的控制策略提供理论支持,仿真模型与实验结果为下一步控制策略优化提供基础与参考。     

质子交换膜燃料电池研究现状及发展

质子交换膜燃料电池是一种高效清洁的发电技术,具有反应动力学快、启动温度低等特点。目前质子交换膜燃料电池技术发展迅速,有望得到广泛推广和普及。本文从质子交换膜燃料电池核心组件出发,对近年来质子交换膜燃料电池的发展进行了简要概述。从材料出发,对核心组件进行分类,详细介绍了质子交换膜、催化剂以及气体扩散层的研究现状和技术特点,综述了各组件的研究方法、改进方法以及研究进展,展望了质子交换膜燃料电池的研究方向和未来发展趋势。基于高温环境下的各种优势,具有短侧链、低当量的且适用于高温低湿环境的质子交换膜仍将是重点研究对象。质子交换膜燃料电池将进一步向低Pt甚至无Pt方向发展,同时未来将实现无增湿条件下的水平衡。     

基于质子交换膜燃料电池的微型天然气热电联产研发进展

基于质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)的微型天然气热电联产系统有着广阔的市场发展前景。这种系统将千瓦级天然气制氢、燃料电池发电及余热利用有机的结合在一起,可以将天然气的一部分高品质的化学能通过氢气这个中间介质转化为电能,其余的低品位的能量用于采暖及生活热水供应,可有效提高系统的可用能利用程度,实现天然气这种清洁能源的"温度对口、梯级利用"。介绍了微型燃料电池热电联产系统的技术路线,并对国内外微型制氢技术的研发及热电联产系统的产业化状况进行了介绍和分析。     

富氢合成气中杂质气体对质子交换膜燃料电池性能的影响

质子交换膜燃料电池以其高效、清洁的优点在微型热电联产中广泛应用。利用天然气重整反应制氢是燃料电池最经济的氢气来源之一。研究重整合成气中的杂质气体对燃料电池性能的影响至关重要。设计、搭建了测试合成气体中杂质气体成分对质子交换膜燃料电池性能影响的实验测试系统,研究、考察了含氢合成气中杂质气体CO2,CH4,N2对质子交换膜燃料电池性能的影响。测试结果表明：对于所采用的PEM燃料电池及试验所采用的杂质气体的浓度范围,这些气体对于燃料电池的性能都有影响。其中N2对燃料电池的影响是可逆的,CH4和CO2会对电池造成永久性的损坏。     

质子交换膜燃料电池仿真模型研究进展

质子交换膜燃料电池具有高效清洁等优势,是一种潜力巨大的绿色能源技术。数学模型作为一种合理可靠的工具,通过模拟电池内部的电化学传热传质过程,研究运行参数和结构参数对电池性能和寿命的影响,可以指导电池的优化设计。本文综述了近年来燃料电池催化层、气体扩散层和流道的研究模型,整理了各部件建模的影响因素和优化方法,以期对燃料电池建模以及电池各部件的优化设计起到参考作用。文中指出,考虑到现在仿真存在的局限性,未来主要研究方向为燃料电池系统研究与机理模型的结合、催化层微观结构的建模、非贵金属催化剂建模、气体扩散层衰减模型研究、大面积流道模型、三维模型温度分布研究以及全尺寸质子交换膜燃料电池模型的开发。     

质子交换膜燃料电池研究进展

质子交换膜燃料电池（proton exchange membrane fuel cell, PEMFC）因具有效率高、功率密度大、排放产物仅为水、低温启动性好等多方面优点,被公认为下一代车用动力的发展方向之一。然而,目前PEMFC在耐久性和成本方面距离商业化的要求还存在一定差距。为攻克上述两大难题,需要燃料电池全产业链的共同努力和进步。本文回顾了近年来质子交换膜燃料电池从催化剂、膜电极组件、电堆到燃料电池发动机全产业链的研究进展和成果,梳理出单原子催化剂、非贵金属催化剂、特殊形貌催化剂、有序化催化层、高温质子交换膜、膜电极层间界面优化、一体化双极板-扩散层、氢气系统循环等研究热点。文章指出,催化层低铂/非铂化、质子交换膜超薄化、膜电极组件梯度化/有序化、燃料电池运行高温化、自增湿化是未来的发展趋势,迫切需要进一步的创新与突破。     

