Electrochemical behavior of wound supercapacitors with propylene carbonate and acetonitrile based nonaqueous electrolytes

The activated carbon wound supercapacitors with TEABF₄/propylene carbonate (PC) and TEABF₄/acetonitrile (AN) electrolytes were prepared. The effects of the electrolyte and temperature on the capacitance behavior were investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and constant current charge-discharge. Compared with the PC-based supercapacitor, the AN-based supercapacitor has higher capacitance and lower equivalent serial resistance (R _ES) at discharge currents ranging from 5 to 1 000 mA and 25 °C. Moreover, temperature effects are more prominent for PC-based supercapacitor than for AN-based supercapacitor. When the measurement temperature ranges from 60 °C to −40 °C the capacitance changes from 5.1 to 2.5 F and R _ES changes from 135 to 876 mΩ for the PC-based supercapacior, while the AN-based supercapacitor shows less change in capacitance and R _ES. Thus AN-based supercapacitor exhibits excellent power characteristics and temperature property. Foundation item: Project(20803095) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China; Project(2008AA03Z207) supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China     

Preparation and electrochemical characterization of C/PANI composite electrode materials

1 INTRODUCTIONRecently , surpercapacitor has attracted greatattention for its unique power performance[1 ,2],while electrode materials ,as one key factor to de-termine the performance of supercapacitor , nowbecome the focus of many researches . The super-capacitor materials can be categorized into threetypes :carbon electrode materials[3], metal oxide e-lectrode materials[4]and conductive polymer elec-trode materials[5].Conductive polymer electrode materials havehigher capacitance than tha…     

High-performance porous carbon for supercapacitors prepared by one-step pyrolysis of PF/gelatin blends

A high-performance porous carbon material for supercapacitor electrodes was prepared by using a polymer blend method. Phenol-formaldehyde resin and gelatin were used as carbon precursor polymer and pore former polymer, respectively. The blends were carbonized at 800 °C in nitrogen. SEM, BET measurement and BJH method reveal that the obtained carbon possesses a mesoporous characteristic, with the average pore size between 3.0 nm and 5.0 nm. The electrochemical properties of supercapacitor using these carbons as electrode material were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and constant current charge-discharge. The results indicate that the composition of blended polymers has a strong effect on the specific capacitance. When the mass ratio of PF to gelatin is kept at 1:1, the largest surface area of 222 m²/g is obtained, and the specific capacitance reaches 161 F/g.     

NiAl-LDHs 电极材料的水热合成及其超级电容器电化学性能

超级电容器具有大充放电速率、良好的循环稳定性及高功率密度等优点, 是一种新兴的绿色环保储能器件。采用简单的水热合成法制备镍铝层状双金属氢氧化物(NiAl-LDHs) 超级电容器电极材料, 探究不同镍铝比对其形貌组成及电化学性能的影响。所制备的Ni₁Al₁-LDHs 电极材料在电流密度为1 A/g 时表现出378 F/g 的高比电容。以活性炭(AC) 为负极组成的Ni₁Al₁-LDHs//AC 非对称超级电容器在能量密度为27.5 Wh/kg 时, 具有1.4 kW/kg 的高功率密度, 表现出优异的电化学性能。     

活性炭比表面积对双电层电容特性的影响

用KOH活化活性炭作为电极材料制作双电层电容器,用接触角测定其润湿性,用恒流充放电、循环伏安等方法研究活性炭的电化学性能。结果显示,炭膜浸润时间最短约为90min,双电层电容器的比电容随比表面积增加而增大。比表面积为1932m^2·g^-1的炭样在1mol·L^-1的H2SO4电解~（677mA·g^-1）中充放电最大比电容为167F·g^-1。     

