Simulation analysis of construction process of high rock slope＇ s stabilization

A self-developed elasto-plastic finite element program was used to analyze the construction sequence of high rock slope＇ s stabilization in a coal-coking plant, and the result was compared with that employing the ultimate equilibrium method. Based on the results of finite element analysis, the stress contour graphs and displacement vector graphs at different construction steps were obtained, and the behavior of the slope during stabilization construction process was analyzed quantitatively. Based on the analysis of safety factors of three different schemes of stabilization and two different construction schemes, the assessment of stability and bracing design of the construction process were performed. The results show that the original reinforcement design is improper; the stability of the rock slope is controlled by a developed structural plane, the stability factor after excavation is less than 1, and the free surface should be braced in time; for stability, the construction sequence should adopt that bracing follows excavation step by step up to down; the local slide occurred during the construction process agrees with the dangerous slide determined by the numerical analysis, which proves the validity and rationality of the adopted method.     

Simulation analysis of construction process of high rock slope's stabilization

A self-developed elasto-plastic finite element program was used to analyze the construction sequence of high rock slope's stabilization in a coal-coking plant, and the result was compared with that employing the ultimate equilibrium method. Based on the results of finite element analysis, the stress contour graphs and displacement vector graphs at different construction steps were obtained, and the behavior of the slope during stabilization construction process was analyzed quantitatively. Based on the analysis of safety factors of three different schemes of stabilization and two different construction schemes, the assessment of stability and bracing design of the construction process were performed. The results show that the original reinforcement design is improper; the stability of the rock slope is controlled by a developed structural plane, the stability factor after excavation is less than 1, and the free surface should be braced in time; for stability, the construction sequence should adopt that bracing follows excavation step by step up to down; the local slide occurred during the construction process agrees with the dangerous slide determined by the numerical analysis, which proves the validity and rationality of the adopted method.     

Bearing capacity of foundation on slope determined by energy dissipation method and model experiments

To determine the ultimate bearing capacity of foundations on sloping ground surface in practice, energy dissipation method was used to formulate the bearing capacity as programming problem, and full-scale model experiments were investigated to analyze the performance of the soil slopes loaded by a strip footing in laboratory. The soil failure is governed by a linear Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion, and soil deformation follows an associated flow rule. Based on the energy dissipation method of plastic mechanics, a multi-wedge translational failure mechanism was employed to obtain the three bearing capacity factors related to cohesion, equivalent surcharge load and the unit gravity for various slope inclination angles. Numerical results were compared with those of the published solutions using finite element method and those of model experiments. The bearing capacity factors were presented in the form of design charts for practical use in engineering. The results show that limit analysis solutions approximate to those of model tests, and that the energy dissipation method is effective to estimate bearing capacity of soil slope.     

Study of Slope Reinforcement Force Based on FLAC

A slope will slide if the unbalanced force does not tend to zero when the stability of the slope is analyzed with the help of FLAC. Thus the ultimate reason of slope sliding is the unbalanced force determined by FLAC. The slope will remain stable if the unbalanced force is counterbalanced by a reinforcement force which is produced by a suitable reinforcement method. In this paper, the stability of the slope was analyzed by using FLAC, and the unbalanced force of the slope was obtained through the FISH function in FLAC. According to the equilibrium conditions, the relationship between the reinforcement force and unbalanced force was derived and accordingly the reinforcement force was determined. The reinforcement design was adopted by using pre-stressed anchor bars on the basis of the reinforcement force. An example is used to show that the effect of slope reinforcement based on the reinforcement force is safe and economical. The method doesn＇t need to suppose a sliding surface to obtain the reinforcement force, and it is also clear in physical meaning. So this method realized the organic unification of the stability analysis and the slope reinforcement.     

Stability and reliability of pit slopes in surface mining combined with underground mining in Tonglushan mine

Slope stability is of critical importance in the process of surface-underground mining combination. The influence of underground mining on pit slope stability was mainly discussed, and the self-stabilization of underground stopes was also studied. The random finite element method was used to analyze the probability of the rock mass stability degree of both pit slopes and underground stopes. Meanwhile, 3D elasto-plastic finite element method was used to research into the stress, strain and rock mass failure resulting from mining. The results of numerical simulation indicate that the mining of the underground test stope has certain influence on the stability of the pit slope, but the influence is not great. The safety factor of pit slope is decreased by 0.06, and the failure probability of the pit slope is increased by 1.84%. In addition, the strata yielding zone exists around the underground test stope. The results basically conform to the information coming from the field monitoring.     

