基于遗传规划的采空区地面沉陷预测分析

针对地下开采引起的岩层移动与变形,提出一种基于遗传规划的采空区地面沉陷预测新方法.基于MTLAB工具编制的遗传规划程序,选取影响地面沉陷的主要因素,搜集学习样本对程序进行了训练,建立了采空区地面沉陷预测的遗传规划模型.最后,利用有关实测数据,对模型进行了实例检验.结果表明,预测误差在工程允许范围之内,应用遗传规划方法进...     

综采放顶煤地表移动规律特殊性

调查分析了兖州矿区鲍店矿综采放顶煤工作面和普通综采工作面地表移动观测站实测资料．研究结果表明：综放开采时地表移动更加剧烈,地表危险移动范围增大,超前影响范围超过常规分层开采约４０％,下沉活跃期占总移动时间的７１．４％,活跃期下沉量约占总下沉量的９５％．研究还表明,采厚是控制超前影响角和最大下沉速度滞后角的重要因素之一,地表充分采动区存在的残余变形现象更加明显     

采空区全张量微重力异常响应特征分析

采空区发生透水、地面沉降以及塌陷等问题不仅严重威胁着矿井的生产安全,还威胁地面人们的日常生活,因此探测地下采空区分布是非常必要的。本文建立了几种采空区和采空区塌陷的地质模型,模拟计算采空区和采空区塌陷在地表引起的全张量微重力异常响应,比较分析全张量微重力异常响应特征。模拟结果与理论分析是一致的,可为采空区或采空区塌陷的高精度微重力异常探查提供依据。     

Field Investigation and FEM Analysis of Ground Subsidence in a Chinese Underground Gold Mine

Ground subsidence in a Chinese underground gold mine is remarkable. To find out reasons and regularities of the subsidence, following research work was carried out: (1) systemetical investigations of engineering geological conditions, including in situ stress sta- te, locstion and size of old river beds, ponds and unfilled mined-out areas, (2) in situ monitoring of strata movement by multi-point ex tensometers in 3 vertical boreholes; (3) FEM (Finite Element Method) analysis to study the relationship between the ground subsidence and mining excavation, especially to inspect the influence of unfilled mined-out areas at shallow depth on the subsidence. Based on the research results, measures to control the ground subsidence and to prevent buildings from damage are provided.     

采动区铁路桥沉陷加固治理

根据煤矿采动区地表沉陷变形规律，建立合理的数值计算模型，研究地下开采引起的地表移动变形对原设计的桥体结构和地基产生的附加内力和附加变形规律，提出了有效地加固治理方案，确保在采动引起的地表不均匀、大幅度沉陷过程中桥体的安全可靠和正常使用。     

Instability identification on large scale underground mined-out area in the metal mine based on the improved FRBFNN

To identify the instability on large scale underground mined-out area in the metal mine effectively, the parameters of radial basis function were determined through clustering method and the improved fuzzy radial basis function neural network (FRBFNN) model of instability identification model about large scale underground mined-out area in the metal mine was built. The improved FRBFNN model was trained and tested. The results show that the improved FRBFNN model has high training accuracy and generalization ability. Parameters such as pillar area ratio, filling level and the value of rock quality designation have strong influence on instability of large scale underground mined-out area. Correctness of analysis about the improved FRBFNN model was proved by the practical application results about instability discrimination of surrounding rock in large-scale underground mined-out area of a metal mine in south China.     

考虑附加应力的采动沉陷区建筑物设计

针对地下矿产开采后形成采空区导致覆岩及地表沉陷,对地面建筑物造戍不同程度破坏的问题,以一栋四层砖混结构办公楼为模型,从理论上分析该模型在承受地表变形时,墙体和基础所受到的附加应力。以此为基础进行抗变形结构设计,分析Ⅰ～Ⅳ级地表变形对建筑物结构构件设置的影响,给出具体设计的墙壁圈梁配筋。     

A displacement-relay videometric method for surface subsidence surveillance in unstable areas

When measuring the surface subsidence of unstable areas such as railroad beds and large construction fields, it is not practical to always find stable positions to install measurement instruments. Yet installing those instruments in unstable positions will cause measurement errors or even the complete failure of long-term subsidence surveillance. In this paper, the innovative concept and its method of "displacement-relay videometrics" are proposed. With the method, a double-headed camera is designed, and two constraints, the "fixation constraint" and the "homologous constraint", are established to construct the displacement-relay measurement equations, which can concurrently give the subsidence of the points to be measured and the positions where the cameras are fixed. The method and its measurement system are thus capable of automatically measuring the surface subsidence under the condition that the cameras are mounted on unstable locations over long durations. Therefore, the method has the broad prospect of undertaking automatic, long-term and continuous measurement for surface subsidence in engineering projects such as railroad beds, bridges and the ground beds of tall buildings. The proposed method opens a new area that cameras can be mounted on unstable platform to make high accuracy measurements, which is of great significance for applications.     

