Friction and wear mechanism of unlubricated 304L austenitic stainless steel at room temperature

To explore wear mechanism of stainless steel used in nuclear pump,the wear properties and the worn surface characteristics of unlubricated 304L austenitic stainless steel on itself were investigated in air at room temperature.The experimental results demonstrated that the wear rate of the material decreased with the increase of the wear time.The friction coefficient fluctuated severely when the applied load was 120 N.At 120 N the wear rate was much higher than that of the applied load of 70 N.At 70 N the wear rate did not show much difference from that of 30 N.The wear mechanism was adhesive and abrasive wear under different load at the initial stage of the wear test.Then,the main wear mechanism changed with the wearing time and the applied load.     

Semi-solid slurry preparation and rolling of 1Cr18Ni9Ti stainless steel

The preparation and rolling of the semi-solid slurry 1Cr18Ni9Ti stainless steel were researched. The experimental results show that when stirred for 2-3 min under the given test condition, the semi-solid slurry with about 50%-60% (volume fraction) solid and the spherical primary austenitic grains in the size of 100-200μm can be obtained, and it is easy to be discharged from the bottom little hole of the stirring chamber. The semi-solid slurry of 1Cr18Ni9Ti stainless steel can be rolled into the given plate successfully. However, the solid phase and liquid phase are easily separated in the rolling process, so that the solid primary austenitic grains are concentrated in the center and the liquid phase is near the edge of the rolled plate. The strengths of the plate rolled in the semi-solid state are higher than that of the traditionally repeated hot-rolled plate of 1Cr18Ni9Ti stainless steel.     

Sintering products molded by injecting ceramic and metal powders

The injection molding products with different volume ratios of ZrO2 ceramic powder to 316L stainless steel powder were prepared. Properties and structure of the products were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microscope(SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The results show that the compressive stress exists in the products and the bend strength reaches 300 MPa. ZrO2 phase and stainless steel phase are uniform in samples. The toughness of ceramic increases with the increasing the content of stainless steel. Through TEM study of the interface, some crystalline orientation relationships are determined.     

Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance of Arc Additive Manufactured 316L Stainless Steel

The gas tungsten arc welding based additive manufacturing (GTAW-AM) was carried out by printing 316L austenitic stainless steel on carbon steel substrate with different arc currents (140,160,180 A).Microstructure and corrosion resistance of additive manufactured components were investigated.The results show that the microstructure of the GTAW-AM austenitic stainless steel is obviously changed by the arc current.With arc current increasing from 140 to 180 A,the austenite grains become coarse due to the effect of welding heat input.Meanwhile,the quantity of ferrites in the austenite matrix is decreased and the morphology transforms from lath to skeleton.Moreover,σ phases are finally formed under the arc currents of 180 A owing to high welding heat input.Therefore,as the microstructure transform into coarse-grained austenites,low-quantity ferrites and new-generated σ phases,the GTAW-AM austenitic stainless steel presents a significantly decrease in corrosion resistance.And the reduction of corrosion resistance is mainly due to the formation of σ phase as a result from consuming the large amounts of Cr element from the matrix.     

Preparation of precursor for stainless steel foam

The effects of polyurethane sponge pretreatment and slurry compositions on the slurry loading in precursor were discussed： and the,performances of stainless steel foams prepared from precursors with different slurry loadings and different particle sizes of the stainless steel powder were also investigated. The experimental results show that the pretreatment of sponge with alkaline solution is effective to reduce the jam of cells in precursor and ensure the slurry to uniformly distribute in sponge, and it is also an effective method for increasing the slurry loading in precursor; the mass fraction of additive A and solid content in slurry greatly affect the slurry loading in precursor, when they are kept in 9%-13% and 52%-75%, respectively, the stainless steel foam may hold excellent 3D open-cell network structure and uniform muscles; the particle size of the stainless steel powder and the slurry loading in precursor have great effects on the bending strength, apparent density and open porosity of stainless steel foam; when the stainless steel powder with particle size of 44 μm and slurry loading of 0.5 g/cm^3 in precursor are used, a stainless steel foam can be obtained, which has open porosity of 81.2%, bending strength of about 51.76 MPa and apparent density of about 1.0 g/cm^3.     