Application of fuzzy optimal selection of similar slopes to the evaluation of slope stability

The numerical calculation method is widely used in the evaluation of slope stability,but it cannot take the randomness and fuzziness into account that exist in rock and soil engineering objectively.The fuzzy optimization theory is thus introduced to the evaluation of slope stability by this paper and a method of fuzzy optimal selection of similar slopes is put forward to analyze slope stability.By comparing the relative membership degrees that the evaluated object sample of slope is similar to the source samples of which the stabilities are detected clearly,the source sample with the maximal relative membership degree will be chosen as the best similar one to the object sample,and the stability of the object sample can be evaluated by that of the best similar source sample.In the process many uncertain influential factors are considered and characteristics and knowledge of the source samples are obtained.The practical calculation indicates that it can achieve good results to evaluate slope stability by using this method.     

Strength and deformation behaviors of bedded rock mass under bolt reinforcement

The mechanism of bolt support is an important topic in mining engineering and slope treatment. The artificial material and loading system were self-developed to study the influence of bedding cohesion and bolt number on the anchoring behavior of bedded rock mass. The results show that, both peak strength and elasticity modulus increase gradually with the increase of bedding cohesion and bolt number. The axial stress–strain curve of bedded rock mass under the reinforcement of bolts presents the features of strain-softening and secondary strengthening. Finally, anchoring behavior of bedded rock mass with different bolt numbers was simulated by using FLAC3 D numerical program and the results were compared with the experimental results. This study can provide certain bases to the stability control and support design of bedded rock mass in roadway.     

Shear stress distribution and characteristics of deformation for shear band-elastic body system at pre-peak and post-peak

The distributed shear stress and the displacement across shear band, the evolution of plastic zones, and the load-carrying capacity of rock specimen were investigated in plane strain direct shear test according to Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua （FLAC）. And then the shear displacement distribution in normal direction of system composed of localized shear band and elastic rock was analyzed based on gradient-dependent plasticity. The adopted failure criterion was a composite of Mohr-Coulomb criterion, that is, the relation between tension cut-off and postpeak constitutive of rock was linear strain-softening. Numerical results show that shear stress field approximately undergoes three different stages. At first, shear stress is only concentrated in the middle of top and base of specimen. Next, shear stress in the middle of specimen tends to increase, owing to superposition of shear stresses. Interestingly, two peaks of shear stress appear far from the loading ends of specimen, and the peaks approach with the increase in timestep until elements at the center of specimen yield. Finally, relatively lower shear stress level is reached in large part of specimen except in the regions near the two ends. As flow stress decreases, the analytical shear displacement distribution in shear band based on gradient-dependent plasticity becomes steeps outside the band, it is linear and its slope tends to decrease. These theoretical results qualitatively agree with that of the present numerical predicted results. Main advantage of the analytical solution over the numerical results according to FLAC is that it is continuous, smooth and non-linear （except at elastic stage）.     

Failure precursor of surrounding rock mass around cross tunnel in high-steep rock slope

The stability of the surrounding rock mass around cross tunnel in the right bank slope of Dagangshan hydropower station, in the southwestern China, was analyzed by microseismic monitoring as well as numerical simulations. The realistic failure process analysis code (abbreviated as RFPA3D ) was employed to reproduce the initiation, propagation, coalescence and interactions of micro-fractures, the evolution of associated stress fields and acoustic emission (AE) activities during the whole failure processes of the surrounding rock mass around cross tunnel. Combined with microseismic activities by microseismic monitoring on the right bank slope, the spatial-temporal evolution and the micro-fracture precursor characteristics during the complete process of progressive failure of the surrounding rock mass around cross tunnel were discussed and the energy release law of the surrounding rock mass around the cross tunnel was obtained. The result shows that the precursor characteristic of microfractures occurring in rock mass is an effective approach to early warn catastrophic damage of rock mass around cross tunnel. Moreover, the heterogeneity of rock mass is the source and internal cause of the failure precursor of rock mass.     

