掺砾黏土蠕变性质的三轴试验

为分析掺砾量、围压和应力水平对掺砾黏土蠕变性质和规律的影响,对以不同黏土和砾混合比备制的掺砾黏土进行了不同围压和不同应力水平下的三轴排水蠕变试验。土样掺砾量分别为30%、40%、50%和70％,试验围压50kPa~200kPa,应力水平0.21~1.04。试验结果表明掺砾黏土受荷后发生较明显的瞬时变形和蠕变变形,其蠕变变形将趋于一稳定值;蠕变变形随应力水平和围压的增大而增大,随掺砾量的增加而减小。提出一个三参数经验蠕变方程以表示掺砾黏土的应力水平-轴向应变-时间关系,其中轴向应变-时间关系和应力水平-轴向应变关系以双曲线方程表示,并分析了模型参数的意义和取值。     

考虑颗粒破碎的钙质砂双屈服面模型

珊瑚岛礁主要由颗粒形状不规则、多孔隙、高压缩性、易破碎的钙质砂组成。在进行珊瑚岛礁生态开发建设时,由于其地基土钙质砂具有特殊性,有必要针对颗粒易破碎的钙质砂进行本构模型研究,为设计施工提供参考。首先进行不同围压的钙质砂三轴试验并筛分颗粒,得到应力-应变关系曲线及级配变化曲线。试验结果表明：对于同一级配、同一密实度的钙质砂在不同围压下存在不同程度的应变软化和剪胀性,尤其在较低围压下更为明显;存在应变软化和剪胀性的围压范围内,随着围压的增大,其偏应力峰值点和临胀点所对应的轴向应变越大;不同围压下钙质砂颗粒均出现了不同程度的颗粒破碎,且围压越大其颗粒破碎程度越大,细粒含量相对越多。同时,为了准确描述考虑颗粒破碎的钙质砂应力-应变关系,基于分形理论和莫尔-库仑理论建立颗粒破碎指标对峰值内摩擦角进行修正,并结合试验数据对“南水”模型中的切线变形模量和切线体积比进行修正,明确了各材料常数的意义,最终建立了考虑颗粒破碎的钙质砂本构模型。采用Fortran语言将修正的本构模型汇编程序进行模拟,并与试验结果进行对比,两者较为吻合。除此之外,结合引用文献中相关试验数据对所建立考虑颗粒破碎的钙质砂本构模型进行推广验证,结果表明该模型依然能够较为准确的反映钙质砂在不同围压下存在的应变软化和剪胀性。     

火山渣掺配土质砾砂改良填料剪切特性试验研究

为考察火山渣掺配土质砾砂改良填料的剪切特性,开展了体积掺配比2∶1及3∶1火山渣掺配土质砾砂改良填料室内三轴剪切试验,研究了火山渣掺配土质砾砂改良填料在制样和剪切过程中的颗粒破碎程度,讨论了压实度、围压对火山渣掺配土质砾砂改良填料应力-应变关系及其强度的影响规律。结果表明,火山渣掺配土质砾砂改良填料在制样过程中颗粒破碎显著,相对破碎率随压实度的提高而增大,随土质砾砂掺量的增加而减小,中低围压条件下颗粒破碎不明显;火山渣与土质砾砂在体积掺配比2∶1~3∶1的范围内,峰值强度受随围压的影响相较于压实度更为显著,结构力随土质砾砂掺量增加而增大,而内摩擦角则呈减小的变化趋势。     