Nanoindentation Size Effect on Type 316 Stainless Steel

Nanoinlentation size effect was investigated under very low loads on type 316 stainless steel.Nanoindentation measurements were carried out on the samples surfaces with a Berkovich pytamidal diamond in-denter applying loads in the range of 25-1000μN. Simultaneously, AFM images of the sample surface were recorded before and after indentation process. For type 316 stairdess steel, the indentation size effect was found.The results were discussed in the terms of the model of geometrically necessary dislocations proposed to interpret the indentation size effect. It can be seen that the square of the nanohardness, H2, vs the ineerse of indentation depth, 1/h, is linearly dependent on the indented depth in the range of 25-150nm, which is a good qualitative agreement with the predictions of the model. However, for shallow indents, the slope of the line severely changes.Some possible mechanisms for this change were proposed.     

Determination of plastic equation of state by indentation method on 304 stainless steel

An indentation method for determining the plastic mechanical equation of state (PES) was studied. The constant loading rate and constant loading rate/load indentation tests were carried out. The method for determining the work-hardening coefficient and the strain rate sensitivity coefficient of PES were discussed in detail. 304 stainless steel hot-treated at 1100℃ was used to verify the method. The work-hardening coefficient and strain rate sensitivity coefficient of 304 stainless steel were respectively determined as 0.30 and 0.015. These values are very close to those achieved by tensile tests. From the establishment of the PES of 304 stainless steel it is shown that the PES obtained by the indentation method is easier than that by the tensile test.     

Application of empirical electron theory of solids and molecules to composition design of multi-component medium-low-alloy steels

For austenitic octahedral segregation structure units, their pure mathematics statistic distributive probability is calculated by the empirical electron theory (EET) of solids and molecules and K-B formula. The practical distributive probability can be obtained only if the statistic distribution of austenitic octahedral segregation structure units and the interaction of the alloying elements in steel are considered. Based on 8 groups of experimental data of original steels, three empirical formulas revealing relationships between material macromechanics factor (Sm) and tensile strength (σb), or impact energy (AK), or hardness (HRC) of multi-component medium-low-alloy steels were established, respectively. Through the three empirical formulas, new supersaturated carburizing steel has been successfully designed and developed. The other 2 groups of the original experimental steels are used as the standard steel for testing the percentage error of the new steel. The results show that the calculated values are well consistent with those of measured ones and the new supersaturated carburized steel can meet the requirements of the die assembly of cold-drawn seamless stainless steel tube of Taiyuan Iron & Steel (Group) Company LTD.     

Preparation of high nitrogen and nickel-free austenitic stainless steel by powder injection molding

High nitrogen and nickel-free austenitic stainless steel has received much recognition worldwide because it can solve the problem of "nickel-allergy" and has outstanding mechanical and physical properties. In this article, 0Cr17Mn11Mo3N was prepared by powder injection molding (PIM) technique accompanied with solid-nitriding. The results show that the critical solid loading can achieve up to 64vol% by use of gas-atomized powders with the average size of 17.4 μm. The optimized sintering conditions are de-termined to be 1300°C, 2 h in flowing nitrogen atmosphere, at which the relative density reaches to 99% and the N content is as high as 0.78wt%. After solution annealing at 1150°C for 90 min and water quench, the 0.2% yield strength, ultimate tensile strength (UTS), elongation, reduction in area, and hardness can reach as high as 580 MPa, 885 MPa, 26.0%, 29.1%, and Hv 222, respectively.     