破碎围岩巷道支护技术研究及工程应用

以平煤六矿新建斜井巷道穿越采空区为工程背景,采用数值计算分析、现场监测等方法研究了采空区覆岩破断及其矿压显现特征。针对斜井穿越采空区段围岩破碎的特点,提出了金属网+全断面U型钢+反底拱连锁梁+浇筑混凝土+壁后注浆的支护方案,其通过"双壳支护"形成的内外承载结构能在很大程度上提高采空区破碎岩体的整体性。现场监测表明:斜井穿越采空区段巷道两帮的移近量为26 mm,顶底板移近量为47 mm,达到了有效控制巷道围岩变形的目的。     

基于D-InSAR技术的煤矿区开采沉陷监测

基于煤矿区地表沉陷的基本特征,论述了合成孔径雷达差分干涉测量(D-InSAR)技术的基本原理,阐述了利用该技术提取煤矿区地表沉陷数据的过程及处理方法;分析应用中存在的失相关等问题,提出解决方法并对获取的矿区地表沉陷变形值做进一步的分析,以期得到地表变形值在不同方向上分量值;最后得出结论:D-InSAR作为一种新的沉陷监测技术,在开采沉陷方面有着常规监测手段无法替代的优势,应用前景广阔.     

北京地区多层含水层中施工降水诱发地面沉降的实时预测

施工降水诱发地面沉降是当前主要岩土工程风险之一,对于以多层含水层为典型水文地质特征的北京地区,这类问题尤为突出.为准确而便捷地进行该类问题预测,首先基于渗流理论和有效应力原理,分析了多层含水层区降水过程中不同层位的压缩量变化规律及主要影响因素,并建立了相应的渗流-压缩耦合数学模型;根据地下水赋存与运动原理,结合北京地区水文地质特征,提出了采用主控含水层来确定耦合模型下边界的新方法,实现了渗流和地层压缩2个物理力学过程在特定地质条件下的耦合,在保证模型科学性和工程精度的同时,降低了实际分析工作的难度,提高了分析模型的实用性;在弱透水层释水率这一重要模型参数取值方面,根据地下水动力学和相关实测资料,研究了既有计算公式存在的误差及其主要原因,并结合北京地方经验,提出了相应的修正方法,进一步提高了模型分析精度.最后,以北京地区某实际工程为例,进行了多层含水层中降水诱发地面沉降的精细模拟,并对数值结果合理性进行了分析.     

Upward surface movement above deep coal mines after closure and flooding of underground workings

After the mass closures of entire coal mine districts in Europe at the end of the last century, a new phenomenon of surface movement was observed—an upward movement.Although most surface movement(i.e., subsidence) occurs in the months and years after mining by the longwall method, surface movement still occurs many decades after mining is terminated.After the closure and flooding of underground excavations and surrounding rock, this movement was reversed.This paper focuses on quantifying the upward movement in two neighboring coal mines(Winterslag and Zwartberg, Belgium).The study is based on data from a remote sensing technique: interferometry with synthetic aperture radar(INSAR).The results of the study show that the rate of upward movement in the decade after closure is about 10 mm/year on average.The upward movements are not linked directly to the past exploitation directly underneath a location.The amounts of subsidence at specific locations are linked mainly to their positions relative to an inverse trough shape situated over the entire mined-out areas and their immediate surroundings.Local features, such as geological faults, can have a secondary effect on the local variation of the uplift.The processes of subsidence and uplift are based on completely different mechanisms.Subsidence is initiated by a caving process, while the process of uplift is clearly linked to flooding.     

采动区钢框架结构柱脚的内力变化规律

以煤矿采动区采动过程地表的动态变形规律为基础,采用有限元软件模拟了地表钢框架结构柱脚在整个地表动态变形过程中的内力变化规律.分析了柱脚内力与地表变形之间的关系及其柱脚最大内力值对应的地表位置,并将地表变形引起的框架结构柱脚附加内力和初始内力值进行对比,结果表明抗采动钢框架结构柱脚设计应当考虑附加内力的影响.     

高密度电阻率法在采空区探测中的应用

简述了高密度电阻率法的基本原理和资料解释分析的方法.高密度电阻率法是一种具有成本低、效率高、采集信息丰富并且探测精度高的地球物理探测技术.采用高密度电阻率法,结合全站仪测量空间坐标数据进行地形校正,针对采空区的复杂状况,选用不同的极距,在复杂的采空区地表布设了5条测线,完成了3 679个测点的测量.结合测区地质状况和异常的特殊形态,通过数据处理,确定了采空区的分布位置,取得了良好的探测效果,证明了高密度电阻率法在当今工程地质勘察中具有很大的优势.     