应力状态对粗颗粒材料动力特性影响试验研究

土石坝在运营过程中,不同部位往往处于不同的应力水平,坝体在遭遇地震工况下,则导致坝体内部不同部位会产生不同的地震附加应力,应力状态是影响粗颗粒材料动力特性的重要因素。为研究地震过程中应力状态的变化对坝体抗震性能的影响,本文开展了不同围压、不同固结应力比及不同动应力条件下粗颗粒材料动力特性试验研究工作,研究表明：不同围压下最大动弹性模量值随着围压和固结应力比的提高逐渐增大,随着动应变的增大呈逐渐衰减趋势,衰减率随着围压和固结应力比的增加逐渐减慢;不同围压下阻尼比随着动应变的增大呈逐渐增大趋势;随着围压增加,阻尼比λ呈逐渐减小趋势;各级围压下最大动弹性模量值及阻尼比值均比较分散,而不能依靠动应变对其进行归一化描述。在相同围压和固结应力比作用下,随着动应力的提高,动永久轴向变形和动永久体积均产生一定的增加;在相同围压和动应力作用下,动永久轴向变形随着固结应力比的提高而增加,动永久体积变形随着固结应力比的提高而略有降低;在相同的固结应力比和动应力作用下,随着围压的提高,动永久轴向变形和动永久体积均产生一定的增加;轴向动应变幅值是不均匀的,一般开始几周较大,后期会逐渐变小,一般在第10次循环左右,轴向动应变幅值就逐渐趋向于定值。     

含杂质盐岩三轴蠕变特性试验研究

针对杂质盐岩蠕变力学特性问题,利用大型程控流变仪,对两种不同杂质盐岩进行分级加载下的三轴蠕变试验。试验结果表明:围压和杂质含量不同,盐岩破坏形态及力学参数均有差异。围压小于临界围压,盐岩呈剪切破坏;围压大于临界围压,盐岩呈大变形鼓状破坏。围压和杂质含量一定,岩盐稳态速率随偏应力增加呈指数增长;偏应力和杂质含量一定,蠕变速率随围压增大而降低,长期强度有所增大;偏应力和围压一定,低杂质(ω=2.1%)盐岩稳态蠕变速率高于高杂质(ω=46.8%)盐岩。体积变形经历了压密期-平静期-扩容期3个阶段,高杂质盐岩体积应变低于低杂质盐岩。将不溶物杂质含量与应力敏感性常数n的关系同分数阶蠕变本构方程进行耦合,建立耦合杂质的盐岩分数阶非定常蠕变模型;将理论模型与试验数据对比分析证实了该模型的合理性。     

不同围压下茅口灰岩渐进性破坏的试验研究

利用MTS815电液伺服控制刚性试验机进行不同围压下茅口灰岩三轴压缩试验,通过计算绘得相应裂隙体积应变图,分析得出裂纹起始应力、裂纹破坏应力。结果表明:随着围压的增大,应力门槛值均呈非线性增长态势,当围压超过17 MPa时,裂纹起始应力、裂纹破坏应力分别增加48.5%和20.1%,茅口灰岩延性开始增强;裂纹破坏应力为峰值强度的64%~75%,三轴压缩下茅口灰岩裂隙不稳定发展阶段较长;环向应变值随围压增大而增大,当轴力超过裂纹破坏应力进入裂隙不稳定发展阶段,环向应变增大2.7~3.2倍,用环向-轴向应力应变曲线图能较好的反映岩石应力门槛值。     

三维动静组合加载下岩石的破坏形态及力学性能研究

为研究岩爆等地质灾害发生的力学机制,利用改进的霍普金森杆试验装置,对红砂岩进行预加载三维静应力下受冲击载荷试验,分析红砂岩的破坏形态、能量耗散规律及变形强度特征.研究表明,红砂岩的破坏形态在有无围压情况下,都随着轴压的增大破坏程度增大,在无围压及有围压情况下分别呈现出"X"型和"圆锥台"型的压剪破坏形态.当轴压固定时,红砂岩的破坏程度随围压的增大而降低.在三维动静组合加载下,红砂岩入射能及单位体积吸收能与平均应变率呈线性递增关系,且递增的程度随轴压的增大表现出先增大后降低的趋势,而随围压的增大而增大.红砂岩应力应变曲线在不同平均应变率下表现出应变回弹、应力跌落及峰后塑性三种类型.红砂岩抗压强度增长因子与平均应变率1/3次幂呈线性递增关系.     