Effects of Film Thickness and Anodizing Potential on the Characteristics of Micro-porous Structure on 316L Stainless Steel Surface

A novel process for fabricating an in-situ micro-porous on 316 L stainless steel was described.Aluminum films about 0.7-1.4 m in thickness were deposited on 316 L stainless steel surface by magnetron sputtering.The films were then anodized in 0.3 M oxalic acid.Through appropriate chemical dissolution,the alumina film was removed and the underlying micro-porous 316 L with diameters ranging from 500 nm to 2.4m was obtained.The morphology of the porous 316 L surface was examined by scanning electron microscope.The results indicate that the thickness of aluminum films and the anodizing potential have a combined action on the formation of porous structure on 316 L surface.Then anodic current density could be affected evidently by the film thickness.The pores size increases obviously with the increasing of the anodizing potential,when the thickness of aluminum film was about 1.4m.     

电化学处理对316不锈钢脂润滑摩擦学性能的影响

为了改善不锈钢在脂润滑条件下的摩擦学性能,利用奥氏体不锈钢对Cl-点蚀敏感性高的特点,在Na Cl溶液中采用电化学测试技术对316不锈钢进行电化学处理,使其发生点蚀而获得粗糙表面,在表面形成可存储润滑脂的微小油腔,持续提供润滑脂,对比研究316不锈钢基材和电化学处理的316不锈钢与GCr15钢球配副在空气中干摩擦和润滑脂润滑2种条件下的摩擦学行为.结果表明:空气中干摩擦,2种试样的磨损失质量在同一数量级,基材的摩擦因数较低;润滑脂润滑条件下,电化学处理的316不锈钢的摩擦因数和磨损失质量均远低于基材.     

低温氮化316奥氏体不锈钢在H2S环境下的静态腐蚀行为

为研究低温液体氮化奥氏体不锈钢在H₂S环境下的静态腐蚀机理,在430 ℃对316奥氏体不锈钢低温液体氮化8 h。模拟H₂S腐蚀环境,通过X射线衍射分析仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、分析天平、EPMA电子探针、X射线光电子能谱衍射仪研究低温液体氮化对奥氏体不锈钢在H₂S腐蚀环境下的静态腐蚀行为。结果表明,在静态腐蚀条件下,低温氮化后奥氏体不锈钢表面形成的含氮过饱和扩展奥氏体层(S-相)能够有效地阻止腐蚀介质向材料基体浸入,使得材料的腐蚀失重下降了34%,减缓了材料的腐蚀程度,显著提高了材料的表面性能。     

AISI316奥氏体不锈钢低温PC、PN和PC+PN表面硬化处理

对AISI 31 6奥氏体不锈钢进行了低温离子渗碳 (PC)、离子渗氮 (PN)和离子渗碳 +离子渗氮 (PC +PN)双重复合处理 ,处理后的奥氏体不锈钢可以在不降低耐蚀性能的基础上大幅度地提高不锈钢表面硬度和耐磨性。渗入奥氏体晶格中的碳或 (和 )氮可以形成一种碳或 (和 )氮的过饱和固溶体 (S相 ) ,但没有铬的碳化物或 (和 )氮化物析出。由于PC +PN双重复合处理后的奥氏体不锈钢渗层内的最大含氮量位于渗层的外表面 ,而最大的含碳量则位于渗层较深的部位 ,因而经离子双重复合处理后的奥氏体不锈钢的表面既有离子渗氮处理的高硬度 ,又有离子渗碳处理后的高的渗层厚度和较好的硬度梯度等特点。     

氮含量和环境温度对316L不锈钢耐腐蚀性的影响

研究低温条件下腐蚀溶液温度以及钢中氮含量对316L奥氏体不锈钢耐腐蚀性能的影响,在1mol／L H2SO4＋0．5mol／L NaCl的腐蚀液中,对氮含量为0．0095％～0．5575％的316L奥氏体不锈钢进行阳极极化曲线及电化学阻抗测量。结果表明,提高氮含量,316L奥氏体不锈钢耐蚀性增强;腐蚀液温度升高,316L奥氏体不锈钢耐蚀性减弱。     

