基于椭偏法的烟尘粒子复折射率测量

粒子复折射率是计算粒子光散射特性的重要参数.传统的KBr样片透射测量粒子复折射率的方法过程复杂,对颗粒物粒径要求满足Mie散射条件.提出了基于椭偏法的烟尘粒子复折射率测量方法,推导了椭偏法测量复折射率的理论公式,将现场采集的烟尘粒子制备成以玻璃为基底的烟尘粒子薄膜,搭建了基于椭偏法的烟尘粒子复折射率测量实验装置,获得了烟尘粒子多光谱复折射率.实验结果表明,与KBr样片透射法的测量结果吻合较好,这为其颗粒物复折射率的测量提供了新的途径.     

Effects of mixture inhomogeneity and combustion temperature on soot surface activity and soot formation in diesel engines

The soot surface growth plays significant role on the soot mass accumulation,which starts with H(hydrogen)atom abstraction forming activated soot surface sites,and is followed by the acetylene addition process.In this study,the effect of the mixture inhomogeneity and combustion temperature on the soot surface activity and soot formation was investigated by developing a new multi-step phenomenological(MSP)soot model of diesel engines.A new detailed soot surface growth mechanism was proposed by correlation analysis of combustion parameters with soot formation.The inhomogeneity coefficient of soot surface activityαCH and the specific rate of soot surface growth R CH were derived to highlight the effect of inhomogeneity of mixture and combustion temperature on soot formation.The predicted diesel engine-out soot agreed well with experimental findings in wide ranges of combustion conditions.In the case of lower engine load with single fuel injection and higher EGR(exhaust gas recirculation)rate,it had quiet homogeneous mixtures before ignition when the combustion temperature dominated the soot surface activity.At medium engine load with multi-pulse fuel injections,it got mixture slightly stratified before ignition and revealed that the mixture inhomogeneity became more dominated on soot surface activity than the combustion temperature.An increased soot surface activity led to increased soot emission.Under the full engine loads with single fuel injection but quite high boost pressure over 0.4 MPa,it led to the combustion conditions of higher mixture density and higher mixture heat capacity,which benefits the mixture homogeneity.The decay rate of soot surface activity became lower due to the decreased combustion temperature and the soot surface activity decreased due to improved mixture homogeneity.In addition,the lowered intake oxygen concentration due to usage of EGR played a role to lower the specific rate of soot surface growth R CH,but to increase the soot surface activityαCH.     

多次喷射对增压柴油机高负荷工况排放影响的数值分析

应用CFD模拟软件FIRE对车用增压柴油机高负荷工况下采用多次喷射策略的缸内工作过程进行了数值计算,分析了单次喷射的喷油正时、单次预喷射的预喷射量和预\主喷射间隔角及两次预喷射对燃烧过程以及NOx和碳烟生成过程的影响。研究结果表明:利用多次喷射策略能获得比单次喷射策略更好的NOx和碳烟折衷关系。在预喷射策略中,增大预喷射量和预\主喷射间隔角,碳烟的生成量减少,NOx增加。同时,在预喷射总量不变的情况下采用适当的两次预喷射策略可以较单次预喷射策略进一步降低碳烟的生成量,而NOx的变化不大。     

基于时域激光诱导辐射确定湍流火焰烟黑粒径

对非稳态丙烷湍流火焰中的烟黑粒径进行在线测量.高能脉冲激光直接照射火焰中的烟黑微粒,其受热辐射光谱信号由光电倍增管检测.为降低信号噪音,采用分段平均方法拟合获得烟黑等亚微米量级固体颗粒粒径.所得结果与透射电镜测量结果吻合.通过统计多个激光脉冲下颗粒各粒径值,获得了不同空燃比下丙烷湍流火焰中烟黑粒径分布的变化规律.本方法为非稳态燃烧过程中可吸入颗粒物尺寸分布提供了一种有效的在线监测手段．     

Synthesis of Fullerene by Pyrolysis of Acetylene in Thermal HF-Plasma

Carbon soot containing fullerene was continuously produced in volume by pyrolyzing acetylene in thermal HF-Plasma. The characteristics of the carbon soot and C60 were analyzed by thtransmission electron microscopy, UV/visible, IR and Raman spectroscopy. The results show that the main ingredients of the carbon soot with size of about 25 nm are amorphous carbon, graphite and fullerene. The fullerene yield in carbon soot is about 2.5 g·h^-1. Compared with the graphite arc discharge method, the acetylene thermal plasma method is a preferential one for synthesis of fullerene.     

