Vibration Effect and Damage Evolution Characteristics of Tunnel Surrounding Rock Under Cyclic Blasting Loading

Model test studies based on the similarity theory were conducted to investigate vibration effect and damage evolution characteristics of tunnel surrounding rock under push-type cyclic blasting excavation. The model was constructed with a ratio of 1:15. By simulating the tunnel excavation of push-type cyclic blasting, the influence of the blasting parameter change on vibration effect was explored. The damage degree of tunnel surrounding rock was evaluated by the change of the acoustic wave velocity at the same measuring point after blasting. The relationship between the damage evolution of surrounding rock and blasting times was established. The research results show that:① In the same geological environment, the number of delay initiation is larger, the main vibration frequency of blasting seismic wave is higher, and the attenuation of high frequency signal in the rock and soil is faster. The influence of number of delay initiation on blasting vibration effect cannot be ignored; ② Under push-type cyclic blasting excavation, there were great differences in the decreasing rates of acoustic wave velocity of the measuring points which have the same distance to the blasting region at the same depth, and the blasting damage ranges of surrounding rock were typically anisotropic at both depth and breadth; ③ When blasting parameters were basically kept as the same, the growth trend of the cumulative acoustic wave velocity decreasing rate at the measuring point was nonlinear under different cycle blasting excavations; ④ There were nonlinear evolution characteristics between the blasting cumulative damage (D) of surrounding rock and blasting times (n) under push-type cyclic blasting loading, and different measuring points had corresponding blasting cumulative damage propagation models, respectively. The closer the measuring point was away from the explosion source, the faster the cumulative damage extension. Blasting cumulative damage effect of surrounding rock had typically nonlinear evolution properties and anisotropic characteristics.     

Stability and reliability of pit slopes in surface mining combined with underground mining in Tonglushan mine

Slope stability is of critical importance in the process of surface-underground mining combination. The influence of underground mining on pit slope stability was mainly discussed, and the self-stabilization of underground stopes was also studied. The random finite element method was used to analyze the probability of the rock mass stability degree of both pit slopes and underground stopes. Meanwhile, 3D elasto-plastic finite element method was used to research into the stress, strain and rock mass failure resulting from mining. The results of numerical simulation indicate that the mining of the underground test stope has certain influence on the stability of the pit slope, but the influence is not great. The safety factor of pit slope is decreased by 0.06, and the failure probability of the pit slope is increased by 1.84%. In addition, the strata yielding zone exists around the underground test stope. The results basically conform to the information coming from the field monitoring.     

A fatigue damage model for rock salt considering the effects of loading frequency and amplitude

With the large-scale construction of underground gas storage in salt deposit, much more efforts have been made to assess the fatigue properties of rock salt. The fatigue damage processes the primary, steady,and accelerated phases, which is similar to the axial irrecoverable deformation compiled from the loci of the loading cycles of rock salt. The cumulative fatigue damage increases with a decrease in the loading frequency and with an increase in the stress amplitude within the range tested. To take into account the effects of loading frequency and amplitude on the fatigue behavior of rock salt subjected to cyclic loading, a low cycle fatigue damage model was exclusively established combined with the Manson–Coffin formula. The proposed damage evolution equation was validated with experimental results and proved to be efficient in the prediction of fatigue damage tendency of rock salt under different loading frequencies and amplitudes.     

Mechanism on simulation and experiment of pre-crack seam formation in stope roof

The pre-crack blast technology has been used to control the induction caving area in the roof. The key is to form the pre-crack seam and predict the effect of the seam. The H-J-C blast model was built in the roof. Based on the theories of dynamic strength and failure criterion of dynamic rock, the rock dynamic damage and the evolution of pre-crack seam were simulated by the tensile damage and shear failure of the model. According to the actual situation of No. 92 ore body test stope at Tongkeng Mine, the formation process of the pre-crack blast seam was simulated by Ansys/Ls-dyna software, the pre-crack seam was inspected by a system of digital panoramic borehole camera. The pre-crack seam was inspected by the system of digital panoramic borehole in the roof. The results of the numerical simulation and inspection show that in the line of centers of pre-hole, the minimum of the tensile stress reaches 20 MPa, which is much larger than 13.7 MPa of the dynamic tensile strength of rock. The minimum particle vibration velocity reaches 50 cm/s, which is greater than 30-40 cm/s of the allowable vibration velocity. It is demonstrated that the rock is destroyed near the center line and the pre-crack is successfully formed by the large diameters and large distances pre-crack holes in the roof.     

