硅溶胶结合刚玉和刚玉-莫来石浇注料的性能研究

以电熔白刚玉、电熔莫来石、氧化铝微粉、二氧化硅微粉和硅溶胶为主要原料,制备了硅溶胶、二氧化硅微粉结合刚玉浇注料以及硅溶胶结合刚玉-莫来石浇注料,研究了不同温度处理后浇注料的常温性能、冷态和热态抗折强度以及弹性模量等性能,并进行了差热、X射线衍射和显微结构分析。研究结果表明:1)与二氧化硅微粉相比,硅溶胶能够显著提高浇注料800℃以下的抗折强度;硅溶胶结合和二氧化硅微粉结合的机制以及随温度变化的规律基本一致。2)高温下刚玉骨料中β-Al2O3分解产生的Na2O大部分进入液相,使液相中Na2O含量增加,不利于浇注料中原位生成莫来石,并降低材料的高温强度。3)莫来石加入到硅溶胶结合刚玉浇注料中,能显著降低浇注料的弹性模量,借助于高温下液相的传质作用,莫来石彼此连接形成网络,从而增加了浇注料的强度。     

锆英石和氧化铝加入量对镁质浇注料性能的影响

研究了锆荚石和氧化铝的加入量对镁质浇注料常温物理性能、热震稳定性、高温抗折强度（１４５℃,１ｈ）及抗渣性能的影响。结果表明：锆英石和氧化铝的加入均降低了镁质浇注料的常温强度,提高了其热震稳定性,但对高温抗折强度影响不大;适量锆英石和氧化铝的加入均能改善镁质浇注料的抗渣渗透性。     

Synthesis of mullite aggregates from fly ash: effect on thermomechanical behaviour of low cement castables

Abstract

Refractory aggregates were synthesised from beneficiated fly ash by reaction sintering with calcined alumina at 1600°C, and 83% mullite yield was achieved. The aggregates had low porosity, low thermal expansion and good refractoriness. To study compatibility in castable refractories, the aggregates were used in high alumina cement based low cement castables and their thermomechanical behaviour was studied. Microstructural characterisation revealed that the emergence of new bond phases such as mullite and calcium hexa-aluminate had a beneficial effect on the hot modulus of rupture and creep resistance of castables. An attempt was made to establish a structure–property relationship.     

Low Temperature Synthesis of High Alumina Cements by Novel Co‐Melt Precursors and Their Implementation as Castables with Some Micro Fine Additives

In the present investigations nano size high alumina cements (HAC) were prepared by very effective co‐melt precursor sintering technique from their metal nitrate precursors. The prime cementing phases observed were CA, CA₂, and C₁₂A₇. The addition of nano structured cements in refractory castables has improved the thermo‐chemical‐mechanical properties to a significant extent. Each batch of low cement castables (LCC) was prepared from calcined Chinese bauxite, HAC, and superfine additives. The effect of HAC in bauxite castable with the additives similar to Silicon Carbide, reactive alumina, and micro‐fine silica on the sinterability and properties of these castables was investigated. Physical properties such as apparent porosity and bulk density, mechanical properties such as hot modulus of rupture (HMOR), cold and hot modulus of rupture (CMOR), and cold crushing strength (CCS) of hydrated and sintered castables were studied. The sintered castables were also characterized for their solid phase compositions and microstructure using X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and FE‐SEM, respectively. In the castables new phases such as mullite, α‐alumina were formed at the expense of bauxite and silica. Solid solution of mullite formed at high temperature acts as a bonding phase and is accounted for high HMOR, CMOR, and CCS values. These excellent properties of such castables may enable their uses in various applications such as refractory lining for fabrication of steel, aluminium, copper, glass, cement, chemicals, and ceramics.     

Andalusite-Based High-Alumina Castables

Andalusite is easily converted to mullite and silica on heating. A better understanding of the mullitization mechanisms provides new information on use of this mineral in refractory castables. By using specific particle-size distributions for andalusite-based high-alumina castables, the primary mullite formation can be effectively enhanced by a secondary mullite reaction within castables matrices. The influence of ultrafine andalusite grains on thermomechanical properties of specimens is underlined by testing hot modulus of rupture in combination with mineralogical and microscopic analyses. The results demonstrate that andalusite has great promise as a component of high-alumina no-cement- or ultra-low-cement-containing castables.     