柴油机燃用添加剂的试验研究

研究了柴油机在燃用环烷酸盐添加剂时,对发动机性能和碳烟的影响．试验结果表明：添加剂能促进碳烟加速燃烧,使柴油机的碳烟排放得到明显降低．     

纳米烟炱颗粒作为添加剂在激光刻蚀织构表面 的摩擦学性能研究

通过激光刻蚀法制备不同织构表面,在UTM-2摩擦磨损试验机,采用球-面接触方式往复运动,考察了纳米烟炱颗粒作为润滑油添加剂的摩擦磨损性能。借助高分辨透射电镜、三维轮廓仪、扫描电镜和拉曼光谱仪等测试设备,分析了其纳米烟炱颗粒在织构表面的摩擦学机理。结果表明: 部分织构会增加摩擦系数,但磨损率却显著减小;织构的面积率越高,抗磨性能越优异。纳米烟炱颗粒加入后,试样的磨损明显减轻,这归因于烟炱颗粒的自润滑性能以及织构微坑储存纳米颗粒、润滑油的功能。表面织构与纳米烟炱颗粒的共同耦合作用展现出了优异的抗磨减摩性能。     

Experimental Investigations on the Influence of Assumptions in Soot Volume Fraction Measurement by TPD Method

This paper investigated the influence of assumptions in soot volume fr action measurement by thermocouple particle densitometry (TPD) method in laminar nonpremixed ethylene/air diffusion flame. TPD method is based on an extension o f the theoretical treatment of Eisner and Rosner, who assumed that the particle deposition to a cold surface immersed in a flame is dominated by thermophoresis. They developed a formulation for the soot particle mass flux to thermocouple be ad to infer soot volume fraction by ins...     

柴油机颗粒氧化动力学反应分析方法比较

采用热重法（TGA）分析柴油机颗粒的氧化动力学性能，其动力学参数的处理方法较多，具有典型代表的是积分法（Coats—Redfern）、微分法（ABSW）和Arrhenius法。文章采用上述3种方法，研究了改变柴油机颗粒初始质量m0对活化能E及指前因子A’的影响。实验结果表明：当取反应级数n=1时，利用试样总质量和干碳黑质量分别作为初始质量进行比较，当使用积分法（Coats—Redfem）处理数据时，活化能及指前因子都将增大；而使用微分法（ABSW）时，活化能不会发生改变，指前因子会增大；使用Arrhenius方法时，活化能只有微小的改变，指前因子有一定增大。     

燃烧室形状对柴油-甲醇双燃料发动机碳烟排放的影响

为研究燃烧室形状对柴油-甲醇双燃料发动机混合气的形成,温度分布和碳烟排放的影响,应用KIVA-3V程序对不同几何形状的燃烧室内的燃烧和碳烟排放进行三维数值模拟。计算结果表明：燃烧室的形状对柴油-甲醇双燃料发动机的燃烧过程有着重要影响,缩口燃烧室能够产生较大的旋涡,这有利于混合气的形成,可以进一步加速扩散燃烧,产生较低的碳烟排放。直口燃烧室基本不能够产生旋涡,碳烟排放较高。     

Formation and characteristics of soot from pyrolysis of ethylene blended with furan fuels