Numerical simulation for influence of excavation and blasting vibration on stability of mined-out area

Dynamic analysis steps and general flow of fast lagrangian analysis of continua in 3 dimensions （FLAC3D） were discussed. Numerical simulation for influence of excavation and blasting vibration on stability of mined-out area was carried out with FLAC3D. The whole analytical process was divided into two steps, including the static analysis and the dynamic analysis which were used to simulate the influence of excavation process and blasting vibration respectively. The results show that the shape of right upper boundary is extremely irregular after excavation, and stress concentration occurs at many places and higher tensile stress appears. The maximum tensile stress is higher than the tensile strength of rock mass, and surrounding rock of right roof will be damaged with tension fracture. The maximum displacement of surrounding rock is 4.75 mm after excavation. However, the maxi- mum displacement increases to 5.47 mm after the blasting dynamic load is applied. And the covering area of plastic zones expands obviously, especially at the foot of right upper slope. The analytical results are in basic accordance with the observed results on the whole. Damage and disturbance on surrounding rock to some degree are caused by excavation, while blasting dynamic load increases the possibility of occurrence of dynamic instability and destruction further. So the effective supporting and vibration reducing measures should be taken during mining.     

Effects of thermal treatment on physical and mechanical characteristics of coal rock

To study the physical and mechanical properties of coal rock after treatment at different temperatures under impact loading, dynamic compression experiments were conducted by using a split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB). The stress–strain curves of specimens under impact loading were obtained, and then four indexes affected by temperature were analyzed in the experiment: the longitudinal wave velocity, elastic modulus, peak stress and peak strain. Among these indexes, the elastic modulus was utilized to express the specimens' damage characteristics. The results show that the stress–strain curves under impact loading lack the stage of micro-fissure closure and the slope of the elastic deformation stage is higher than that under static loading. Due to the dynamic loading effect, the peak stress increases while peak strain decreases. The dynamic mechanical properties of coal rock show obvious temperature effects. The longitudinal wave velocity, elastic modulus and peak stress all decrease to different extents with increasing temperature, while the peak strain increases continuously. During the whole heating process, the thermal damage value continues to increase linearly, which indicates that the internal structure of coal rock is gradually damaged by high temperature.     

Piezoelectric responses of brittle rock mass containing quartz to static stress and exploding stress wave respectively

The electromagnetic emission（EME） induced from the rock containing piezoelectric materials was investigated under both static stress and exploding stress wave in the view of piezoelectric effect. The results show that the intensity of the EME induced from the rock under static stress increases with increasing stress level and loading rate; the relationship between the amplitude of the EME from the rock under different modes of stress wave and elastic parameters and propagation distance was presented. The intensity of the EME relates not only to the strength and elastic moduli of rock masses,but also to the initial damage of the rock. The intensity of EME induced by stress wave reaches the highest at the explosion-center and attenuates with the propagation distance. The intensity of EME increases with increasing the elastic modulus and decreases with increasing initial damage. The results are in good agreement with the experimental results.     

Numerical analysis of stability for mined-out area in multi-field coupling

There were differences between real boundary and blast hole controlling boundary of irregular mined-out area in underground metal mines. There were errors in numerical analysis of stability for goaf, if it was analyzed as regular 3D mined-out area and the influence of coupling stress-seepage-disturbance was not considered adequately. Taking a lead zinc mine as the background, the model was built by the coupling of Surpac and Midas-Gts based on the goaf model precisely measured by CMS.According to seepage stress fundamental equations based on the equivalent continuum mechanical and the theory about equivalent load of dynamic disturbance in deep-hole blasting, the stability of mined-out area under multi-field coupling of stress-seepage-dynamic disturbance was numerically analyzed. The results show that it is more consistent between the numerical analysis model based on the real model of irregular 3D shape goaf and the real situation, which could faithfully reappear the change rule of stress–strain about the surrounding rock under synthetic action of blasting dynamic loading and the seepage pressure. The mined-out area multi-field coupling formed by blasting excavation is stable. Based on combination of the advantages of the CMS,Surpac and Midas-Gts, and fully consideration of the effects of multi-field coupling, the accurate and effective way could be provided for numerical analysis of stability for mined-out area.     

