A new double reduction method for slope stability analysis简

The core of strength reduction method （SRM） involves finding a critical strength curve that happens to make the slope globally fail and a definition of factor of safety （FOS）. A new double reduction method, including a detailed calculation procedure and a definition of FOS for slope stability was developed based on the understanding of SRM. When constructing the new definition of FOS, efforts were made to make sure that it has concise physical meanings and fully reflects the shear strength of the slope. Two examples, slopes A and B with the slope angles of 63~ and 34~ respectively, were given to verify the method presented. It is found that, for these two slopes, the FOSs from original strength reduction method are respectively 1.5% and 38% higher than those from double reduction method. It is also found that the double reduction method predicts a deeper potential slide line and a larger slide mass. These results show that on one hand, the double reduction method is comparative to the traditional methods and is reasonable, and on the other hand, the original strength reduction method may overestimate the safety of a slope. The method presented is advised to be considered as an additional option in the practical slope stability evaluations although more useful experience is required.     

Search for circular and noncircular critical slip surfaces in slope stability analysis by hybrid genetic algorithm简

A local improvement procedure based on tabu search （TS） was incorporated into a basic genetic algorithm （GA） and a global optimal algorithm, i.e., hybrid genetic algorithm （HGA） approach was used to search the circular and noncircular slip surfaces associated with their minimum safety factors. The slope safety factors of circular and noncircular critical slip surfaces were calculated by the simplified Bishop method and an improved Morgenstern-Price method which can be conveniently programmed, respectively. Comparisons with other methods were made which indicate the high efficiency and accuracy of the HGA approach. The HGA approach was used to calculate one case example and the results demonstrated its applicability to practical engineering.     

Evaluating ultrasound signals of carbon steel fatigue testing using signal analysis approaches简

The application of ultrasound techniques to monitor the condition of structures is becoming more prominent because these techniques can detect the early symptoms of defects such as cracks and other defects. The early detection of defects is of vital importance to avoid major failures with catastrophic consequences. An assessment of an ultrasound technique was used to investigate fatigue damage behaviour. Fatigue tests were performed according to the ASTM E466-96 standard with the attachment of an ultrasound sensor to the test specimen. AISI 1045 carbon steel was used due to its wide application in the automotive industry. A fatigue test was performed under constant loading stress at a sampling frequency of 8 Hz. Two sets of data acquisition systems were used to collect the fatigue strain signals and ultrasound signals. All of the signals were edited and analysed using a signal processing approach. Two methods were used to evaluate the signals, the integrated Kurtosis-based algorithm for z-filter technique （I-kaz） and the short-time Fourier transform （STFT）. The fatigue damage behaviour was observed from the initial stage until the last stage of the fatigue test. The results of the I-kaz coefficient and the STFT spectrum were used to explain and describe the behaviour of the fatigue damage. I-kaz coefficients were ranged from 60 to 61 for strain signals and ranged from 5 to 76 for ultrasound signals. I-kaz values tend to be high at failure point due to high amplitude of respective signals. STFT spectrogram displays the colour intensity which represents the damage severity of the strain signals. I-kaz technique is found very useful and capable in assessing both stationary and non-stationary signals while STFT technique is suitable only for non-stationary signals by displaying its spectrogram.     

Propagation simulation and dilatancy analysis of rock joint using displacement discontinuity method简

A revised displacement discontinuity method （DDM） program is developed for the simulation of rock joint propagation and dilatancy analysis. The non-linear joint model used in the program adopts Barton-Bandis normal deformation model, Kulhaway shear deformation model and Mohr-Coulomb criterion. The joint propagation criterion is based on the equivalent stress intensity factor which can be obtained by regression analysis. The simulated rock joint propagation accords well with the existing knowledge. The closure and opening ofj oint is investigated by DDM, and it is shown that if the opening volume of propagated joint is larger than closure volume of the old joint, the joint dilatancy occurs. The dilatancy condition is mainly controlled by the normal stiffness of the rock joint. When the normal stiffness is larger than the critical value, joint dilatancy occurs. The critical normal stiffness of rock joint changes with the joint-load angle, and joint dilatancy is most possible to occur at 30°.     