奥氏体不锈钢的低温离子软氮化处理

利用低压等离子体辉光放电技术对AISI 31 6奥氏体不锈钢进行低温离子软氮化硬化处理。处理后的奥氏体不锈钢属于一种无氮化铬或碳化铬析出的氮和碳的过饱和固溶体 (S相结构 )。这种渗入钢中的过饱和氮和碳元素引起奥氏体晶格发生畸变 ,使渗层的硬度和耐磨性都有较大幅度的提高。由于处理后的奥氏体不锈钢渗层内的最大含氮量和最大含碳量分别出现在不同的深度 ,既有离子渗氮处理的高硬度 ,又有离子渗碳处理的高渗层厚度和良好的硬度梯度等特点     

不锈钢纤维铜基摩擦材料的研究

以磁悬浮列车的制动材料为研究对象,探讨了奥氏体不锈钢纤维对不锈钢纤维/铜基复合材料摩擦磨损性能的影响.研究结果表明:加入不锈钢纤维后,材料的硬度明显增加,最大值为94HRF,摩擦系数略有增加,摩擦失重减小.材料的磨损机制主要为磨粒磨损与疲劳磨损,同时伴有粘着磨损.材料的断裂方式为韧性断裂.该制动材料的制动性能可以满足磁悬浮列车的制动要求.     

焊接不锈钢工字形截面受弯构件整体稳定与设计方法

总结了作者在清华大学完成的一批焊接不锈钢梁在弯矩荷载作用下的整体稳定性能试验,试验以试件的长细比为主要变化参数,对8根工字形截面梁进行了研究。试验的材料是奥氏体型316冷轧板,材料应力-应变关系通过拉伸试验获得;同时采用有限元软件ANSYS建立包含初始缺陷的有限元模型,对试件的极限承载力和荷载-变形关系进行分析,并与试验结果进行了对比,以证明有限元分析的合理性和适用性,为进一步研究奠定基础。同时,还将试验结果与欧洲规范和作者的建议设计方法进行了对比。分析结果表明:通过合理建模的有限元分析结果与试验结果吻合良好,有限元分析能够合理的模拟焊接不锈钢梁的整体稳定性能,作者所建议的设计方法的计算结果与欧洲规范相近,能够应用于工程设计并保证足够安全。     

元胞自动机法在316LN不锈钢晶粒长大过程模拟中的应用

结合晶粒长大过程中的物理基础,采用热激活、曲率驱动和能量耗散机制,引入能量降幅最大判据,建立了描述316LN不锈钢晶粒正常长大的元胞自动机模型,对316LN不锈钢晶粒长大过程进行模拟,模拟结果较准确地反映了晶粒正常长大规律。通过将模拟和试验的晶粒生长指数进行对比,表明在试验温度范围内,该模型可用于预测316LN不锈钢的晶粒尺寸。     

类激光熔覆Stellite合金沉积层的组织及磨损性能

为了进一步提高316不锈钢的表面性能,采用类激光熔覆技术在316不锈钢表面制备了Stellite合金沉积层.利用扫描电子显微镜、能谱仪、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度计与销盘磨损试验机,研究了Stellite合金沉积层的微观组织、化学成分、显微硬度及摩擦磨损性能.结果表明,Stellite合金沉积层主要由γ-Co和M_(23)C_6相组成.沉积层组织依附于316不锈钢基体的界面呈外延生长,由界面至表面依次呈平面晶、柱状晶和胞状树枝晶形态,且越靠近表面组织越细小.Stellite合金沉积层的最高硬度可达650 HV.在摩擦磨损过程中摩擦系数随着法向载荷的增大而减小,磨损机制主要为黏着磨损、磨粒磨损和氧化磨损.