中低温地热发电有机朗肯循环工质的选择

为了筛选出适合于中低温地热发电有机朗肯循环的较优有机工质,采用热动循环的分析方法及PR状态方程计算以10种干流体有机工质为循环工质的中低温地热发电有机朗肯循环的效率及其余主要热力性能.结果表明,总体来看,随着循环工质临界温度的升高,蒸发压力、凝结压力、输出功率及效率呈下降趋势,而循环热效率及地热流经换热后的排放（或回灌）温度呈上升趋势.以R227ea（七氟丙烷）作工质的有机朗肯循环系统输出功率及效率最高,蒸发压力及凝结压力均处于较合适的范围,R227ea是中低温地热发电有机朗肯循环较理想的工质.     

柴油机尾气余热回收系统的能分析和火用分析

采用R245fa作为循环工质,利用有机朗肯循环回收柴油机尾气余热,从而提高柴油机的燃油经济性。对不同蒸发压力下的朗肯循环热效率和发动机不同工况下余热回收系统的火用效率以及系统各组件的火用损失率进行了计算和分析。研究结果表明,蒸发压力越高则朗肯循环效率越高,工质和尾气之间传热的不可逆损失和蒸发器出口较高的尾气温度使得蒸发器的火用损失率最大,采用余热回收系统回收发动机尾气余热,系统输出净功最高可达18.7 kW。     

有机工质低温余热发电的模拟与优化

以热力学第一定律和第二定律为基础,对有机朗肯循环低温余热发电系统进行了热力分析.用Aspen plus软件,对循环系统中的几个重要影响参数进行了模拟研究.研究结果表明:工质处于饱和状态时系统的性能最优;增大蒸发压力或减小冷凝压力都能提高系统的热效率和火用效率.在原有基本朗肯循环的基础上,采用乏气回热循环或中间抽气回热循环,二者均能改善系统的性能.     

低温有机朗肯循环工质性能分析

根据对有机朗肯循环工质的选取原则,选出7种工质作为备选工质,建立了有机朗肯循环的热力学模型,并基于热力学第一定律和第二定律对其热力过程进行了计算分析,分别对7种工质的蒸发压力、单位工质净功量、不可逆损失、热效率、火用效率进行对比,结果表明,在给定的热源范围内,R141b各项性能最佳,R1233zd其次,而R1234yf和R1234ze表现较差.     

一种发电和CO2捕集相结合的LNG 冷能利用系统

温室效应的加剧使人们的碳捕集意识逐渐提高。针对碳捕集问题,将CO₂超临界朗肯循环和有机朗肯循环相结合,对原有燃气轮机废气发电系统进行改进,提出了一种废气发电与CO₂捕集相结合的LNG冷能梯级利用系统。利用Aspen Plus软件对系统进行热力学模拟计算,详细分析了蒸发压力和蒸发温度对系统热力学性能的影响。结果表明,提高CO₂超临界朗肯循环的蒸发压力和蒸发温度,对系统的净输出功和热效率有积极影响;有机朗肯循环的蒸发温度达到250 ℃后,其余热回收率达到最大值且不再随蒸发压力发生变化;系统净输出功可达251.6 kW,余热回收率为92.00%,㶲效率为57.00%;CO₂液化量达到883.6 kg/h时,可减少CO₂排放量763万t/a。研究成果对保护环境具有重大意义。     

单螺杆膨胀机双循环系统的应用——基于柴油机尾气余热利用的方案计算

为了提高柴油机燃料燃烧能量利用率,以某增压柴油机为例,设计了单螺杆膨胀机双循环系统来回收柴油机尾气余热能量。此系统由朗肯循环（水为工质）与有机朗肯循环（R245fa为工质）组成,由单螺杆膨胀机输出动力。建立双循环系统热力学模型,对其性能进行热力学分析计算,并确定合理的工作范围。可得出如下结论：随着柴油机尾气（水蒸发器出...     