新型结合剂SioxX-Zero对喷煤管用无水泥浇注料显微结构和性能的影响

喷煤管是水泥回转窑的关键承力部位,长期承受高温熟料粉尘和气流的剧烈冲刷,需具备优异的高温力学性能。本工作分别以新型SioxX-Zero和传统铝酸钙水泥为结合剂,采用板状刚玉、α-Al₂O₃微粉和碳化硅等为主要原料,分别在1 100 ℃和1 400 ℃热处理3 h,制备了喷煤管用无水泥和低水泥结合Al₂O₃-SiC质浇注料,并研究了新型SioxX-Zero结合剂对浇注料显微结构、常规物理性能和高温力学性能的影响。结果表明:与传统铝酸钙水泥相比,SioxX-Zero能有效提高浇注料流动值和延缓流动值衰减,改善其施工性能。同时,含SioxX-Zero的Al₂O₃-SiC质浇注料中原位生成了数量较多、尺寸较大的针状莫来石,大幅改善了材料的常温抗折/耐压强度、高温抗折强度和高温耐磨性能。     

Heat resistance and thermomechanical behaviour of ultralow and zero cement castables

Abstract

Knowledge of relative heat resistance as well as thermo-mechanical behaviour of refractory castables is very important for their use as linings in high temperature furnaces and refining vessels in the metallurgical, cement, and petrochemical industries. The present work aims at studying these properties for different types of refractory castable. Two classes of castable were prepared, namely ultralow and zero cement, containing either high alumina cement or hydratable alumina as bonding agent. For each class, two different castable systems were prepared, one containing an alumina-silica mixture in its matrix and the other containing magnesia-alumina. In all castables studied, calcined alumina was used as aggregate. The prepared castable samples were subjected to firing temperatures up to 1500°C. Relative heat resistance, bending strength before and after thermal cycling, hot modulus of rupture, and creep deformation were measured according to international standard specifications. It was concluded that a limited content of cement (ultralow cement castables) is beneficial with the magnesia-alumina mix in the matrix owing to the formation of calcium hexaluminate-magnesium aluminate-corundum (matrix advantage system) that results in excellent relative heat resistance as well as thermome-chanical properties. Zero cement castables on the other hand are recommended for use with the alumina-silica mixture, since the absence of cement improves the chances of mullite formation without glassy phases, thereby enhancing the properties of such refractory castables.     

Effect of Bauxite Aggregate on Properties of Al_2O_3-SiC-C Iron Trough Castables

Al2O3- SiC- C iron trough castables were prepared using high alumina bauxite clinker GL-90( 1 mm) or homogenized bauxite GL-88 to replace the traditional brown corundum aggregates( 1 mm) to reduce the cost of iron trough castables. Effects of the two bauxite aggregates on properties of iron trough castables were investigated. The results show that the two kinds of bauxite affect flowability,bulk density,strength and slag corrosion resistance of trough castables differently. Compared with homogenized bauxite,high alumina bauxite clinker is more suitable to substitute brown corundum. The castables prepared from the bauxite clinker have similar performances with those prepared from brown corundum,especially used in medium or small blast furnaces with weak thermal impact and lower temperature hot metal.However,in large blast furnaces with severe thermal impact and high temperature hot metal,the performances of the two castables are significantly different. So it is suggested to use the brown corundum based castables in the front gyral zone of the slag skimmer.     

Effect of the calcined andalusite aggregates on the micro-crack formation and thermal shock resistance of mullite castables

The effect of calcined andalusite aggregates on the micro-crack formation and thermal shock resistance of mullite castables was investigated and analyzed. The mullite castables were prepared from andalusite aggregates calcined at high temperatures. The results show that the micro-cracks from the transformation of andalusite to mullite can effectively relieve thermal stress, improving the thermal shock resistance of mullite castables. The micro-cracks generated decreased with increasing calcine temperatures of the andalusite aggregates. When the calcine temperature was increased from 1300 °C to 1500 °C, the thermal shock resistance of mullite castables was found to continuously increase. However, the thermal shock resistance of mullite castables with the andalusite aggregates calcined at 1600 °C is lower than those with the andalusite aggregates calcined at 1500 °C.     