AN EXAMPLE OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL PROGRESSIVE SLOPE FAILURE

In fact, the failure of any slope takes place progressively, but the progressive failure mechanism has not been emphasized sufficently in the present stability analysis of slopes. This paper provides an example of the progressive slope failure which took place at Pingzhuang west surface coal mine and was numbered the 26th slide. The three-dimensional reliability model for progressive slope failure is used to study the failure process of the 26th slide. The outcomes indicate that the progressive failure is indeed the failure mechanism of the slide.     

岩质边坡稳定分析三维与二维的比较

提出岩质边坡沿软弱结构面滑移一剪切的三维稳定分析方法。在分析模型中,下滑体沿滑动面下滑,在其他的面上则产生剪切破坏。在结构面上满足莫尔库伦破坏准则,把剪切面上的摩阻力向下滑方向投影,由下滑体的力学平衡条件求解出未知力,通过迭代可以求得稳定系数。同时推导了摩阻力倾向与倾角的计算式,编制了相应的程序,并利用这个程序,研究了边坡长度、岩层与坡面夹角等因素对边坡稳定系数的影响,比较了三雏分析与二维分析的差别。     

边坡稳定数值计算中失稳判据和岩土强度屈服准则

通过理论分析和典型算例计算,对边坡稳定数值计算中边坡的失稳判据和失稳模式进行了深入的讨论,旨在使数值计算方法更好地服务于工程实际。边坡失稳破坏的力学分析表明,排除人为主观因素的影响,在严格收敛标准下数值计算不收敛、边坡塑性区贯通和特定监测点位移突变这三类常用判据内在的力学表现是一致的,算例1的分析结果进一步证实了该观点。边坡的失稳模式与岩土体的屈服准则密切相关,为使理论计算符合工程实践,应根据岩土体实际抗拉能力对以M-C为典型代表的基于剪切破坏的强度准则进行抗拉修正。以抗拉修正后的M-C强度准则为基础,进一步提出了拉剪复合破坏的强度折减计算流程,算例2的计算结果表明该计算流程是合理的且计算结果的精度要高于现行的计算方法。     

基于有限元修正节理岩质边坡稳定性计算的解析解

采用有限元方法探讨在人工开挖或自然侵蚀环境下,岩质边坡体内应力场的变化及节理发育形成机理,并采用有限元强度折减法对后缘具有张节理边坡的稳定性影响因素进行敏感性对比分析,进而得出具有非贯通节理边坡稳定性计算的修正解析解。结果表明:卸荷及风化作用导致边坡体由表及里出现应力重分布及应力集中的现象,使边坡后缘由顶部向下发育一簇竖直向下或略向临空面倾斜的张节理,当张节理与下部的缓倾剪节理贯通时,边坡发生破坏;边坡稳定性最敏感的影响因素为受剪节理的倾角及贯通度,其次是节理的强度参数;可将工程中较难调查的节理贯通度转化为节理的强度参数来等效表达,并根据Mohr-Coulomb强度准则推导得到适用于具有非贯通节理的岩质边坡稳定性的修正解析解。     

岩体等效抗剪强度概率特征值评估在边坡稳定性可靠度分析中的应用

为消除因采用Hock-Brown准则中间变量而导致评估等效抗剪强度参数概率特征时产生累积误差,针对Hoek-Brown准则各变量具可变性和不确定性,提出应直接由基本变量人手来评估.在简要介绍Hoek-Brown准则基础上,选用了Rosenblueth点估计法和Monte-Carlo抽样法对边坡岩体的等效抗剪强度概率特征值以及边坡稳定性可靠度和破坏概率进行了对比计算分析.尽管2种方法计算结果差异很小,但是与Monte-Carlo抽样法相比,Roseriblueth点估计法计算量明显减小.而Rosenbheth点估计法较为简单,因此工程中可以用它来估计岩体有关参数概率特征值、稳定性可靠度和破坏概率.     