Shift-characteristics and bounds of thermal performance of organic Rankine cycle based on trapezoidal model

In consideration of the constraints of actual working fluids on theoretical study of organic Rankine cycle (ORC), a trapezoidal cycle (TPC) with theoretical model to simulate ORC was proposed in previous works. In this study, mathematical models of working fluids including model of simulated saturation curve (MSSC) and model of linear saturation lines (MLSL) are proposed and built. Combining mathematical models of working fluids and TPC, the thermodynamic characteristics and principles of TPC (or ORC) can be studied or predicted theoretically. There exists a shift-curve of net power output with corresponding shift-temperature of heating fluid for working fluids, which indicates the shift of net power output from having optimum condition of maximum power to monotonic increase with evaporation temperature. This shift-characteristic is significant to working fluid selection and evaluation of cycle performance, for it indicates that cycle without optimum condition can yield higher net power output than the cycle with optimum condition. Equations to calculate the shift-temperature in ORC (or TPC) are derived; and equations to calculate the highest optimal evaporation temperature and highest maximum power as the highest optimum condition at this shift-temperature are obtained. Based on TPC and its theoretical model, the lower and upper bounds of thermal performance (maximum power and corresponding thermal efficiency) of TPC (or ORC) can be demonstrated and acquired. TPC can develop to Carnot cycle or trilateral cycle that it is significant to use TPC as a generalized cycle to study the general principles and characteristics of the cycles.     

基于太阳能的有机朗肯循环低温热发电系统热力性能分析

研究了汽轮机进口温度和进口压力对基于太阳能的有机朗肯循环系统性能的影响.以R600,R600a,R245fa,R236fa,R236ea,R601,R601a,RC318,R227ea九种有机工质为例,基于热力学第一定律和第二定律,研究了这两个参数对系统性能变化的影响,主要是对系统热效率、净输出功率以及系统总不可逆损失...     

工质种类对OTEC系统性能的影响

本文基于朗肯循环,结合闭式OTEC系统模型,分别以氨、R22和R134a为循环工质,在温海水及冷海水温度相同的前提下,以装机容量50 kW的OTEC电厂为研究对象,开展工质种类对OTEC系统性能影响的研究。结果表明,氨系统较其他两个系统所需工质流量小、换热面积小、厂自用电少、朗肯循环净效率及供电效率高;R22系统与R134a系统相比,R134a系统供电效率大,其环保性好,是R22较好的替代工质。     

有机朗肯循环系统回收发动机尾气余热的研究

根据柴油机排气余热的特点设计了有机朗肯循环余热回收系统。采用R245fa作为工质,根据工质在不同蒸发压力下的蒸发率结合发动机的试验数据分析了两相流对系统性能的影响。通过比较系统净输出功、有机朗肯循环效率及主要部件损的变化规律确定了系统的最佳工作方案。结果表明,系统在全排气质量流量范围内能平稳地工作,有机朗肯循环效率达到10.2%,减小了各主要部件的损,余热回收效果明显。     

Efficiency analysis of trilateral-cycle power systems for waste heat recovery-to-power generation

Numerous innovative heat recovery-to-power technologies have been resourcefully and technologically exploited to bridge the growing gap between energy needs and its sustainable and affordable supply.Among them,the proposed trilateral-cycle(TLC) power system exhibits high thermodynamic efficiency during heat recovery-to-power from low-to-medium temperature heat sources.The TLCs are proposed and analysed using n-pentane as working fluid for waste heat recovery-to-power generation from low-grade heat source to evaluate the thermodynamic efficiency of the cycles.Four different single stage TLC configurations with distinct working principles are modelled thermodynamically using engineering equation solver.Based on the thermodynamic framework,thermodynamic performance simulation and efficiency analysis of the cycles as well as the exergy efficiencies of the heating and condensing processes are carried out and compared in their efficiency.The results show that the simple TLC,recuperated TLC,reheat TLC and regenerative TLC operating at subcritical conditions with cycle high temperature of 473 K can attain thermal efficiencies of 21.97%,23.91%,22.07% and 22.9%,respectively.The recuperated TLC attains the highest thermodynamic efficiency at the cycle high temperature because of its lowest exergy destruction rates in the heat exchanger and condenser.The efficiency analysis carried out would assist in guiding thermodynamic process development and thermal integration of the proposed cycles.     

