一种改进的真三轴Hoek-Brown强度准则

Hoek-Brown强度准则已经被广泛应用于岩石与岩体力学分析、岩石边坡稳定性分析、岩石隧道设计等领域中，但常规Hoek-Brown强度准则未考虑中间主应力对岩石强度的影响，应用上不能反映岩石的真三轴力学性能。在本研究中，通过分析岩石的真三轴试验结果，明确了岩石中间主应力对岩石强度的影响规律，引入中间主应力系数β，将一种二维Hoek-Brown强度准则改进为真三轴Hoek-Brown强度准则，采用非线性拟合方法确定了模型中的参数，通过对比8种岩石类型的真三轴实验数据，对改进后强度准则的精确性和普适性进行验证，结果表明，改进的真三轴强度准则的最佳参数m取值都能落在Hoek和Brown建议的取值区间，能够继承Hoek-Brown强度准则的优点，改进后的强度准则对8种岩石类型的均方根差（RMSE）值都低于另外三种准则，能够准确预测岩石强度，适用于大多数岩石类型，较好地体现了中间主应力对岩石强度的影响。     

岩石中间主应力效应及强度理论研究进展

综述岩石中间主应力效应试验和强度理论的研究进展,总结了岩石中间主应力效应的基本规律和现有岩石强度理论的特点与不足,最后介绍了统一强度理论及其对岩石真三轴试验的预测与在岩土工程中的应用。研究结果表明：中间主应力效应及其区间性是岩石强度的重要特性,且已是目前岩石强度准则建立所必须考虑的基本问题之一;应用统一强度理论并考虑更多复杂因素的综合影响,可得到更符合实际情况的较理想解答。     

红砂岩真三轴压力试验与岩石强度极限统计

为探讨岩石的强度理论和中间主应力效应,进行了红砂岩真三轴压力试验。获得了不同应力状态下的岩石强度极限值和岩石的三向全应力应变曲线。根据本文和收集到的真三轴压力试验资料,探讨了岩石的中间主应力效应问题。统计分析表明:中间主应力一般可使最大主应力的强度极限增大30%。     

脆性岩石真三轴能量强度准则研究

基于岩石材料拉压强度不等和中间主应力对强度影响特点,从可释放弹性能角度出发推导和建立了可考虑中间主应力对岩石破坏弹性能释放影响的真三轴能量强度准则,利用厚壁圆筒试验数据和已有文献真三轴试验数据以及从能量准则参数物理含义三方面分析验证了所建真三轴能量强度准则的合理性及可靠性.结果表明,所建真三轴能量准则能适应于厚壁圆筒及真三轴压力试验的多种复杂应力状态;花岗岩、石灰岩中间主应力影响大于红砂岩、中细砂岩;对同种岩石来说,岩石中间主应力影响系数随应力状态不同而不同,总体变化趋势随中间主应力增加而先增大后减小;岩石能量强度准则与岩石应力状态和材料物理性质密切相关.     

岩石的强度准则及中间主应力的影响

Drucker-Prager准则和Murrell准则中包含中间主应力,但并没有得到真正三轴试验结果的检验,也难以表示应力状态对岩样强度的影响.D-P准则与Coulomb准则外接时,其三轴伸长的强度可以达到无限;与Coulomb准则内接和相切时,反映最小主应力的作用偏小而中间主应力作用偏大.Murrell准则表明岩石在2个方向承载单轴压缩强度的压应力时,在第三个方向还可承载单轴拉伸强度以上的拉应力;其反映的最小主应力作用也特别低.     

岩石的强度准则及中间主应力的影响

Drucker Prager准则和Murrell准则中包含中间主应力 ,但并没有得到真正三轴试验结果的检验 ,也难以表示应力状态对岩样强度的影响 .D P准则与Coulomb准则外接时 ,其三轴伸长的强度可以达到无限 ;与Coulomb准则内接和相切时 ,反映最小主应力的作用偏小而中间主应力作用偏大 .Murrell准则表明岩石在 2个方向承载单轴压缩强度的压应力时 ,在第三个方向还可承载单轴拉伸强度以上的拉应力 ;其反映的最小主应力作用也特别低     

岩石强度和变形真三轴试验研究

为了得到岩石在3向应力条件下的强度及变形特征,通过真三轴试验对岩石强度进行试验研究.结果表明:峰值强度(σ1)随着中间主应力(σ2)的增加有所提高,峰值强度的最大增加量达到65.8%;在中间主应力较低时,岩石呈现出塑性的特征,随着中间主应力的增加,岩石逐渐由塑性向脆性转变.所以岩石破坏不仅取决于最大主应力差(σ1-σ3),而且与中间主应力密切相关.     