As two renewable oxygenated biofuels, 2,5-dimethylfuran and 2-methylfuran(DMF and MF) have been considered to be two of the most potential fuels in the future due to the development of the second-generation biosynthetic technologies. The atmosphere pyrolysis experiments with 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% replacement of ethylene by DMF/MF at 1173 and 1273 K were conducted. Collected soot samples were characterized by high resolution transmission electron microscopy(HRTEM) and thermogravimetric analysis(TGA) to acquire their internal structure and oxidation reactivity. Results showed that soot mass was positively related with DMF addition ratios and the reaction temperature. Soot production was also enhanced when the MF addition ratio gradually increased from 0% to 75%. The influences of DMF addition can promote soot formation more obviously than MF. Temperatures showed a more significant influence on soot morphology than fuel types and DMF/MF addition ratios.For a fixed addition ratio of DMF/MF, soot showed liquid-like substances at 1173 K. At 1273 K, approximately round particles formed and linked together in chains. Moreover, at 1273 K, the aggregates obtained by adding MF contained more single particles, longer carbon chains, and larger projection area compared with the aggregates by adding same MF. For nanostructures,as the addition ratios of DMF/MF increased, as well as the reaction temperature improved, the fringe length of the carbon layer increased, the average fringe tortuosity decreased, and the stacking arrangement of soot became more orderly, the soot oxidation reactivity was lower. Under a same addition ratio and reaction temperature, soot obtained by adding DMF possessed slightly longer fringe length, smaller fringe tortuosity and lower oxidation reactivity than those of the soot obtained by adding MF. High correlation between fringe parameters and soot oxidation reactivity was discovered. The more ordered soot nanostructure, the longer fringe length, and the smaller fringe tortuosity could make the oxidation reactivity of soot get lower.     

氧体积分数对乙烯扩散火焰中烟黑生成影响的实验

为了研究氧体积分数对扩散火焰中烟黑颗粒生长和聚合特性的影响,采用热泳沉积取样结合透射电子显微镜(TEM)图像,分析富氧和贫氧环境下乙烯/O2/N2扩散火焰中烟黑颗粒的粒径和颗粒凝聚体平均颗粒数,并采用激光消光法同步测量烟黑颗粒在火焰轴向和径向的体积分数分布.实验结果表明：对于乙烯扩散火焰,氧体积分数的增加,使火焰中心同一高度上的烟黑粒径和凝聚体平均颗粒数增大,进而引起烟黑体积分数增大,峰值位置前移;在火焰径向方向烟黑颗粒分布向中心收缩,边缘位置烟黑体积分数增大.对于本文讨论的扩散火焰,氧体积分数的增加对烟黑的生成具有促进作用,这对于火焰颗粒污染物的控制研究具有参考意义.     

K-Ba-Sm柴油车尾气碳烟氧化催化剂的制备与表征

采用KNO3、Ba(NO3)2、Sm(NO3)3.6H2O 3种化合物为原料,以多孔氧化铝为载体,运用涂抹法制备了用于催化柴油机尾气碳烟氧化的催化剂。用TPR对催化剂的活性进行了测量,并采用SEM和XRD对其结构进行了表征。实验结果表明,K-Ba-Sm催化剂的催化性能良好,最终能将陶瓷基片上的碳烟在低于450℃条件下完全催化氧化掉。其中以n(K)∶n(Ba)∶n(Sm)=1∶0.1∶0.1组成的催化剂效果最好,其起燃点为325℃。保持K、Ba的含量不变,随着Sm(NO3)3.6H2O物质的量的增大,其催化活性有些减弱,碳烟起燃温度升高。另外,K、Ba、Sm组成的催化剂有吸收空气中CO2的现象。     

Research on K-V-rare Earth Metal Catalysts for Diesel Soot Oxidation

Five types of KNO₃-NH₄VO₃-rare earth metal nitrate (K-V-rare earth metal) catalysts supported on a-porous alumina ceramic substrates were prepared by a coating method. All the catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetry/differential scanning calorimetry. Catalytic activities were evaluated by a soot oxidation reaction using a temperature-programmed reaction system. The experimental results show that the addition of rare earth metal compound could obviously improve the catalytic activities of the K-V-based catalysts. The proper ratio of K-V-rare earth metal catalysts can not only lower the soot onset ignition temperature, but also quicken the soot oxidation rate. The crystalline phases formed by K, V, and rare earth metal are stable.     