Numerical study on optical and electric-thermal performance for solar concentrating PV/T air system

Hybrid photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) system with solar concentrator is an effective way to improve solar energy conversion efficiency. In this work, a single-pass PV/T air system with a three-trough compound parabolic concentrator (CPC) of concentration ratio 2.0 is designed and the solar incident distributions at the solar cell surface are calculated by ray tracing method. Based on energy balance, the heat transfer models of all main components in this system are developed. The effects of some main designing and operational parameters on the electric-thermal performance of the system are analyzed. The results show that the solar radiation intensity can be higher than 1200 W/m² at most area of the cell surface. The temperature of the air and cell surface increases along the length of the system. Thus the system efficiency of the CPC is higher than that of the system without the CPC. The thermal efficiency, exergy and electrical efficiency of this CPC system increase with increasing of the air mass flow rate and the length of the system. With increasing packing fraction the electrical efficiency increases, but the thermal efficiency decreases. The exergy efficiency increases slightly with the packing fraction rising. The data obtained in this work are valuable for the design and operation for this kind of solar concentrating PV/T systems.     

驱热力过程理论模型的热力学分析

为研究双热源联合循环的热力性能极限,构建了两介质热功转换系统理想热力学模型,并提出了驱热力过程的基本概念。通过分析热机循环区间与热泵循环区间过程功量之间的关系,对驱热力过程进行分类,并通过输出功量占比进行定量分析。构建并求解了顺流型和逆流型驱热力过程函数。分析了不同类型驱热力过程在理想条件下的热力特性与性能极限。研究结果表明:顺流型驱热力过程的最大过程功量大于逆流型,且放热介质与吸热介质间的温度交叉现象更为明显。吸热介质等效温升可用于判断驱热力过程类型,其最大值表征了输出功量极限。实际系统的评价研究指出,串联型联合循环的总换热量是基本型ORC的1.97倍,更适用于同时具有热电需求的场合。但其净输出功效率（6.55%）、效率（26.61%）、热力完善度（36.38%）均显著低于基本型有机朗肯循环。双热源联合循环实际系统的热力性能提高方法值得研究。本研究可为不同类型两介质热功转换系统的热力性能极限与评价提供理论指导。     

基于储氢合金的太阳能制冷系统理论研究

结合金属氢化物的特点,提出了一种新型太阳能吸附式制冷循环系统;具体介绍了系统结构形式,建立了系统能量转换与分析模型,并对构成系统的各部件进行了分析;根据具体算例,计算了系统各部件的效率与损失,结果表明,系统具有较好的节能效果,且系统优化应以太阳能辐射量为基准,以提高金属氢化物系统中的氢气转化率为目标进行。系统优化的另一方向在于发展与其他太阳能利用技术相结合的复合式系统。     

CO2跨临界—有机朗肯复合循环的简单计算与特征分析

由于我国地热资源以低品位热能为主,增强型地热系统在发电方面的应用会受限于过低的热效率。理论上,如直接将超临界CO₂与有机工质进行混合,确实有可能提升热动力系统的机械效率。根据该流程设计,对部分参数范围内的CO₂跨临界—异丁烷复合循环的效率进行了估算。计算使用了流量分别为1 kg/s的CO₂和0.25 kg/s的异丁烷流体。计算结果显示,特定状态下的超临界CO₂在膨胀为气态的过程中焦—汤效应显著,流体混合使得异丁烷先蒸发汽化,然后在膨胀中发生冷凝,使得膨胀机内部出现了两相流。冷凝后的异丁烷工质可再次注入压缩机与气体CO₂接触,使得CO₂升温减缓,同时自身获得预热。可借助异丁烷工质降低CO₂的温变范围,改变CO₂膨胀和压缩过程中的多变指数,使其更接近等温过程而非绝热过程,进而提高膨胀和压缩过程的效率。因此,该循环具备显著提高低品位CO₂热动力循环效率的潜力,在未来可用于基于CO₂的地热发电技术。     