基于Mogi-Coulomb强度准则的隧道围岩理想弹塑性解答

合理选择岩石强度准则对隧道应力及位移预测和支护设计都具有重要意义,基于Mogi‐Coulomb强度准则和理想弹塑性模型,通过中间主应力系数反映中间主应力的影响,推导了圆形隧道围岩应力和位移的解析解,并对所得结果进行比较与验证,得到了中间主应力和围岩抗剪强度参数的影响特性。研究表明：具有广泛的适用性和较好的可比性,Mohr‐Coulomb强度准则解答和Matsuoka‐Nakai准则解答均为其特例;结果关于中间主应力系数 b＝0.5对称,较好地反映了岩石强度的中间主应力效应及其区间性;粘聚力及内摩擦角对围岩塑性区半径和隧道洞壁位移的影响显著,应充分考虑中间主应力影响及围岩抗剪强度参数变化对隧道设计与施工的影响。     

基于三剪统一强度准则的隧道围岩抗力系数计算

基于三剪统一强度准则对隧道围岩抗力系数进行了分析,并导出了围岩抗力系数的计算公式。在表征岩石的强度和变形特征时采用了三剪统一强度准则以反映中间主应力对岩石强度和变形的影响,在描述隧道围岩塑性区内的应力状态时,采用中间主应力参数法来表达不同岩体可能具有的不同塑性区应力状态。计算实例表明：隧道围岩的中间主应力对隧道围岩抗力系数有影响,考虑中间主应力效应后所得的隧道围岩抗力系数增大。     

正常固结饱和黏性土的三剪次加载面模型

以三剪统一强度准则为破坏准则,采用坐标平移法推导出能够反映中间主应力效应、土体拉压差效应和区间效应的三剪破坏应力比,来替换修正剑桥模型的原本破坏应力比从而得到三剪统一屈服函数。基于该屈服函数,并结合次加载面理论,提出适用于循环荷载条件下的正常固结饱和黏性土的三剪次加载面本构模型。对模型参数u,C和χ做了敏感性分析,发现参数u,C和χ大小都会影响对循环荷载条件下饱和黏性土的棘轮效应和曼辛效应;为验证所提模型的正确性,将该模型的计算结果、文献中两种饱和黏土动三轴试验结果以及饱和Kaolin黏土的双面模型预测结果做了比较,结果表明所提模型能够较好地反映正常固结饱和黏土的应力应变关系,随着循环次数的不断增加,所建模型的模拟结果能不断产生累计塑性应变和累积孔隙水压力,且能够形成滞回圈。通过真三轴数值模拟分析可知,饱和黏性土的塑性偏应变在加载前期发展较快,之后相对减小;单一变量下,分别增大最小主应力和中间主应力,均会增大土体的抗剪强度。     

Investigation of the influence of intermediate principal stress on the dynamic responses of rocks subjected to true triaxial stress state

Precisely understanding the dynamic mechanical properties and failure modes of rocks subjected to true triaxial stress state(σ_1 σ_2 σ_3, where σ_1, σ_2, and σ_3 are the major principal stress, intermediate principal stress, and minor principal stress, respectively) is essential to the safety of underground engineering. However, in the laboratory, it is difficult to maintain the constant true triaxial stress state of rocks during the dynamic testing process. Herein, a numerical servo triaxial Hopkinson bar(NSTHB) was developed to study the dynamic responses of rocks confronted with a true triaxial stress state, in which lateral stresses can maintain constant. The results indicate that the dynamic strength and elastic modulus of rocks increase with the rise of intermediate principal stress σ_2, while the dynamic elastic modulus is independent of the dynamic strain rate. Simulated acoustic emission distributions indicate that the intermediate principal stress σ_2 dramatically affects dynamic failure modes of triaxial confined rocks. As σ_2 increases, the failure pattern switches from a single diagonal shear zone into two parallel shear zones with a small slant. Moreover, a recent triaxial Hopkinson bar experimental system using three bar pairs is also numerically established, and the measuring discrepancies are identified between the two numerical bar systems. The proposed NSTHB system provides a controllable tool for studying the dynamic triaxial behavior of rocks.     

