Numerical Simulation of Methane Distribution and Sensor Placement in 2-Dimension Roadway

In order to provide a theoretical basis for methane sensor placement in the vertical direction of a tunnel, the software Fluent was used to simulate methane distribution. A geometric roadway model was established and divided by grids. Methane distribution in both level and vertical sections was simulated using a realizable k-ε model with the Fluent software according to a conservation equation in a turbulent state, a turbulent kinetic energy equation and a turbulent dissipation rate equation. The realizable k-ε model and the Fluent software were used to simulate methane distribution according to the principle of the conservation equation in a state of turbulent flow. The results show that after overflowing, a methane level with a certain thickness is formed. Methane density curves at three specific levels were internally consistent and methane density at higher levels is denser than that at lower levels. Methane distribution becomes thinner in the direction of wind and methane in the vertical direction becomes uniform if wind speed is high. The distance be- tween sensors and roof should be less than 300 mm which is in agreement with mine safety regulations.     

Numerical simulation on inclusion transport in continuous casting mold

Turbulent flow, the transpor＇t of inclusions and bubbles, and inclusion removal by fluid flow, transport and by bubble flotation in the strand of the continuous slab caster are investigated using computational models, and validated through comparison with plant measurements of inclusions. Steady 3-D flow of steel in the liquid pool in the mold and upper strand is simulated with a finitedifference computational model using the standard k-εturbulence rondel. Trajectories of inclusions and bubhles tire calculated by integrating each local velocity, considering its drag and buoyancy forces, A ＂random walk＂ model is used to incorporate the effect of turbulent fluctuations on the particle motion. The attachment probability of inclusions on a bubble surface is investigated based on fundamental fluid flow simulations, incorporating the turbulent inclusion trajectory and sliding time of each individual inclusion along the bubble surface as a function of particle and bubble size. The chunge in inclusion distribution due to removal by bubble transport in the mold is calculated based on the computed attachment probability of inclusions on each bubble and the computed path length of the bubbles. The results indicate that 6%-10% inclusions are removed by fluid flow transport. 10% by bubble flotation, and 4% by entrapment to the submerged entry nozzle （SEN） walls. Smaller bubbles and larger inclusions have larger attachment probabilities. Smaller bubbles are more efficient for inclusion removal by bubble flotation, so Inng as they are not entrapped in the solidifying shell A larger gas flow rate favors inclusion removal by bubble flotation. The optimum bubble size should be 2-4mm.     

Boundary layer distributions and cooling rate of cooling sloping plate process

According to the principle of grain refining and slurry preparation by cooling sloping plate process, the distributions of boundary layers during melt treatment by cooling sloping plate were studied, and mathematic model of cooling rate was established. The calculation value approximately agrees with the experimental result. Laminar flow and turbulent flow exist on sloping plate surface commonly. The thickness of velocity boundary layer and the critical transfer distance from laminar flow to turbulent flow increase with the decrease of initial flow velocity. The thickness of temperature boundary layer increases with the increment of flow distance and the decrease of initial flow velocity. The melt cooling rate and melt thickness have an inverse proportion relationship. The melt cooling rate increases along the plate direction gradually when the initial flow velocity is lower than 1 m/s, the melt cooling rate keeps nearly a constant when the initial flow velocity is 1 m/s, when the initial flow velocity is higher than 1 m/s, the melt cooling rate decreases gradually. The melt cooling rate of cooling sloping plate process can reach 102-103 K/s and belongs to meta-rapid solidification scope.     

Stress-Blended Eddy Simulation of the Turbulent Flow Around Circular Cylinder with Dynamic Hybrid RANS/LES Model

In order to verify the effectiveness and superiority of the dynamic hybrid RANS/LES (DHRL) model, the flow around a cylinder with sinusoidal fluctuating velocity at the inlet was used as the test case. The latest computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model can flexibly choose any existing large-eddy simulation (LES) method combined with RANS method to calculate the flow field. In addition, the DLES model and DDES model are selected as typical representatives of the turbulence model to compare the capture ability of the flow field mechanism. The internal flow field including the y⁺ value, velocity distribution, turbulent kinetic energy and vortex structures is comprehensively analyzed. Finally, the results show that the new model has enough sensitivity to capture the information of the flow field and has more consistent velocity distribution with the experimental value, which shows its potential in practical engineering applications to some extent.     

Nanobubble generation and its applications in froth flotation(part IV):mechanical cells and specially designed column flotation of coal

Coal is the world's most abundant fossil fuel.Coal froth flotation is a widely used cleaning process to separate coal from mineral impurities.Flotation of coarse coal particles,ultrafine coal particles and oxidized coal particles is well known to be difficult and complex.In this paper,the nanobubbles' effects on the flotation of the varying particle size,particle density and floatability coal samples were evaluated using a bank of pilot scale flotation cells,a laboratory scale and a pilot scale specially designed flotation column.The parameters evaluated during this study include the flow rate ratio between the nanobubble generator and the conventional size bubble generator,the superficial air velocity,collector dosage,frother concentration,flotation feed rate,feed solids concentration,feed particle size,and the superficial wash water flow rate,etc.The results show that the use of nanobubbles in a bank of mechanical cells flotation and column flotation increased the flotation recovery by 8%～27% at a given product grade.Nanobubbles increased the flotation rate constants of 600～355,355～180,180～75,and 75～0 microns size coal particles by 98.0%,98.4%,50.0% and 41.6%,respectively.The separation selectivity index was increased by up to 34%,depending on the flotation feed characteristics and the flotation conditions.     