基于LNG冷能的双循环⁃卡琳娜冷电联供系统

随着我国对生态文明建设的快速推进,回收工业余热、开发清洁能源等能源利用方式逐渐受到市场的广泛关注。设计了一种基于LNG冷能利用的双循环⁃卡琳娜（DORC⁃KC）冷电联供系统,并在此基础上提出了降低工业余热中酸性气体排放的新方法。通过构建系统热力学模型,对影响系统碳捕集的关键热力学参数进行了详细分析。结果表明,双循环中的顶循环采用环戊烷为工质,提升蒸发温度和蒸发压力,系统的最大净输出功为367.9 kW,热效率为33.29%;在卡琳娜循环中,工质流量和浓度等因素对系统效率产生积极的影响,其最佳热效率和冷㶲回收效率分别为15.42%和20.65%。压缩压力的降低,减少了循环水的冷却量,提高了CO2的液化量。当压缩压力为472 kPa时,系统的㶲效率最大,为34.30%,碳捕集率为47.00%,循环水回收量为167 616 t。     

Thermodynamic analysis on medium-high temperature solar thermal systems with selective coatings

Thermodynamics analysis was carried out for solar thermal receivers with different selective coatings. The relation between the energy conversion efficiency of a medium-high temperature solar thermal system, the spectral properties of selective coating and the operating temperature of the receiver were discussed. Furthermore, the relation between the optimum operating temperatures, the exergy efficiencies and the incident solar flux were analyzed for the traditional concentrating system and concentrating beam splitting system, respectively. According to the analysis results for the thermal receiver with blackbody surface and selective coatings, the optimum cutoff wavelength was obtained for the ideal selective coating. An analysis method for the optimum operating temperature calculation was developed for thermal receivers with selective coating. The optimum operating temperature for an actual selective coating was analyzed on the basis of the proposed theory.     

基于PC-SAFT的混合工质筛选与有机朗肯循环系统优化

混合工质在相变过程存在温度滑移现象,能与冷热源更好地匹配从而提高有机朗肯循环(Organic?Rankine Cycle,?ORC)性能,成为ORC工质研究热点.混合工质组合和数量巨大,常规方法用于混合工质筛选及与系统参数的同步优化难度较大.建立了基于Perturbed-Chain?Statistical?Associ...     

Entransy dissipation/loss-based optimization of two-stage organic Rankine cycle (TSORC) with R245fa for geothermal power generation

Based on organic Rankine cycle (ORC), the two-stage evaporation strategy is adopted to replace the single-stage evaporation to improve the system performance. In order to evaluate the temperature matching of the two-stage evaporation, a theoretical optimization model was established to optimize the two stage organic Rankine cycle (TSORC) based on the entransy theory and thermodynamics, with the ratio of the entransy dissipation rate of the TSORC to that of the ORC as the objective function. This paper aims to illuminate the improving degree of the system performance of the TSORC. The results show that the TSORC enhances the average evaporating temperature, thereby reducing the entransy dissipation rate in the evaporator and the total entransy dissipation rate. The maximal net power output is proportional to the entransy loss rate and inversely proportional to the entransy dissipation rate. However, compared with the ORC, the TSORC can output more power but requires a higher total thermal conductance. Moreover, there exists an optimal intermediate geothermal water temperature (IGWT) to maximize the net power output of the TSORC. The TSORC can be considered in engineering applications.     

除氧器和给水加热器的对比火用分析

对热力除氧器和给水加热器进行了对比火用分析 ,从除氧器与低压给水加热器的火用分析经济指标比较来看 ,低压给水加热器火用效率较除氧器排汽回收情况及除氧器排汽不回收都要低 (6 3.6 >6 1.0 % >5 3.9% ) ,而火用损系数较除氧器排汽回收和排汽不回收两种情况都要高 (0 .2 0 1% <0 .2 15 % <0 .2 6 0 % ) .所以 ,除氧器的火用经济指标较给水加热器要好些 .得出结论是 :在动力装置中除氧器和给水加热器的火用损失系数都不大 ,除氧器的火用效率略高于给水加热器 .从能量利用经济性的观点来看 ,除氧器可以取代给水加热器 .这样不仅可以提高循环的热效率 ,而且可以增加设备和系统的使用寿命 .