Kinematical analysis of highway tunnel collapse using nonlinear failure criterion简

For different kinds of rocks, the collapse range of tunnel was studied in the previously published literature. However, some tunnels were buried in soils, and test data showed that the strength envelopes of the soils followed power-law failure criterion. In this work, deep buried highway tunnel with large section was taken as objective, and the basic expressions of collapse shape and region were deduced for the highway tunnels in soils, based on kinematical approach and power-law failure criterion. In order to see the effectiveness of the proposed expressions, the solutions presented in this work agree well with previous results if the nonlinear failure criterion is reduced to a linear Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion. The present results are compared with practical projects and tunnel design code. The numerical results show that the height and width of tunnel collapse are greatly affected by the nonlinear criterion for the tunnel in soil.     

Fabrication and thermal performance of grooved-sintered wick heat pipe简

Some novel grooved-sintered composite wick heat pipes（GSHP） were developed for the electronic device cooling.The grooved-sintered wicks of GSHP were fabricated by the processes of oil-filled high-speed spin forming and solid state sintering.The wick could be divided into two parts for liquid capillary pumping flow：groove sintered zone and uniform sintered zone.Both of the thermal resistance network model and the maximum heat transfer capability model of GSHP were built.Compared with the theoretical values,the heat transfer limit and thermal resistance of GSHP were measured from three aspects：copper powder size,wick thickness and number of micro grooves.The results show that the wick thickness has the greatest effect on the thermal resistance of GSHP while the copper powder size has the most important influence on the heat transfer limit.Given certain copper powder size and wick thickness,the thermal resistance of GSHP can be the lowest when micro-groove number is about 55.     

Global lateral buckling analysis of idealized subsea pipelines简

In order to avoid the curing effects of paraffin on the transport process and reduce the transport difficulty, usually high temperature and high pressure are used in the transportation of oil and gas. The differences of temperature and pressure cause additional stress along the pipeline, due to the constraint of the foundation soil, the additional stress can not release freely, when the additional stress is large enough to motivate the submarine pipelines buckle. In this work, the energy method is introduced to deduce the analytical solution which is suitable for the global buckling modes of idealized subsea pipeline and analyze the relationship between the critical buckling temperature, buckling length and amplitude under different high-order global lateral buckling modes. To obtain a consistent formulation of the problem, the principles of virtual displacements and the variation calculus for variable matching points are applied. The finite element method based on elasto-plastic theory is used to simulate the lateral global buckling of the pipelines under high temperature and pressure. The factors influencing the lateral buckling of pipelines are further studied. Based upon some actual engineering projects, the finite element results are compared with the analytical ones, and then the influence of thermal stress, the section rigidity of pipeline, the soil properties and the trigging force to the high order lateral buckling are discussed. The method of applying the small trigging force on pipeline is reliable in global buckling numerical analysis. In practice, increasing the section rigidity of a pipeline is an effective measure to improve the ability to resist the global buckling.     

Characteristics analysis of a novel centralized-driving flip-flow screen简

During screening operation, blinding or clogging of screen perforations generally occurs to reduce the sieving capacity and efficiency. Recently, the flip-flow screening has been widely recognized as a feasible method to deal with the problem. In this paper, a novel centralized-driving flip-flow screen (CFS) was developed for the separation of fine and moist coal, and the key structures, namely, a centralized-driving mechanism and a quasi-circle beam mounted with the mat were designed for high reliability and stability. By means of a test on an experimental prototype, the effect of some factors, i.e., initial stretch and hardness of the polyurethane panel, respectively, and the rotation speed of the driving motor on the kinematic characteristic of the screen surface was investigated. Results show that without an initial stretch, the sieve mat generates the largest vibratory amplitude while the slacker the sieve mat initially is, the smaller amplitude it will accomplish. And an increase in the rotation speed could cause a rise in the vibratory amplitude. Unlike the two factors, the hardness does not have a definite effect on the kinematic performance, on which a further study is required. Finally, screening processing on a laboratory prototype was conducted to draw the conclusion that the developed CFS also has a high sieving efficiency for the fine and moist coal.     