含杂质盐岩三轴蠕变特性试验研究（研究生论坛稿件）

针对杂质盐岩蠕变力学特性问题,利用四川大学大型程控流变仪,对两种不同杂质盐岩进行了分级加载下的三轴蠕变试验。试验结果表明：围压和杂质含量不同,盐岩破坏形态以及力学参数均有差异。围压小于临界围压,盐岩呈剪切破坏,围压大于临界围压,盐岩呈大变形鼓状破坏;围压和杂质含量一定,岩盐稳态速率随偏应力增加呈指数增长;偏应力和杂质含量一定,蠕变速率随围压增大而降低,长期强度有所增大;偏应力和围压一定,低杂质(ω=2.1%)盐岩稳态蠕变速率高于高杂质(ω=46.8%)盐岩。体积变形经历了压密期-平静期-扩容期三个阶段,高杂质盐岩体积应变低于低杂质盐岩。将不溶物杂质含量与应力敏感性常数n的关系同分数阶蠕变本构方程进行耦合,建立了耦合杂质的盐岩分数阶非定常蠕变模型,将理论模型与试验数据对比分析证实了该模型的合理性。     

三轴压缩条件下胶结充填体能量耗散特征分析

开展不同灰砂配比、质量分数的充填体三轴压缩试验,研究了不同围压加载阶段充填体的能量耗散与围压、应变以及应力的内在关系.结果表明,在低围压时,充填体的极限抗压强度低;随着围压的增加,充填体的峰值强度随之增大,峰前能耗占总能耗的比重越来越大,说明充填体屈服阶段吸收的能量占总能量的比重提高,围压的增大能够提高充填体的破坏能耗量;充填体的峰前能耗量、峰后能耗量、单位体积变形能以及总能耗与围压呈二次函数曲线关系.当围压一定时,充填体在弹性变形阶段的能量变化与轴向应力、偏应力均呈线性关系,与轴向应变呈指数函数曲线关系;随着轴向载荷增加,能量随轴向应力、偏应力变化的增长速率加大.     

修正的盐岩扩容模型及扩容界限研究

偏应力持续增加将导致盐岩发生扩容,盐岩扩容分为瞬时扩容和蠕变扩容.对盐岩三轴压缩试验以及三轴分级加载流变损伤试验数据进行分析,发现压缩-扩容边界对瞬时扩容和蠕变扩容都有影响,即应力状态未超过压缩-扩容边界时,盐岩体积不断减小;应力状态超过压缩-扩容边界时,盐岩将发生扩容,即体积增大.通过研究盐岩试件体积应变随偏应力变化规律,提出了修正的增量形式扩容模型,该理论模型计算结果与实验数据吻合较好.改变围压进行计算,结果表明,随围压增加,扩容起始点偏应力增大,最大压缩量增大.压缩-扩容边界可以作为盐岩储库围岩破坏的警戒点.     

A particle-breakage critical state model for rockfill material

Particle breakage has a significant influence on the stress-strain and strength behavior of rockfill material.A breakage critical state theory(BCST)was proposed to describe the evolution of particle breakage.The breakage critical state line in the breakage critical state theory was correlated with the breakage factor,which was fundamentally different from that of the original critical state theory.A simple elastoplastic constitutive model was developed for rockfill in the frame of BCST.An associated flow rule was adopted in this model.Isotropic,contractive and distortional hardening rules were suggested in view of the particle breakage.It was observed that the proposed model could well represent the complex deformation behaviors of rockfill material,such as the strain hardening,post-peak strain softening,volumetric contraction,volumetric expansion,and particle breakage under different initial confining pressures.     