K2Ti2O5对汽车尾气中碳烟的催化氧化性能研究

通过溶胶凝胶法制备了K2Ti2O5催化剂,并利用XRD,SEM,BET等方法进行了表征。利用程序升温反应对K2Ti2O5的碳烟催化氧化性能进行了研究。结果表明,K2Ti2O5具有一定的碳烟催化氧化活性。同时,一定量的NOx有助于K2Ti2O5的催化氧化活性,说明K2Ti2O5是一种潜在的可同时去除NOx和碳烟的新型催化剂。由于K2Ti2O5对碳烟具有较高的催化氧化活性、较好的抗水性和低廉的价格,因此是一种具有较好发展前景的汽车尾气净化催化剂。     

直喷式柴油机准维现象学多区喷雾燃烧模型

以燃料与空气分布状态控制可燃混合气的形成和燃烧过程为基本思路,建立直喷式柴油机准维现象学多区喷雾燃烧模型及碳粒预测子模型,较好地预测了柴油机火焰温度和碳粒浓度,为柴油机气缸内热辐射研究提供一定的依据。     

碳烟氧化催化剂La(Nd)PbK的催化活性及抗硫性能

采用涂抹法制备负载在α-Al2O3陶瓷基片上的碳烟氧化催化剂,用程序升温反应装置(TPR)研究了不同组分催化剂的催化活性,并考察其吸水性和抗硫性能。结果表明:当n(Pb)∶n(K)=1∶2时催化剂起燃温度仅为308℃,最高的峰值氧化温度405℃,在448℃左右,催化剂作用下,碳烟完全氧化。当n(Nd)∶n(Pb)∶n(K)=1∶1∶10和n(La)∶n(Pb)∶n(K)=1∶1∶10时催化剂的起燃温度分别为308℃和313℃;峰值氧化温度分别在403℃和410℃。催化剂经硫化后,n(Nd)∶n(Pb)∶n(K)=2∶1∶10和n(La)∶n(Pb)∶n(K)=1∶1∶2时催化剂的起燃温度分别为352℃和357℃。表明稀土金属La、Nd的加入提高了催化剂的催化活性、吸水性及抗硫中毒性。     

碳烟在钛酸钾上的催化氧化性能及动力学研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法合成了K2Ti4O9,K2Ti6O13和K2Ti2O5钛酸钾型催化剂。利用X射线衍射(XRD)、智能重量分析仪(IGA)等手段进行了表征,同时采用固定床对钛酸钾催化脱除柴油机尾气中碳烟颗粒的性能进行了测试,并对钛酸钾催化氧化碳烟的动力学进行了研究。结果表明,钛酸钾与传统催化剂相比具有更高的碳烟颗粒氧化性...     

电控柴油机三次喷射排放性能仿真研究

利用GT-Suite软件建立了电控共轨柴油机整机模型,通过试验验证了仿真模型的准确性.以降低柴油机排放物为目标,利用控制变量法对不同喷射方案进行仿真计算,计算结果表明;在其它喷油参数一定的前提下,预喷量增加,NOx的排放增大,碳烟的排放逐渐降低;预-主喷油间隔的增大,NOx和碳烟的排放逐渐降低;后喷量增大,NOx的排放明显降低,碳烟的排放量先减少后增大;主-后喷油间隔增大,NOx的排放明显降低,碳烟排放随着主-后喷间隔的增加而降低.三次喷射策略与单次喷射相比较,三次喷射能明显改善NOx和碳烟排放.该仿真计算对优化柴油机三次喷射策略具有重要指导意义.     

基于P_n近似方法的消防水幕辐射传输模拟分析

水幕系统对火焰辐射衰减问题包含了气体、水滴粒子、不完全燃烧产生的炭黑粒子等吸收、散射以及液滴蒸发吸热等过程。针对此问题,本文首先采用Mie散射理论与有效介质理论相结合,建立了水滴粒子以及炭黑掺杂混合液滴的吸收散射特性参数计算模型;在此基础上,考虑燃气辐射吸收作用,采用球谐函数法构造了多层半透明水幕介质的辐射传输计算模型。利用该模型分析了载液量、液滴粒径、水滴蒸发、粒子混合等因素对辐射衰减能力的影响。