载镍活性炭材料及复合型超级电容器

为提高碳基电化学电容器的比电容和和能量密度,采用化学沉积法将少量镍氧化物沉积在活性炭上,得到沉积镍氧化物的活性炭材料并以此材料做成复合电极用于混合型电化学电容器的正极.研究显示,沉积镍氧化物后,碳材料的比表面积略有减小,但孔径分布没有明显变化.复合电极作为混合型电容器的正极时,比电容达到194.01F/g,比纯活性炭正极的175F/g提高了10.84%;复合电极在6mol/L的电解液中析氧电势为0.296V,比纯活性炭电极的0.220V高出0.076V,因此,具有较高的能量密度.不同放电电流密度下的恒电流测试结果显示,沉积镍氧化物活性炭复合电极的比电容值没有明显变化,与纯活性炭电极一样表现出良好的功率特性.采用沉积镍氧化物活性炭作为正极材料的复合型电容器,在6mol/L的KOH水溶液作为电解液时,单体电容器的工作电压可以达到1.2V,高于纯活性炭制备的双层型电容器0.2V.充放电循环10000次时,复合型电容器的电容仅降低到初始电容的90%.上述结果表明,在活性炭上沉积少量镍氧化物颗粒可以提高碳基电化学电容器的比电容和能量密度.     

Preparation of activated carbons from mesophase pitch and their electrochemical properties

The influences of molar ratio of KOH to C and activated temperature on the pore structure and electrochemical property of porous activated carbon from mesophase pitch activated by KOH were investigated. The surface areas and the pore structures of activated carbons were analyzed by nitrogen adsorption, and the electrochemical properties of the activated carbons were studied using two-electrode capacitors in organic electrolyte. The results indicate that the maximum surface area of 3 190 m2/g is obtained at molar ratio of KOH to C of 5:1, the maximum specific capacitance of 122 F/g is attained at molar ratio of KOH to C of 4:1, and 800 ℃ is the proper temperature to obtain the maximum surface area and capacitance.     

Hybrid supercapacitor based on polyaniline doped with lithium salt and activated carbon electrodes

Polyaniline(PANI) nanofiber was synthesized by interfacial polymerization utilizing the interface between HCl and CCl₄. The hybrid type supercapacitors (PLi/C) based on Li-doping polyaniline and activated carbon electrode were fabricated and compared with the redox type capacitors (PLi/PLi) based on two uniformly Li-doping polyaniline electrodes. The electrochemical performances of the two types of supercapacitors were characterized in non-aqueous electrolyte. PLi/C supercapacitors have a wider effective energy storage potential range and a higher upper potential. At the same time, the PLi/C supercapacitor exhibits a specific capacity of 120.93 F/g at initial discharge and retains 80% after 500 cycles. The ohmic internal resistance (R _ES) of PLi/C supercapacitor is 5.0 Ω, which is smaller than that of PLi/PLi capacitor (5.5 Ω). Moreover, it can be seen that Et₄NBF₄ organic solution is more suitable for using as organic electrolyte of PLi/C capacitor compared with organic solution containing LiPF₆. Foundation item: Project(2008AA03Z207) supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China     

不同活化方式制备碳电极材料的电化学性能

以碳化后的中间相沥青为原料,分别采用化学活化和物理-化学联合活化工艺制备了超级电容器用活性炭电极材料,对不同活化方式制备的活性炭电极材料的微晶结构、孔径分布、比电容量、循环伏安和交流阻抗特性进行了比较。实验结果表明：采用物理-化学联合活化工艺制备的活性炭电极材料具有更理想的微晶结构和中孔含量。活性炭电极材料的结构与孔隙分布对电性能有明显影响,采用联合活化方式制备的电极材料具有较高的面积比容量、较好的功率特性及较理想的电容特性。     

氮掺杂石墨烯凝胶的制备与表征

为了拓展石墨烯凝胶在超级电容器方面的应用,采用氨水、水合肼作为还原剂和掺杂剂,通过与氧化石墨烯的水热反应制备了氮掺杂石墨烯凝胶,并采用X射线光电子能谱,元素分析、扫描电子显微镜对产物的结构与微观形貌进行表征,采用循环伏安法和计时电位法测试其电化学性能. 结果表明,在氧化石墨烯的水热反应体系中引入氮掺杂剂,不仅能得到具有三维多孔结构的有一定力学强度的凝胶,而且经过氮掺杂后石墨烯的电化学性能较纯石墨烯的有明显提高. 当扫描速率为10 mV/s时,氮掺杂石墨烯的比电容为196 F/g;当电流密度为1 A/g时,氮掺杂石墨烯的比电容达到217 F/g,当循环伏安扫描1 000圈后,电容保持率达到80%. 这表明氮掺杂石墨烯凝胶具有优异的电化学性能,在超级电容器方面有很好的应用前景.     