Modelling and simulation of contact force in cold rotary forgin简

Cold rotary forging is an advanced and complex metal forming technology with continuous local plastic deformation. Investigating the contact force between the dies and the workpiece has a great significance to improve the life of the dies in cold rotary forging. The purpose of this work is to reveal the contact force responses in cold rotary forging through the modelling and simulation. For this purpose, a 3D elastic-plastic dynamic explicit FE model of cold rotary forging is developed using the FE code ABAQUS/Explicit. Through the modelling and simulation, the distribution and evolution of the contact force in cold rotary forging is investigated in detail. The experiment has been conducted and the validity of the 3D FE model of cold rotary forging has been verified. The results show that： 1） The contact force distribution is complex and exhibits an obvious non-uniform characteristic in the radial and circumferential directions; 2） The maximum contact force between the upper die and the workpiece is much larger than that between the lower die and the workpiece; 3） The contact force evolution history is periodic and every period experiences three different stages; 4） The total normal contact force is much larger than the total shear contact force at any given time.     

Synthesis and ceramization of polycarbosilane containing beryllium简

Polycarbosilane containing beryllium （BPCS） precursors was prepared by the reaction of polycarbosilane （PCS） with beryllium acetylacetone （Be （acac）2）. The analysis of structures and components of BPCS demonstrates that their main structures are basically the same as PCS. Ceramization of BPCS precursors shows that BPCS precursors are organic below 600 °C and inorganic at 800 °C. At 1400 °C, BPCS precursors convert into silicon carbide ceramics. The ceramization of different beryllium content precursors were studied, which show that beryllium plays an important role in the inhibition of crystalline grain growth of β-SiC at high temperature and it can adjust the dielectric constant of silicon carbide ceramics.     

各向异性土坡稳定性的极限平衡遗传算法

本文将Mohr-Coulomb破坏准则推广得到各向异性土的破坏准则 ,在Bishop简化法基础上推导出考虑各向异性的边坡安全系数公式 ,并结合遗传算法得到真正最危险滑动面和全局最小的安全系数     

Comprehensive analysis of slope stability and determination of stable slopes in the Chador-Malu iron ore mine using numerical and limit equilibrium methods

One of the critical aspects in mine design is slope stability analysis and the determination of stable slopes. In the Chador Malu iron ore mine, one of the most important iron ore mines in central Iran, it was considered vital to perform a comprehensive slope stability analysis. At first, we divided the existing rock hosting pit into six zones and a geotechnical map was prepared. Then,the value of MRMR (Mining Rock Mass Rating) was determined for each zone. Owing to the fact that the Chador-Malu iron ore mine is located in a highly tectonic area and the rock mass completely crushed, the Hock-Brown failure criterion was found suitable to estimate geo-mechanical parameters. After that, the value of cohesion (c) and friction angle (e) were calculated for different geotechnical zones and relative graphs and equations were derived as a function of slope height. The stability analyses using numerical and limit equilibrium methods showed that some instability problems might occur by increasing the slope height.Therefore, stable slopes for each geotechnical zone and prepared sections were calculated and presented as a function of slope height.     

基于GIS的边坡三维稳定性计算

根据高速公路高边坡的钻孔资料,利用ArcMap建立进行三维边坡稳定性分析的TIN数据层和栅格数据层,将栅格数据模型的各层对应栅格块视为一个滑坡单元体,通过读取相应栅格值进行稳定性计算.针对顺层滑坡的特点,采用ArcGIS集成的VBA开发环境,提出了一种三维折线法分析边坡的稳定性.该方法通过对栅格数据的重采样,可以计算任意滑动方向三维边坡的安全系数,通过选择最小安全系数来确定边坡的主滑动方向.结合某高速公路大型岩质滑坡的工程实例,通过比较三维折线法计算结果与某典型剖面的二维不平衡推力法计算结果,讨论该方法对工程滑坡治理的指导意义.     

An extension of 2D Janbu''s generalized procedure of slices for 3D slope stability analysis Ⅱ-Numerical method and applications

This paper provides a numerical approach on achieving the limit equilibrium method for 3D slope stability analysis proposed in the theoretical part of the previous paper. Some programming techniques are presented to ensure the maneuverability of the method. Three examples are introduced to illustrate the use of this method. The results are given in detail such as the local factor of safety and local potential sliding direction for a slope. As the method is an extension of 2D Janbu's generalized procedure of slices (GPS), the results obtained by GPS for the longitudinal sections of a slope are also given for comparison with the 3D results. A practical landslide in Yunyang, the Three Gorges, of China, is also analyzed by the present method. Moreover, the proposed method has the advantages and disadvantages of GPS. The problem frequently encountered in calculation process is still about the convergency, especially in analyzing the stability of a cutting corner. Some advice on discretization is given to ensure convergence when the present method is used. However, the problem about convergency still needs to be further explored based on the rigorous theoretical background.     