高温质子交换膜研究进展

高温质子交换膜燃料电池解决了传统质子交换膜燃料电池催化剂易受CO等杂质气体毒化、水热管理复杂等问题,成为当今燃料电池发展的主要方向。高温质子交换膜是实现高温操作的关键部分。本文结合质子传递机理,分析了以水作为质子溶剂、非水质子溶剂质子交换膜以及无机固态质子导体膜的研究现状,认为有机/无机复合膜和非水质子溶剂膜,尤其是其中的磷酸掺杂的PBI膜是高温质子交换膜的发展方向。     

家庭用微型热电联产技术

介绍了微型热电联产的技术路线,简述了基于斯特林发动机、固体氧化物燃料电池及质子交换膜燃料电池的家庭用微型热电联产系统的特点及测试情况,比较了其优缺点,概述了其商业化示范情况。     

国内冷热电联供系统现状和发展趋势

燃气驱动冷热电联供系统基于能量梯级利用,具有提高能源综合利用率、减少污染物排放的优点,同时对调整我国的能源结构、缓解夏季供电紧张具有重要意义。介绍冷热电联供系统的国内外应用研究现状及系统设备种类。针对北京、上海地区已建成冷热电联供系统进行了调研,通过对北京、上海地区已建成冷热电联供系统的建筑类型、动力系统选型、负荷匹配情况进行统计和分析,总结出国内冷热电联供发展的部分特点,并对冷热电联供系统的应用局限和发展前景提出了看法。     

Biomass-to-bioenergy and biofuel supply chain optimization: Overview,key issues and challenges

This article describes the key challenges and opportunities in modeling and optimization of biomass-to-bioenergy supply chains. It reviews the major energy pathways from terrestrial and aquatic biomass to bioenergy/biofuel products as well as power and heat with an emphasis on “drop-in” liquid hydrocarbon fuels. Key components of the bioenergy supply chains are then presented, along with a comprehensive overview and classification of the existing contributions on biofuel/bioenergy supply chain optimization. This paper identifies fertile avenues for future research that focuses on multi-scale modeling and optimization, which allows the integration across spatial scales from unit operations to biorefinery processes and to biofuel value chains, as well as across temporal scales from operational level to strategic level. Perspectives on future biofuel supply chains that integrate with petroleum refinery supply chains and/or carbon capture and sequestration systems are presented. Issues on modeling of sustainability and the treatment of uncertainties in bioenergy supply chain optimization are also discussed.     

冷热电联供系统设计和运行集成优化

冷热电联供是提高能源综合利用效率的有效途径,其系统设计与运行策略通常相互耦合,因此实施联供系统的集成优化至关重要。本文同时考虑全生命周期内的投资与运行成本,提出以年度总成本最小化为优化目标,结合联供系统中燃气轮机、余热锅炉、吸收式制冷机等设备特性方程,以及针对以电定热、以热定电和混合热电三类典型运行策略,设置了冷、热和电三种负荷需求能量平衡方程,最终构建了包含固定电/热效率和动态电/热效率的联供系统设计与运行集成优化模型。所提方法应用于典型商业楼宇的冷热电联供系统优化设计,结果表明,只有通过综合运用混合热电运行策略、动态电/热效率和全年负荷特性数据,才有望获得合理可行的最优设计方案。     