Failure criterion for soft rocks considering intermediate principal stress

The significant differences between hard rocks(more brittle) and soft rocks(more ductile) may suggest the use of different failure criteria. A strength criterion for soft rocks that includes intermediate principal stress was proposed. The new criterion includes two independent parameters: the uniaxial compressive strength(rci), which can be obtained from common laboratory tests or indirectly estimated by alternative index tests in the laboratory or field; and f(joint), which is used to characterize the rock mass quality and can be easily estimated. The authors compared the predictive capabilities of the new criterion with other criteria using the database of soft rocks under two conditions: with and without triaxial data. For the estimation of triaxial and true-triaxial strengths, the new criterion generally produced a better fit. The proposed criterion is practical for an approximate first estimation of rock mass strength, even without triaxial data, as it balances accuracy(lower prediction error) and simplicity(fewer independent parameters).     

Elasto-plastic analysis of the surrounding rock mass in circular tunnel based on the generalized nonlinear unified strength theory

The present paper aims to establish a versatile strength theory suitable for elasto-plastic analysis of underground tunnel surrounding rock. In order to analyze the effects of intermediate principal stress and the rock properties on its deformation and failure of rock mass, the generalized nonlinear unified strength theory and elasto-plastic mechanics are used to deduce analytic solution of the radius and stress of tunnel plastic zone and the periphery displacement of tunnel under uniform ground stress field. The results show that: intermediate principal stress coefficient b has significant effect on the plastic range,the magnitude of stress and surrounding rock pressure. Then, the results are compared with the unified strength criterion solution and Mohr–Coulomb criterion solution, and concluded that the generalized nonlinear unified strength criterion is more applicable to elasto-plastic analysis of underground tunnel surrounding rock.     

Experimental study on the mechanical and failure behaviors of deep rock subjected to true triaxial stress: A review

It has become an inevitable trend of human development to seek resources from the deep underground. However, rock encountered in deep underground engineering is usually in an anisotropic stress state (σ₁>σ>σ₃) due to the influences of geological structures and engineering disturbances. It is therefore essential to study the mechanical, seepage, and dynamic disaster behaviors of deep rock under true triaxial stress to ensure the safe operation of deep rock engineering and the efficient exploitation of deep resources. In recent years, experimental techniques and research on true triaxial rock mechanics have achieved fruitful results that have promoted the rapid development of deep rock mechanics; thus, it is necessary to systematically review and summarize these developments. This work first introduced several typical true triaxial testing apparatus and then reviewed the corresponding research progress on rock deformation, strength, failure mode, brittleness, and energy as well as the 3D volumetric fracturing (dynamic disaster) properties of deep rocks under true triaxial stress. Then, several commonly used true triaxial rock strength criteria and their applicability, the permeability characteristics and mathematical models of deep reservoir rocks, and the disaster-causing processes and mechanisms of disturbed volumetric fracturing (rockburst, compound dynamic disasters) in deep rock engineering were described. This work may provide an essential reference for addressing the true triaxial rock mechanics issues involved in deep rock engineering, especially regarding the stability of surrounding rock at depth, disaster prevention and control, and oil and gas exploitation.     

结构性吹填软土侧向变形真三轴试验研究

为了研究吹填软土在侧向变形条件下的力学与结构特性,利用真三轴试验机以及WF应力路径试验仪进行了不排水条件下的侧向卸荷试验,并与常规三轴试验结果进行了对比分析.试验结果表明：与常规三轴剪切试验应力-应变关系曲线表现的硬化特性不同,真三轴卸荷试验表现出应变软化现象.随着初始围压的增大,土体由剪缩向剪胀变化.由于中主应力的影响,真三轴卸荷状态下土体的结构屈服应力值明显大于WF卸荷状态以及常规三轴试验下的数值,其随着中主应力系数bd的增大而成非线性增长.真三轴侧向卸荷条件下土体抗剪强度指标大于WF卸荷条件,与常规三轴试验结果也明显不同,其内摩擦角增大,粘聚力减小.