采动区地基、独立基础与框架结构共同作用的力学模型

根据采动区地表变形的规律和独立基础框架结构受力和变形特点，采用合理的地基模型、基础与上部结构共同作用模型和开采沉陷模型，综合应用结构力学、矿山开采沉陷学、土力学、材料力学等相关理论，建立了采动区地基-独立基础-框架结构共同作用的理论计算模型，该计算模型综合考虑了开采盆地形成过程中地表变形对建筑物的动态影响，从理论上揭示了建筑物位于下沉盆地不同位置时，地表变形与建筑物附加变形和附加内力的关系，并推导出计算采动区建筑物附加变形和附加内力的计算公式，通过计算实例进行了验证，为采动区上方框架结构建筑物的保护、加固和设计提供了理论计算依据．     

Development of a new algorithm for implementing the edge effect offset for subsidence calculations

The surface deformation prediction system(SDPS) program has been developed as an engineering tool for the calculation of subsidence deformation indices through the implementation of various prediction methods.From basic user-defined input parameters, SDPS can determine subsidence indices, such as mining induced displacements, strains, tilt, etc., at any elevation between the seam and the horizontal or varying surface topography.A fundamental parameter in obtaining reliable ground deformation results is the determination of the edge effect offset.The value assigned to the edge effect offset corresponds to a virtual offsetting of boundary lines delineating the extracted panel to allow for roof cantilevering over the mined-out area.The objective of this paper is to describe the methods implemented in updating the edge effect offset algorithm within SDPS.Using proven geometric equations, the newly developed algorithm provides a more robust calculation of the offset boundary of the extracted panel for simplistic as well as more complex mining geometries.Given that an extracted panel is represented by a closed polyline, the new edge offset algorithm calculates a polyline offset into the extracted panel with respect to the user defined edge effect offset distance.Surface deformations are then calculated using this adjusted panel geometry.The Matlab program was utilized for development and testing of the new edge effect offset algorithm.After completing rigorous testing regimes, the new offset algorithm will be integrated into SDPS further increasing the speed and reliability of the program resulting in a retrospective increase in capability and flexibility.     

基于InSAR技术的地表形变监测与影响因素分析

地表形变引发的地质灾害屡见不鲜，尤其是在城市区域，其严重阻碍了城市化的可持续发展。为了评估城市地表形变引发地质灾害的风险，高时间空间分辨率的地表形变监测分析变得尤为重要。本文基于2019年1月至2021年1月的Sentinel-1A卫星影像，利用SBAS-InSAR以及PS-InSAR技术获取南昌市地表形变的时间序列，并结合小波周期分析和灰色关联度分析评估形变区域与气候环境的相关性。研究表明，南昌市的中心城区受到城市建设和黏土层厚度的影响，表现出大范围的沉降信号；东南部的农业生态地区由于地下水的补充而表现出抬升的信号。周期分析进一步表明南昌市地表形变皆受降水量变化的影响。本研究结合外部数据，从多个角度考察了地铁线路在变形幅度较大的地区发生沉降灾害的可能性，为防灾减灾提供参考。     

地下水开采诱发地面沉降研究及其工程应用:以山东德州地区为例

地下水开采诱发的不良环境及地质问题日益凸显,其中地面沉降致灾问题已广受关注。华北平原山东区是若干地面沉降显著区之一,地下水开采是其主要诱发因素。针对地面沉降问题,以华北平原德州区为典型工程背景,采用水文地质工程地质与岩土力学相结合的方法,通过现场及室内试验,在获得研究区岩土力学参数的基础上,建立流固耦合数值模型,对研究区地面沉降的历史进行重演,对地面沉降的发展趋势进行预测。在获得研究区流场及地面沉降基本规律的基础上,提出减少地下水开采量,定期回灌地下水,调整开采井开采层位及开采井平面布局等工程措施进行地面沉降控制,并采用建立的数值模型从定量分析角度评价这些措施的效果。     

逆向工程特征参数提取技术研究

逆向工程是从已有实物的测量数据点中提取其特征参数进行模型重建的过程,特征参数的提取是逆向工程的关键技术之一。该文提出了一种新的回转面特征参数提取算法,将蚁群算法应用在逆向工程的特征参数优化过程中,首先建立回转面特征参数提取数学模型,然后运用蚁群算法实现过程优化,从而提取出特征参数,实现回转面图形重建,最后通过实例验证了该算法的有效性,该算法提高了特征参数提取精度和效率,适用于空间任意位置回转面的特征参数提取。     

地铁隧道开挖引起地表沉降的数值模拟研究

大中型城市修建地铁是未来城市建设的一个重要方向,但是城市中环境复杂,地表沉降控制要求严格。因此,研究隧道开挖地表沉降变化规律,对沉降控制具有重要的实践意义。文章运用有限元数值模拟方法对青岛某标段地铁隧道工程进行分析,结合数值计算结果与现场实测数据,研究隧道在由断面开挖对地面沉降变化规律的影响,对比实际隧道开挖的监控数据,模拟结果表明,地表沉降仍在安全范围内,可以为类似工程沉降控制提供参考。