Performance of a combined capacitor based on ultrafine nickel oxide／carbon nanotubes composite electrodes

A new sol-gel process for the preparation of ultrafine nickel hydroxide electrode materials was developed. The composite electrodes consisting of carbon nanotubes and Ni(OH)2 were developed by mixing the hydroxide and carbon nanotubes together in different mass ratios. In order to enhance energy density, a combined type pseudocapacitor/electric double layer capacitor was considered and its electrochemical properties were characterized by cyclic voltammetry and dc charge/discharge test. The combined capacitor shows excellent capacitor behavior with an operating voltage up to 1.6 V in KOH aqueous electrolyte. Stable charge/discharge behaviors were observed with much higher specific capacitance values of 24 F/g compared with that of EDLC (12 F/g) by introducing 60% Ni(OH)2 in the anode material. By using the modified anode of a Ni(OH)E/Carbon nanotubes composite electrode, the specific capacitance of the cell was less sensitive to discharge current density compared with that of the capacitor employing pure nickel hydroxide as anode. The combined capacitor in this study exhibits high energy density and stable power characteristics.     

聚乙酰苯胺/氧化石墨烯纳米复合材料制备及其超级电容性能

采用改进的Hummers方法制备氧化石墨,在乙醇溶液中超声分散120 min得到氧化石墨烯悬浮液。采用滴涂法在玻碳电极表面得到氧化石墨烯薄膜,通过电化学技术在氧化石墨烯薄膜上沉积得到聚乙酰苯胺纳米线,成功制备了聚乙酰苯胺/氧化石墨烯纳米复合材料(PAANI/GO)。利用扫描电镜、循环伏安法和恒电流充放电测试技术对合成材料的形貌和充放电性能进行表征和测试。结果表明,直径为80 nm的聚乙酰苯胺纳米线均匀分散在氧化石墨烯表面,制备的复合材料在1 mol/L高氯酸溶液中,当循环伏安扫速为10 m V/s时,可以获得706 F/g的比电容,PAANI的比电容为285 F/g。聚乙酰苯胺/氧化石墨烯纳米复合材料具有优异的充放电稳定性,当恒电流为1A/g时,循环充放电1 000次比电容是初始值的90%。     

Comparison of capacitive behavior of activated carbons with different pore structures in aqueous and nonaqueous systems

The pore structures of two activated carbons from sawdust with KOH activation and coconut-shell with steam activation for supercapacitor were analyzed by N2 adsorption method. The electrochemical properties of both activated carbons in 6 mol/L KOH solution and 1 mol/L EtgNPF4/PC were compared, and the effect of pore structure on the capacitance was investigated by cyclic voltammetry, AC impedance and charge-discharge measurements. The results indicate that the capacitance mainly depends on effective surface area, but the power property mainly depends on mesoporosity. At low specific current （1 A/g）, the maximum specific Capacitances of 276.3 F/g in aqueous system and 123.9 F/g in nonaqueous system can be obtained from sawdust activated carbon with a larger surface area of 1 808 m^2/g, butat a high specific current, the specific capacitance of coconut-shell activated carbon with a higher mesoporosity of 75.1% is more excellent. Activated carbon by KOH activation is fitter for aqueous system and that by steam activation is fitter for nonaqueous system.     

Influence of KOH activation techniques on pore structure and electrochemical property of carbon electrode materials

1 INTRODUCTIONSupercapacitor is a kind of newenergy storagedevice , which can fill the gap between the conven-tional capacitor and the battery[1 ,2]. Supercapa-ciors are nowutilizedin many fields ,such as spaceindustry ,national defense ,warindustry ,electricalvehicle , wireless communication, and consume e-lectronics .It is well known that the electrode ma-terial is the key factor to determine the perform-ance of supercapacitor . At present ,the activatedcarbonis the main marketed availa…     

Electrochemical behavior of CoCl2 in ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate

The electrochemical behavior of CoCl2 in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate （[bmim]PF6） was investigated by cyclic voltammetry. The cyclic voltammograms were obtained from electrochemical measurement under different temperatures, and the reversible behavior for Co^2＋/Co^3＋ redox couple on glassy carbon electrode in [bmim]PF6 was confirmed by the characteristic of the peak currents. The diffusion coefficients （about 10^-11m^2/s） of Co^2＋ in [bmim]PF6 under different temperatures were evaluated from the dependence of the peak current density on the potential scan rates in cyclic voltammograms. It is found that the diffusion coefficient increases with increasing temperature. Diffusion activation energy of Co^2＋ in [bmim]PF6 is also calculated to be 23.4 kJ/mol according to the relationship between diffusion coefficient and temperature.     