微型分布式冷热电联产系统的热力过程综合优化

运用热力过程分析理论,对微型分布式冷热电联产系统的户式示范工程的典型工况进行热力过程分析。其中的夹点分析（PA）理论对系统中的换热网络（HEN）进行了最优化的改进设计,换热网络的改进能实现最小公用事业这一能量目标以及相应的经济目标。在夹点分析的基础上,进一步运用分析,对微型冷热电联产系统的能量梯级利用原理展开讨论,并结合热机与热泵的热力学特性,得出它们在换热网络系统中最佳的设置方法。通过热力过程最优分析及其再设计,改进后的分布式冷热电联产系统获得了更佳的热力学性能与经济效益。     

Control of proton exchange membrane fuel cells using data driven state space models

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are increasingly being researched upon due to their potential toward sustainable energy generation. Toward improved productivity of PEMFCs, it is important to develop systematic approaches for optimization and control of their operations. PEMFCs pose interesting challenges toward these tasks due to their complex behavior such as nonlinearity and spatial variations. While first principles model based approaches could be used, a more mathematically attractive and cost-effective alternative is to use empirical modeling approaches for representing the system dynamics toward optimization and control. In this paper, we propose to use a novel, innovation form of state space models that facilitate the development of advanced control algorithms such as linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) and model predictive control (MPC), and provide improved disturbance rejection necessary for these applications. We demonstrate the applications of such model based algorithms via simulations involving a distributed along-the-channel model of the PEMFC, and also present experimental validation on a PEMFC setup.     

Control of stationary and transportation fuel cell systems: Progress and opportunities

Fuel cell power systems have witnessed intense development in the recent years as they offer a clean and efficient alternative for power generation in stationary and transportation applications. In this paper, we present an overview of recent work on dynamic modeling and control design for stationary and transportation fuel cell systems including the research at United Technologies Corporation.The use of equation oriented modeling framework for system level dynamic modeling enabled by tools, such as Dymola and gPROMS is described. It is demonstrated that the non-linear system level models readily allow linear model derivation and the application of advanced control analysis and design techniques that provide more insight into the system level dynamic and control issues in fuel cell systems. The dynamic modeling and advanced control design research performed at UTC for a hydrogen fed PEMFC power plant for a bus and a natural gas fed PEMFC power plant for stationary power generation is described.We also identify, for future research, the challenges and opportunities in several areas relating to fuel cell systems ranging from power management and freeze startup to system level modeling, control, diagnostics and hardware-in-the-loop validation of the control system. The emphasis is on polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) systems but phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC) systems are also briefly discussed.     

Optimization of a High Temperature PEMFC micro‐CHP System by Formulation and Application of a Process Integration Methodology

A 1 kWe micro combined heat and power (CHP) system based on high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) technology is modeled and optimized by formulation and application of a process integration methodology. The system can provide heat and electricity for a single‐family household. It consists of a fuel cell stack, a fuel processing subsystem, heat exchangers, and balance‐of‐plant components. The optimization methodology involves system optimization attempting to maximize the net electrical efficiency, and then by use of a mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) problem formulation, the heat exchange network (HEN) annual cost is minimized. The results show the high potential of the proposed model since high efficiencies are accomplished. The net electrical efficiency and total system efficiency, based on lower heating value (LHV), are 35.2% and 91.1%, respectively. The minimized total annual cost of the HEN is $8,147 year^–1.     

Controlling of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell by Model Predictive Controller Based on ANFIS Model

Proton exchange fuel cell is one of the most promising new technologies in electrical energy production. Due to slow dynamic, nonlinearity and dependency of time changing variables of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), its control issue is a challenging problem. In this paper, model predictive controller (MPC) based on the adaptive neuro‐fuzzy interface model of the PEMFC is proposed to control the output voltage. First the adaptive neuro‐fuzzy interference system (ANFIS) model is identified to approximate the dynamic behavior of the PEMFC system with a set of data which are taken from a physical model of a 5 kW PEMFC setup plant. Then the branch‐and‐bound method and the greedy algorithm are used to solve the constrained optimization function of the predictive control problem. The results reveal that the ANFIS model can effectively approximate the dynamic behavior of the PEMFC and the predictive controller based on this model can successfully control the output and satisfy the constraints.