考虑颗粒破碎的堆石料动力变形特性模拟

颗粒破碎是影响堆石料强度和变形特性的重要因素,但目前针对颗粒破碎的模拟研究多在静力荷载条件下。为研究颗粒破碎对小应变条件下堆石料的动力变形特性的影响,采用多个等粒径小球按最密六方排列随机组合模拟不规则形状的堆石颗粒,通过碎片替换法模拟颗粒破碎,研究了花岗岩堆石料不同围压下的动力响应,探索了孔隙率对动弹性模量的影响,分析了振动过程中的颗粒破碎规律及配位数的频率分布。结果表明模拟的骨架曲线与室内试验结果具有较好的一致性,数值模拟可以较好地再现不同围压下堆石料的动力变形特征。在相同围压和动应力条件下,考虑颗粒破碎的试样会产生更多不可恢复的变形,动应变会明显增大,动弹性模量降低。振动过程中集合体的有效配位数会减小,与不考虑颗粒破碎的情况对比,考虑颗粒破碎的试样具有更多的力学不稳定颗粒,有效配位数的降低更显著。颗粒破碎对最大动弹性模量的影响较小,但会加快动模量随动应变增长而衰减的速率。孔隙率小的试样有效配位数高,且受力性能更好。在相同动应力条件下颗粒破碎较少,动弹性模量随动应变的增加而衰减的速率较慢,最大动弹性模量约为大孔隙率试样的1.2倍。最大动弹性模量主要与有效平均主应力和孔隙率相关,Hardin等提出的经验公式可以较好地描述最大动弹性模量与孔隙比和平均有效主应力的关系。该成果有助于认识粗粒料动荷载下的变形规律,为研究动荷载下的颗粒破碎行为提供参考。     

Bounding surface model for ballast with additional attention on the evolution of particle size distribution

Particle size distribution significantly influences the mechanical response of the ballast under low confining pressure. However, particle breakage usually occurs and unfavorably degrades the particle size distribution of the ballast when sufficient load is applied. To model the triaxial stress-strain behavior and its associated evolution of particle size distribution of the ballast, a specific bounding surface model is proposed. The proposed model is based on the traditional bounding surface plasticity and a modified particle breakage index, which correlates the initial gradation and the ultimate gradation together with the current gradation. Simulation of the experimental results from the triaxial compression tests shows that the proposed model can predict the strain softening and volumetric expansion of the ballast under relatively lower confining pressure. It is also able to simulate the strain hardening and volumetric compression of the ballast under relatively higher confining pressure. Most importantly, the proposed approach was observed to have a great potential in predicting the evolution of the particle size distribution of the ballast.     

Stress-dilatancy of Zipingpu gravel in triaxial compression tests

Experimental investigations of the dilatancy and particle breakage of gravelly material from the Zipingpu concrete-faced rockfill dam, which was subjected to high-intensity seismic load during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, were conducted through a series of large-scale drained triaxial compression tests. A hyperbolic relation between the input plastic work and the degree of particle breakage was found for Zipingpu gravel, independent of the initial void ratio and confining pressures. The stress-dilatancy for Zipingpu gravel was analyzed and compared with data from two rounded alluvial and three angular quarried gravelly and rockfill materials in the literature. A nearly linear relationship between the dilatancy D~p and the stress ratio η was found at medium-to-large stress ratios before the peak stress ratio. The slope of the stress-dilatancy line before peak had slight dependence on the void ratio and confining pressure of the gravel. After peak, the stress-dilatancy relation shifts down compared with that before peak for the gravel specimen. The phase-transformation stress ratio decreased with increased confining pressure, with the exception of sub-rounded gravel with little particle breakage. A nearly linear relationship was found between the phase-transformation stress ratio M_f and the state parameter y for the Zipingpu gravel, regardless of the void ratio and confining pressure of the specimens.     