Numerical Analysis of Effect of Water on Explosive Wave Propagation in Tunnels and Surrounding Rock

Based on the application of practical engineering, propagation processes of explosive waves in rock with water well and tunnel are simulated by ANSYS/LS-DYNA software. The evolution of damage in rock is presented. The effect of water on the damage of the concrete slab in a tunnel is compared with damage inflicted without water. The numerical simulation illustrates that water plays an important role in the evolution of damage of the concrete slab in a mine tunnel. In the presence of water in the rock the concrete slab is damaged more severely than without water in rock. The effect of water location in the rock is also considered. It is found that the concrete slab in the tunnel shows various degrees of damage as a function of the different locations of water. Attenuation laws of stress waves over time-space in rock with water are also obtained. Numerical results indicate that, under blast loading, there are three zones in the rock： a crushed zone nearby the explosive charge, a damaged zone and an elastic zone. The conclusions of numerical analysis may provide references for blasting designs and structure protection.     

Subsidence over room and pillar retreat mining in a low coal seam

The objective of this paper is to study the behavior of a low thick and low depth coal seam and the overburden rock mass. The mining method is room and pillar in retreat and partial pillar recovery. The excavation method is conventional drill and blast because of the small production. The partial pillar recovery is about 30% of the previous pillar size, 7 m × 7 m. The roof displacement was monitored during retreat operation; the surface movement was also monitored. The effect of the blasting vibration on the final pillar strength had been considered. Due to blasting, the pillar reduced about 20%. The consequence is more pillar deformation and roof vertical displacement. The pillar retreat and ground movement were simulated in a three-dimensional numerical model. This model was created to predict the surface subsidence and compare to the subsidence measured. This study showed that the remaining pillar and low seam reduce the subsidence that was predicted with conventional methods.     

高地应力水平对爆破开挖损伤区声波检测及损伤程度评价的影响

随着地下工程埋深的不断增加,深部岩体工程中围岩开挖损伤区深度及程度的准确评价逐渐受到深部高地应力场的影响,其影响程度的合理评估成为研究重点。依托某水电站深埋引水隧洞开挖工程,采用应力逐步解除方案,通过在取样区域外围钻设形成环形封闭边界的常规取样孔,逐步解除取样区域内岩体应力,并在取样区域内进行钻孔与低应力取芯,继而利用声波检测装置对外围应力解除孔和内部取芯孔周边岩体的损伤程度进行检测,以此获得相同位置岩体在不同地应力条件下的损伤区深度及程度的声波检测结果。同时,结合内、外取芯孔获取的不同应力水平下的岩芯,开展室内试验,基于Hoek-Brown强度经验公式,利用声波波速计算得到相同位置岩体在不同地应力条件下的岩体单轴抗压强度,从而判断不同地应力条件对爆破开挖损伤区声波检测结果及损伤程度评价的影响。研究表明：高应力条件下,常规取样与声波检测法会在一定程度上低估围岩的损伤区深度和损伤程度,同时严重高估岩体单轴抗压强度。当初始应力水平为45 MPa时,围岩损伤区深度和损伤程度大约会被低估约10%～30%;当地应力水平由45 MPa降至30 MPa时,岩体的单轴抗压强度会被严重高估约30%～100%。因此,高地应力水平对爆破开挖围岩损伤区声波检测与评价结果存在明显影响,工程中运用波速指标评价岩体质量必须考虑地应力水平对声波检测的影响,并进行适当修正。     

锚杆锚固质量声波检测技术的现状分析

锚杆锚固技术作为各类地下工程及边坡护理的主要手段,已在交通和水电站建设等工程施工中得到广泛应用,其锚固质量和运行状况的无损检测已被提到议事日程.声波检测技术是目前主要的锚杆锚固质量无损检测手段,本文通过对我国锚杆锚固质量声波检测技术的历史回顾和现状分析,指出其理论研究工作的严重欠缺是当前存在的主要问题.文中还强调了模型实验研究的重要性,并指出理论研究应与模型实验紧密结合,二者不能偏颇.     