A novel contour design technique of super/hypersonic nozzle diverging section with sharing throat

A straightforward technique has been developed to quickly determine the wall contour of super/hypersonic nozzles working at multiply Mach number which share a common throat section.Mach number distribution along the centerline of the nozzle is specified in advance and divided into two sections,both of which are described by the b-spline function.The first section is shared by different exit Mach number nozzles.The nozzle contour is determined by the method of characteristics plus boundary layer correction.An example of this design method is employed to illustrate the technique with a computational fluid dynamics calculation.The simulation results indicate that desired Mach numbers are obtained at the nozzle exit,and the good flow quality is attained for different nozzles within δMa/Ma±0.56% in the flow core region.This technique improves the design precision of the converging-diverging nozzle,cancels waves completely,and achieves nozzles with multiple Mach number exiting which share a common throat section.     

Influence of volute distortion on the performance of turbocharger centrifugal compressor with vane diffuser

As the geometry of the volute of turbocharger compressor is non-axisymmetric,it causes a distortion at the outlet of the diffuser and influences the upstream components.A distortion model in which a pressure distortion was applied as outlet boundary condition was established to simulate the distortion induced by the volute.It turned out to be sufficient to impose a circumferentially asymmetric pressure distribution at the outlet of the diffuser to replace the volute.Based on the distortion model which was verified,the influence of the amplitude of the distortion on the performance of centrifugal compressor was studied in detail.The results show that the distortion severely harms aerodynamic stability of the investigated compressor.The larger the amplitude of the distortion,the worse the performance of the compressor.The distortion induced by asymmetric volute propagates to upstream components and causes local flow separation at part of diffuser and impeller,and then causes the compressor surge.When the amplitude of the volute distortion is 10%,the stable flow range of the centrifugal compressor decreases to near zero.To authors’knowledge,the relationship between the compressor performance and distortion amplitude is first obtained quantitatively,which provides evidence to improve the performance of turbocharger compressor by decreasing the distortion induced by asymmetric volute.     

A model for Nanosecond Pulsed Dielectric Barrier Discharge(NSDBD)actuator and its investigation on the mechanisms of separation control over an airfoil

In order to simulate the flow control problem by using Nanosecond Pulsed Dielectric Barrier Discharge(NSDBD),a one-zone inhomogeneous phenomenological model is constructed based on the experimental and theoretical results.The model is coupled with the unsteady Navier-Stokes equations,which can well predict the compression-expansion wave structures and wave speed compared with experimental results and can be applied to the simulation of the flow control by using NSDBD.The model is adopted to investigate the separation control over NACA0015 airfoil using the NSDBD plasma actuator.The separation-control mechanisms are revealed that the spanwise vortices produced by the plasma actuation play the key role.Each plasma actuation can produce a spanwise vortex around the separation point near the leading edge.The spanwise vortices make the separated free-shear layer unstable and shed away,move downstream along the upper wall,control the flow near the wall,and bring outer flow with high kinetic energy into the near wall region to realize the effective separation control over the upper surface of the airfoil.     

Numerical simulation of air-water two-phase flow over stepped spillways

Stepped spillways for significant energy dissipation along the chute have gained interest and popularity among researchers and dam engineers. Due to the com- plexity of air-water two-phase flow over stepped spillways, the finite volume computational fluid dynamics module of the FLUENT software was used to simulate the main characteristics of the flow. Adopting the RNG k-ε turbulence model, the mixture flow model for air-water two-phase flow was used to simulate the flow field over stepped spillway with the PISO arithmetic technique. The numerical result successfully reproduced the complex flow over a stepped spillway of an experiment case, including the interaction between entrained air bubbles and cavity recirculation in the skimming flow regime, velocity distribution and the pressure profiles on the step surface as well. The result is helpful for under-standing the detailed information about energy dissipation over stepped spillways.     

Numerical prediction of inner turbulent flow in conical diffuser by using a new five-point scheme and DLR k-ε turbulence model

The internal turbulent flow in conical diffuser is a very complicated adverse pressure gradient flow.DLR k-ε turbulence model was adopted to study it.The every terms of the Laplace operator in DLR k-ε turbulence model and pressure Poisson equation were discretized by upwind difference scheme.A new full implicit difference scheme of 5-point was constructed by using finite volume method and finite difference method.A large sparse matrix with five diagonals was formed and was stored by three arrays of one dimension in a compressed mode.General iterative methods do not work wel1 with large sparse matrix.With algebraic multigrid method(AMG),linear algebraic system of equations was solved and the precision was set at 10-6.The computation results were compared with the experimental results.The results show that the computation results have a good agreement with the experiment data.The precision of computational results and numerical simulation efficiency are greatly improved.     