石膏颗粒材料的破碎演化规律

为分析石膏颗粒材料在荷载作用下破碎的分形演化规律,对其进行了等围压、等平均主应力和各向等压固结3种应力路径下的三轴试验,并通过筛分法对试验后石膏颗粒材料的粒径分布进行了分析。试验结果表明,石膏颗粒材料在荷载作用下的破碎程度随初始围压的增大而增大,初始为分形分布的石膏颗粒材料在受荷破碎后,其粒径分布亦具有分形特征。表征粒径分布的分维值与围压和平均主应力之间均呈良好的双曲线关系,分维值渐近值约为2.5。分维值与相对颗粒破碎指数存在显著的线性关系,可作为表征颗粒破碎程度的指标。     

饱和软粘土的流变和循环流变试验研究

分别对上海淤泥质饱和软粘土进行了长期流变和循环流变试验,得出其在不同围压、不同偏压和不同动应力作用下的变形规律。结果显示,围压相同时,偏压比大,试样的流变变形大,而偏压比相同时,围压大,流变变形也大;循环流变试验总体规律和流变试验相同,但经过一个循环加载阶段之后,随后的流变变形则很小。这些结论对今后软土地区高速公路、铁路和地铁建设提供一些帮助。     

A constitutive model for the state-dependent behaviors of rockfill material considering particle breakage

The particle breakage during specimen compaction had more significant influence on the position of the breakage critical-state line(BCSL)of Tacheng rockfill material(TRM)in the e-lnp’plane than the particle breakage during shearing,based on the large-scale triaxial compression tests on TRM in a wide range of densities and pressures.The state-dependent dilatancy and the plastic modulus were correlated to the breakage index,based on the formulations of the BCSL of TRM in the e-lnp’plane.The state-dependent model considering particle breakage was proposed for TRM within the framework of the generalized plasticity theory.The proposed model contained fourteen material constants.The test data of TRM from Group A were adopted to determine these material constants,while the test data from Group B were used independently to validate the model predictive capacity.The comparisons between model simulations and test data illustrated that the model with consideration of particle breakage could well represent the stress-strain behaviors of TRM,e.g.,the strain hardening and volumetric contraction behaviors at a loose state and the strain softening and volumetric expansion behaviors at a dense state,and also the particle breakage behaviors of TRM.     

Creep properties and a creep equation of delay outburst coal and its adjacent mudstone

The study of the creep properties of coal and its adjacent mudstone is very important for understanding the mechanism of delay outburst coal. The samples of delay outburst coal and its adjacent mudstone collected from Yongshanqiao mine were used to carry out triaxial creep tests. The influence of confining pressure and axial compression on the creep test was analyzed. An accelerated creep model was constructed in parallel with a nonlinear viscous component and plastic component. It is connected with the traditional Burges creep model in series. A creep model which can describe the nonlinear viscoelastic-plastic creep model of rock was established and the corresponding creep equation was derived.According to the results of the creep test, the related parameters of the equation were fitted. The results show that, under the same confining pressure, instantaneous creep strain, creep strain of deceleration phase and constant rate creep of the coal and its adjacent mudstone are increased with an increase in the deviatoric stress. But at the same axial pressure, all of the above decrease with an increase of confining pressure. The duration time of the deceleration creep phase increases with the increase in the deviatoric stress. The theoretical values of the creep equation are in good agreement with the experimental results. It indicates that the creep properties of the delayed outburst coal and its adjacent mudstone can be well described by the creep model established in this paper.     

孔隙压力作用下泥岩三轴蠕变实验研究

在具有孔隙压力系统的岩石三轴蠕变仪上,对泥岩进行了考虑孔隙压力作用的三轴蠕变实验.实验中不仅考虑了轴压σ₁和围压σ₃对蠕变的影响,而且考虑了孔隙压力p在泥岩蠕变过程中产生的重要影响.通过不同应力水平下的蠕变实验,对比含孔隙压力和不含孔隙压力的蠕变实验曲线,表明当轴压σ₁和围压σ₃一定时,随着孔隙压力p的增加,蠕变变形量将会减小,在稳态蠕变阶段的应变率也会减小,在一定程度上会延长蠕变三个阶段的蠕变时间.并采用经典蠕变模型对实验结果进行分析.