功能化石墨烯超级电容器电极材料的制备及性能

通过水热法制备氨基功能化改性石墨烯(NFG)和还原氧化石墨烯(RGO)。利用透射电镜(TEM)、扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)对制备材料的形貌和结构进行表征;利用循环伏安法、恒电流充放电和电化学交流阻抗技术对NFG和RGO的超级电容器性能进行测试。在放电电流密度为1 A/g时, NFG和RGO分别在1 mol/L的H_2SO_4溶液中的比电容为307 F/g和134 F/g。经过2 000次循环充放电后, NFG和RGO的比电容分别为初始值的97.7%和95.5%,结果表明制备的超级电容器电极材料具有优异的充放电性能和循环稳定性。     

超级电容器PANI/MnO2 复合材料电极的制备及性能研究

通过回收废旧三元锂电池正极材料中的Mn 制备超级电容器PANI/MnO₂ 复合电极材料, 实现废旧材料的资源化, 符合绿色化学的发展要求。主要探索了两种不同氧化剂(KMnO₄ 和APS) 对PANI/MnO₂ 复合材料形貌和电化学性能的影响, 由实验结果可知, 在KMnO₄ 氧化条件下制备的具有空隙的针棒状复合材料PANI/MnO₂ -1 的电化学性能明显略优。PANI/MnO₂ -1 作为电极时的比电容可达2 183 F/g, 充放电100 圈后比电容仍具有初始值的60.81%, 循环稳定性较好, 是一种性质优良的超级电容器电极材料。结果表明实验设计的废旧三元锂电池回收再利用方法切实可行, 为超级电容器PANI/MnO₂ 复合材料电极的制备提供了新的研究思路。     

碳基有机电解液超级电容器性能研究

为了提高碳基有机电解液超级电容器的容量，对电容器电极中的导电剂、粘结剂含量以及电极成型压力对超级电容器的比容量的影响进行了研究．通过对等效电路和交流阻抗图谱的模拟分析，研究了电极电阻、极化电阻、扩散电阻、双电层电容、极限容量等参数与导电剂、粘结剂含量的关系．确定了导电剂和粘结剂的最佳含量．对优化后使用组装的超级电容器，采用循环伏安和恒电流充、放电的方法，对超级电容器的工作电压、容量、循环寿命、漏电电流进行了测量．结果表明：该超级电容器工作电压可达到3V，电容器的比容量可达到31．78F／g，电容器循环5000次以后，容量衰减1．26％．     

Carbonized Zn-MOF/PANI的合成及其电容性能研究

通过简单的方法将煅烧过的金属有机框架(MOF)与聚苯胺(PANI)复合,形成了简单的MOF/PANI复合材料.通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅立叶转换红外线光谱(FTIR)对其进行了表征,并用循环伏安法(CV)对其电化学性能进行了测试.结果证明了MOF/PANI的比容量在电流密度为1 A/g下可高达477 F/g.     

氮掺杂石墨烯/聚苯胺复合凝胶的制备与性能

为了拓展石墨烯凝胶在超级电容器方面的应用,采用氨水与水合肼作为掺杂剂和还原剂,通过与氧化石墨烯的水热反应制备了氮掺杂石墨烯凝胶,并进一步运用原位聚合的方法在氮掺杂石墨烯凝胶上负载聚苯胺,得到氮掺杂石墨烯/聚苯胺复合凝胶. 利用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜对产物的结构和微观形貌进行表征,采用循环伏安、恒电流充放电等方法测试其电化学性能. 结果表明,氮掺杂石墨烯/聚苯胺复合凝胶与纯氮掺杂石墨烯凝胶相比,电化学性能有显著的提高. 当扫描速率为10 mV/s时,复合凝胶的比电容约为500 F/g;在恒电流充放电实验中,当电流密度增加到10 A/g时,复合凝胶的比电容仍然保持在约400 F/g. 当循环伏安扫描1 000圈后,比电容的保持率达到80%. 这些表明氮掺杂石墨烯/聚苯胺复合凝胶拥有突出的电化学性能,也表明了氮掺杂石墨烯/聚苯胺在超级电容器方面将会有很好的应用前景.