An extension of 2D Janbu''s generalized procedure of slices for 3D slope stability analysis Ⅰ- Basic theory

Based on 2D Janbu's generalized procedure of slices (GPS), a new three-dimensional slope stability analysis method has been developed, in which all forces acting on the discretized blocks in static equilibrium are taken into account in all three directions. In this method, the potential sliding mass is divided into rigid blocks and each block is analyzed separately by using both geometric relations and static equilibrium formulations. By introducing force boundary conditions, the stability problem is determined statically. The proposed method can be applied to analyze the stability of slopes with various types of potential sliding surfaces, complicated geological boundaries and stratifications, water pressure, and earthquake loading. This method can also be helpful in determining individual factor of safety and local potential sliding direction for each block. As an extension of 2D Janbu's method, the present method has both the advantages and disadvantages of Janbu's generalized procedure of slices.     

黏土边坡稳定性分析的一种快捷方法

为减少黏土边坡稳定性分析手工试算的工作量,提出一种快捷方法,先通过最危险的平面滑动面来确定滑动体的大小,在保持滑动体大小不变的情况下,通过简单的迭代计算将平面滑动面调整为实际滑动面,如圆弧滑动面等,并求出相应的稳定安全系数,用以判断边坡的稳定性．结果表明,本法所求得的边坡稳定安全系数均接近或小于文献所给出的结果．     

3-dimensional slope stability analyses using non-associative stress-strain relationships

The research work presented in this paper refers to a new slope stability analysis method used for landslide risk evaluations. It is an extension of the 3-dimensional upper-bound slope stability analysis method proposed by Chen et al. in 2001, which employs the Mohr-Coulomb’s associative flow rule. It has been found that in a 3-dimensional area, a prism may not be able to move at friction angles to all its surrounding interfaces, as required by this associative rule, and convergence problems may occasionally arise. The new method establishes two velocity fields: (i) The plastic one that represents a non-associative and the best representative dilation behavior, and (ii) the virtual one that permits the solution for factor of safety in the work and energy balance equation. The new method can then allow any input value of dilation angle and thus solve the convergence problem. A practical application to a concrete dam foundation is illustrated. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation (Grant Nos. 50539100, 50509027)     

Pseudo-dynamic analysis of seismic stability of reinforced slopes considering non-associated flow rule

The required reinforcement force to prevent instability and the yield acceleration of reinforced slopes are computed under seismic loading by applying the kinematic approach of limit analysis in conjunction with the pseudo-dynamic method for a wide range of soil cohesion, friction angle, dilation angle and horizontal and vertical seismic coefficients. Each parameter threatening the stability of the slope enhances the magnitude of the required reinforcement force and vice versa. Moreover, the yield acceleration increases with the increase in soil shear strength parameters but decreases with the increase in the slope angle. The comparison of the present work with some of the available solutions in the literatures shows a reasonable agreement.     

有限元与极限平衡法在土坡稳定性分析中的综合应用

天津港埠四公司散化肥库建于三面环海的突堤上，边坡稳定问题成为该工程的关键．为了从理论上论证该工程的可行性，首次将有限元法与传统的极限平衡法结合使用，对打桩后的岸坡稳定安全系数进行了计算，为工程建设提供了可靠依据．     

Influences of nonassociated flow rules on three-dimensional seismic stability of loaded slopes

The influences of soil dilatancy angle on three-dimensional (3D) seismic stability of locally-loaded slopes in nonassociated flow rule materials were investigated using a new rotational collapse mechanism and quasi-static coefficient concept. Extended Bishop method and Boussinesq theorem were employed to establish the stress distribution along the rupture surfaces that are required to obtain the rate of internal energy dissipation for the nonassociated flow rule materials in rotational collapse mechanisms. Good agreement was observed by comparing the current results with those obtained using the translational or rotational mechanisms and numerical finite difference method. The results indicate that the seismic stability of slopes reduces by decreasing the dilatancy angle for nonassociated flow rule materials. The amount of the mentioned decrease is more significant in the case of mild slopes in frictional soils. A nearly infinite slope under local loading, whether its critical failure surface is 2D or 3D, not only depends on the magnitude of the external load, but also depends on the dilatancy angle of soil and the coefficient of seismic load.