爆破地震动频率特性诱导结构破坏分析

爆破地震效应是爆破的主要负面效应,目前多采用爆破质点振动速度来表述地震效应的影响程度大小;同时爆破振动频率特性对结构体的破坏程度也有很大的影响作用,并随工程结构特性而异.从爆破震动频率特性的角度,通过理论计算和分析对爆破振动波频率特性诱导结构体破坏作用进行了研究,结果认为结构体对于介质中传来的爆破振动波的选择放大效应.     

岩石松动层声波测试技术

本文阐述了岩石松动层的声波测试技术的原理、仪器、方法及资料分析，运用声波法测试声波波速随测孔深度的变化，绘制波速与孔深的关系曲线，由此确定出岩石松动层的范围，并简述了现行测试方法存在的问题和改进方向，为岩石的稳定性评价及支护设计提供可靠的依据。     

考虑爆破效应的隧道开挖损伤区及渗流场分析

针对爆破效应对围岩力学参数及渗透系数的劣化问题,根据岩石弹塑性力学、连续损伤力学、有效应力原理及渗透系数演化方程,提出了基于Hoek-Brown准则的岩体弹塑性损伤模型,并给出了模型的有限元数值求解算法.以甄峰岭隧道为工程依托,对所选断面开挖损伤区进行数值分析,通过声波检测手段确定爆破扰动范围及损伤值,修正计算力学参数和渗透系数.结果表明,考虑爆破效应后的开挖损伤区,位移值和涌水量均大于不考虑爆破效应时的数值,进行工程稳定性评价时应充分考虑爆破因素的影响.     

损伤岩石周边控制爆破分析

应用损伤力学的理论与方法,对崩落眼爆破经起光爆层岩石损伤因子与光面爆破参数的关系进行了分析,导出了相应在的光爆参数计算式,并与不考虑岩石损伤的光面爆破参数进行了对比,指出了目前低强度岩石中光爆效果往往较差,原因是没有考虑损伤因子对光面爆破参数的影响,造成炮孔装药过量所致,由此认为研究崩落眼爆破对光爆层岩石的损伤规律及损伤岩石的光面爆破参数计算方法,是未来深入研究岩石学面爆破理论与技术的方向。     

强冲击载荷下岩石损伤特性实验研究

通过在一级轻气炮驱动的平板碰撞实验台进行冲击损伤实验 ,对软回收样品进行超声波测试 ,研究了强冲击载荷下两种典型岩石损伤特性 .结果表明 ,岩石的动态损伤与冲击速度和超声波衰减系数α有关 ,后者较好地反映了岩石的损伤程度 ,可作为构造岩石损伤模型的主要参量     

砌体结构受爆破地震波作用破坏特征研究

在建筑物附近进行爆破作业产生的爆破振动,会引起结构一定程度的损伤,对结构的安全性和耐久性产生影响。根据现场工程情况,采用有限元软件ANSYS建立砌体结构的计算模型,对爆破地震波作用下其受力和变形进行数值模拟分析。研究表明,爆破地震波作用时,房屋门、窗户的四角部位和墙角等是易产生应力集中和破坏的关键部位;结构对爆破振动的响应程度随着结构物高度的增加而增大;砌体结构设计施工和在砌体结构附近进行爆破作业时,应采取相应减振措施,以降低爆破振动的危害。     

Rock-breaking mechanism and experimental analysis of confined blasting of borehole surrounding rock

The rock-breaking mechanism and effect of confined blasting were analysed by blasting and impact dynamic mechanics, fluid dynamic mechanics, fracture mechanics as well as blasting experiment. The results showed that the fracturing of surrounding rock in confined blasting condition is the result of coaction of rock pre-cracking by shock wave and stress wave and the continuing expanding crackenhancement of confined medium, and the model of crack development of borehole surrounding rock in confined blasting condition was established. This study acquired the damage range of surrounding rock under the action of shock wave and stress wave, as well as the crack development characteristics of surrounding rock after the wedge-in confined medium into the crack space. Deep-hole confined blasting experiment on large rock showed that the high-efficient utilisation of in-hole explosive was achieved and the safety of rock blasting operation was ensured. Safe static rock-breaking under the action of high-efficient explosive blasting was achieved as well as the unification of super dynamic load of explosive blasting and static rock-breaking of water medium.