Effects of Tabular Corundum Types on Properties of Corundum-spinel Castables

The corundum-spinel castables were prepared by six kinds of tabular corundum as aggregates,respectively,and their linear change rate on heating,apparent porosity,bulk density,cold modulus of rupture,cold crushing strength,hot modulus of rupture and thermal shock resistance were compared and studied. The results show that: 1) the six tabular corundum materials have similar main chemical composition but their physical properties vary for the different technical procedures which result in different properties of castables; 2) the optimal properties of corundum-spinel castables correspond to different tabular corundum types,so the corundum type shall be selected according to the application of the castables.     

Effects of fine reactive alumina powders on properties of alumina-magnesia castables with TiO2 additions

The design of alumina-magnesia castables was optimized based on the action mechanism of raw materials. In this study, the effects of fine reactive alumina powders on the properties of alumina-magnesia castables with TiO₂ additions were investigated. The phase composition and microstructure of castables with different contents of TiO₂ and two fine reactive alumina powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The results of these studies showed that the Na₂O/SiO₂ ratio of reactive alumina affected on the phase evolution and properties of castables. The changes in the spinel and CA₆ content and their solid solubility could account for the comprehensive effect of TiO₂ and reactive alumina on the castables. The difference in the expansion of castables with 1 wt% TiO₂ addition after calcination at 1350 °C was significant. The permanent linear changes and the apparent porosity of castables first increased and then decreased with increasing the calcination temperature. Castables containing reactive alumina with lower Na₂O/SiO₂ ratio had higher cold moduli of rupture.     

Effect of hydromagnesite on the hydration of hydratable alumina and properties of corundum-based castables

Hydratable alumina (HA) was premixed with hydromagnesite (BMC) to investigate the BMC impact on the hydration behavior of HA and the thermo-mechanical properties of HA bonded (HAB) castables. The phase composition, microstructure and mass changes of dried HA samples, were characterized by XRD, SEM, and TG, respectively. Flow ability, microstructure, and thermo-mechanical properties of HAB castables were studied. Results indicated that BMC effectively lowered HA hydration rate due to the decreased specific surface area. The hot modulus of rupture strength of castables was improved because the sintering of Al₂O₃ was enhanced by the MgO from BMC decomposition.     

High‐Alumina Boron‐Containing Refractory Castables

This work addresses the optimization of alumina‐based castables designed for petrochemical applications by adding an additive able to speed up the samples' densification at lower temperatures. Hot elastic modulus, thermal shock, hot modulus of rupture, and erosion resistance measurements were carried out to evaluate these castables. The E profiles confirmed the transient feature of the generated liquid phase, as it was crystallized throughout subsequent heating cycles. Thermal fatigue effect was also observed for the compositions with higher boron content. Nevertheless, the boron‐containing castables showed outstanding properties, which could be attained only with using suitable amounts of this engineered additive.     

Mechanical Properties of Mullite–Corundum Composites Prepared from Bauxite

Mullite–corundum composites have been prepared by reaction sintering of Indian bauxite having considerable amount of impurities and silica sol. The effect of changing mullite phase proportion on the mechanical properties (i.e., flexural strength, elastic modulus, hot modulus of rupture, thermal shock resistance) of prepared composites has been studied. Flexural strength and elastic modulus increase with increasing free corundum phase content in the composites. Hot modulus of rupture for the sample containing only mullite phase increases with increasing test temperature over entire temperature range. Theoretical thermal shock resistance parameters R and R? are well supported by experimental thermal shock data.     

Study of the castable selection for blast furnace blowpipe

The contradictory properties required of castable refractories makes selecting castable refractories for industrial applications challenging. This paper seeks to describe the material selection for a blast furnace blowpipe application that is subjected to sudden temperature changes and must prevent heat loss. Three commercial high alumina castables containing andalusite or mullite from different manufacturers were characterized. Thermal shock damage resistance was evaluated using thermal shock damage resistance theory and experiments. The castables’ coefficient of thermal expansion was estimated using quantitative X-ray diffraction. Crack propagation resistance was measured using the work-of-fracture technique. Thermal shock damage was experimentally evaluated by measuring the modulus of elasticity and rupture prior to and after thermal cycles. Ultimately, the microstructure of the castables was related to the thermal shock damage behavior by estimating the aggregate size and the fracture toughening mechanisms using light optical and scanning electron microscopes. Heat loss was evaluated by calculating the blowpipe shell temperature using a one-dimensional steady-state heat conduction model. The best commercial castable refractory for blowpipe showed high thermal shock damage resistance and low thermal conductivity. The results in this study agreed with thermal shock damage resistance parameters and showed a correlation between coarse microstructure with large aggregate and higher thermal shock damage resistance.     