Information for Authors

正General Journal of Beijing Institute of Technology(JBIT),an English language journal sponsored by Beijing Institute of Technology,was established in 1992.JBIT mainly publishes research articles that reflect the latest achievements in basic theory and experimental studies in various engineering fields and in applied mathematics,mechanics,physics,chemistry,and so on.JBIT is listed in Ei,CA,SA,AJ,CSA,MR,ZM and many other abstracting indexes.     

Information for authors

<正>Science China Technological Sciences(Sci China Tech Sci)is a monthly peerreviewed academic journal supervised by the Chinese Academy of Sciences,and co-sponsored by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and National Natural Science Foundation of China.Its primary mission is to encourage communication of basic and innovative research results of high quality in the fields of technological sciences.The subject areas featured include materials,mechanical engineering,engineering thermophysics,water resources,space science,astronomics,civil engineering,nuclear science and technology,electronic engineering,architecture,and engineering mechanics,etc.All papers should be intelligible for a broad scientific audience.Contributions are invited from researchers all over the world.Sci China Tech Sci is indexed by SCI,EI,Current Contents,Index to Scientific Reviews,International Aerospace Abstracts,Math Reviews,MathSciNet,Current Mathematical Publications,Z Math,etc.     

电流变隔振器的理论研究

介绍了一种新型的隔振器———电流变隔振器 .通过对系统的结构进行简化 ,建立起物理模型 ,推导出运动微分方程 ,在理论分析和性能曲线模拟的基础上 ,确定出影响电流变隔振器工作特性的主要因素 .理论研究表明电流变隔振器在低、高频段均能良好隔振 ,有效降低传递力的幅值和扩大隔振的频率范围 ,并具有防系统共振的性能 .     

关于受控扩散过程的动力学

主要考虑在给定初始条件下构形变量的时间演化可由受控扩散描述的有限自由度动力系统.基于随机控制一般理论,引入受控扩散的随机作用量的两个适当形式.通过离散该随机作用量,导出系统受控扩散的广义坐标表示的动力学方程,该方程连同连续方程一起精确描述扩散运动的概率进程.     

福建魁岐花岗岩形成的物理化学条件

福建魁岐碱性花岗岩的深色矿物成分特点和物理化学实验资料表明,岩石是在较高温、低压、相对还原、富碱和缺水条件下,由岩浆结晶形成的。     

Pliocene charcoals from Shanxi Province of China and their application to studies of prehistoric wildfires

Charcoals collected from the middle-late Pliocene sediments of the Taigu Basin,Shanxi Province,China,have been identified as Ulmus sp.(Ulmaceae),Prunus sp.,Maloidoxylon sp.(Rosaceae),and Maclura sp.(Moraceae).These taxa,along with the previously known fossils,indicate the occurrence of temperate climate and local wildfire at that time.Charcoals of trees and/or shrubs and the morphological changes of these charcoals demonstrate that crown fires and surface fires occurred in the Taigu Basin during the middle-...     

明堂,宫殿及建筑历史研究方法论问题

本文从建筑历史研究的方法论入手,对传统的将建筑发展的历史看作是理性的、连续的、逻辑的过程的历史学式研究方法进行了剖析,对另外两种常见的研究方法进行了肯定,并提出了“符号学式研究”的概念,本文按照这一新的建筑历史研究方法,对中国明堂与宫殿的发展历史进行了整体式的分析与阐释.     

数字电视

介绍了数字电视（ＤＴＶ） 和高清晰度数字电视（ＨＤＴＶ） 的功能、特点及前景．指出数字电视图像清晰度比当今模拟电视高６ 倍, 同时具有ＣＤ 音质, 电视的未来将是数字高清晰度电视． 随着５ 大技术（ 集成电路技术、数字信号处理技术、数字压缩技术、计算机技术和大屏幕高清晰度显示技术） 的突破, 加快了模拟电视向数字电视转化． 电视技术的数字化为发展交互式电视（ＩＴＶ） 、点播电视（ＶＯＤ） 和利用电视上网展开相关服务带来广阔市场前景．     

英语术语词的可辩性

本文论述了英语科技术语的结构、形式、词义之间的联系，其目的是揭示英语词汇的某些基本特点，帮助读者分析、理解并恰当使用科技术语。     

基于动强度可靠性的输流管道动力优化设计

建立以支撑(位置、刚度)和截面几何特性为设计变量,以结构重量极小化为目标,以动强度可靠性指标和固有频率为约束的管道动力优化模型.针对某类管道,对支撑位置、刚度和管径进行优化分析,得到了支撑、截面参数和管道动力特性之间的关系.计算结果表明此优化方式是合理有效的.经过优化,提高了首超可靠度,减轻了结构重量,降低了动应力,增强了管道的抗振能力.