蓝晶石加入量对高铝质低水泥浇注料性能的影响

以特级高铝矾土和蓝晶石为主要原料,SiO2微粉、铝酸钙水泥为结合剂,制备了高铝质低水泥浇注料。研究了蓝晶石加入量(质量分数分别为0%、2%、4%、6%)对试样性能、物相组成和显微结构的影响。结果表明:随着蓝晶石加入量的增加,110℃、24h烘干后浇注料试样性能变化不大;1 350℃、3h和1 500℃、3h处理后浇注料试样永久线变化率和显气孔率呈增大趋势,体积密度呈减小趋势,常温抗折强度变化不大;浇注料试样的高温抗折强度和抗热震性呈先增大后减小趋势。     

Al2O3-SiC-C质湿式喷射浇注料的研究和应用

以高纯莫来石、碳化硅、SiO2微粉、Al2O3微粉、纯铝酸钙水泥、白刚玉细粉和球沥青等为原料,研究了q值为0.23、0.25、0.27、0.29和0.31时湿式喷射浇注料的流变性能;进一步研究了q值为0.27时,SiC加入量(质量分数分别为12%、15%、18%、21%)对其流变性能、常温物理性能和高温抗折强度、抗热震性能、抗渣侵蚀性能的影响。结果表明:根据Andreassen方程,当q=0.27时,配制的浇注料具有较好的流变性能;加水量为6.5%(w)时,研制浇注料的流变性能类似于宾汉姆流体,适于管道输送;SiC加入质量分数为18%时,浇注料具有较高的高温抗折强度、抗渣侵蚀性能和抗热震性能;经对鱼雷罐和出铁沟的喷补使用证明,研制的湿式喷射浇注料施工性能好,使用性能优异。     

Preparation and Application of Bauxite-based Sintered Mullite Homogenized Grog in Ladle Castable

Preparation of bauxite-based sintered mullite homogenized grog was introduced and its application in ladle castable was studied.Two kinds of bauxite-based sintered mullite homogenized grogs were used,named as GA and GB,respectively.The results show that bauxitebased sintered homogenized grog with uniform components,stable microstructure and mullite as main crystal phase can be prepared using joint process of three-step homogenization,automatic component batching,wet cogrinding,high-temperature calcinations.It also indicates that carbon steel ladle castables with GA or composite aggregate of GA and GB as main materials have the same excellent general performance indicators,great erosion resistance,anti-strip performance and longer service life in field applications,and compared with castables with single aggregate of GA,the castables with aggregate of GA and GB as main materials had higher cost performance because of lower bulk density of GB.     

Phase Evolution,Microstructure, and Mechanical Properties of Alumina–Mullite–Zirconia Composites Prepared by Iranian Andalusite

This paper investigates the effects of Iranian andalusite and short milling times on alumina–mullite–zirconia composites. Andalusite powder was added at 0, 2.5, 5, and 10 wt% to an alumina–zircon mixture and the raw materials were milled for 1 or 3 h. The sintering of samples was carried out at the temperatures of 1550°C, 1600°C, and 1650°C for 3 h. Microstructural changes, phase composition, physical properties, and mechanical strength of the sintered composites were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, density, and strength measurement tests. Results show that andalusite promoted the decomposition of zircon and accelerated the reaction sintering of alumina–zircon, which leads to the formation of much more mullite phase and improvements to the composites’ thermal shock resistance up to about 50%.     

复合造孔剂对刚玉-钙长石-莫来石系轻质浇注料性能的影响

本文以聚苯乙烯小球和炭黑作为复合燃烬添加物,研究复合造孔剂对刚玉-钙长石-莫来石系轻质浇注料性能的影响,并确定了聚苯乙烯小球和炭黑复合的最佳掺量.采用XRD分析了轻质浇注料的物相组成.结果表明:轻质浇注料的主要矿物相是刚玉、钙长石、莫来石和少量玻璃相,随着聚苯乙烯小球和炭黑加入量的变化,轻质浇注料的力学性能得到明显改善...