Cosserat连续介质的Mohr-Coulomb屈服准则及其应用

Cosserat连续介质下的应力、应变张量具有不对称性,经典连续介质的屈服准则无法直接用于Cosserat连续介质. 将应变、应力张量分解为对称和反对称两部分,修正了经典连续介质下三个应力不变量的表达式,建立适用于Cosserat连续介质弹塑性有限元分析的Mohr-Coulomb屈服准则,给出了Cosserat连续介质下von Mises、Tresca和Drucker-Prager屈服准则的表达式. 自然边坡数值算例表明了修正Mohr-Coulomb屈服准则的有效性,验证了Cosserat连续介质理论通过引入材料特征长度可以解决经典连续介质理论分析应变局部化问题时遇到的网格敏感性问题.     

等效Mohr-Coulomb屈服准则在岩质边坡稳定性分析中的应用

基于等效Mohr-Coulomb屈服准则原理,通过岩体材料参数的人工换算,实现其在有限元软件Ansys中的应用,并论证了转化后的材料参数与原参数的大小关系,即转化后参数恒比原参数小。结合算例分析,得知采用等效Mohr-Coulomb屈服准则计算得到的岩质边坡安全系数偏小、保守,可用来模拟岩体材料;同时,对不同位移及应力工程精度要求的岩质边坡工程,提出采用不同屈服准则的建议。     

等效Mohr—Coulomb屈服准则在岩质边坡稳定性分析中的应用

基于等效Molar—Coulomb屈服准则原理，通过岩体材料参数的人工换算，实现其在有限元软件Ansys中的应用，并论证了转化后的材料参数与原参数的大小关系，即转化后参数恒比原参数小。结合算例分析，得知采用等效Molar—Coulomb屈服准则计算得到的岩质边坡安全系数偏小、保守，可用来模拟岩体材料；同时，对不同位移及应力工程精度要求的岩质边坡工程，提出采用不同屈服准则的建议。     

Hoek-Brown破坏准则求解圆形硐室塑性区半径与修正的芬纳公式比较

目的 为定量确定围岩塑性区半径和给支护锚杆的深度设计提供科学依据.方法 以Hoek-Brown破坏准则为极限平衡条件,推求侧压力系数为1.0时圆形硐室理想弹塑性围岩的弹塑性应力和塑性区半径,运用Mohr-Coulomb准则直线拟合Hoek-Brown准则曲线和面积差补方法 ,求取等效的岩体Mohr-Coulomb强度参数后,建立相对塑性区半径随支护力和地质强度指标变化的二元非线性回归数学模型,并与源自于Mohr-Coulomb强度准则为屈服条件的修正的芬纳公式进行比较研究.结果 支护力每增加1.0 MPa,就可确保地质强度指标降低10～20的岩体中不会出现塑性区.在支护力较小和岩体质量较差情况下,采用Hoek-Brown破坏准则推导得出的塑性区半径和修正的芬纳公式计算得出的塑性区半径差别稍大.相对塑性区半径与地质强度指标都呈负乘幂函数关系,随着支护力的增大,塑性区半径随着岩体质量等级的升高而下降的趋势逐渐变缓.建立的相对塑性区半径随地质强度指标和支护力变化的二元非线性回归数学模型简明,使支护力连续变化,提高了工程实用性.结论 在岩体质量较差情况下,锚杆深度取1.8～3.0倍硐半径为宜.     

边坡稳定分析的三维剩余推力法

基于剩余推力法提出了一种边坡稳定分析的三维方法.该法可用于计算具有任意形状滑动面的边坡在复杂荷载作用下三维稳定安全系数.首先将边坡用铅直面离散为柱条,然后采用剩余推力法的原理,基于摩尔库仑准则,根据条柱的静力平衡条件,并考虑条柱间作用力的影响,推导出边坡稳定系数.算例验证了该方法的有效性和可行性.     

盐津桥水库右坝肩下游岩体稳定与工程加固处理

盐津桥水库大坝上游220m为新建公路大桥，下游3km有一个国内有名的大型企业，因此大坝的安全尤为重要．盐津桥水库工程岩体边坡为顺层边坡，卸荷裂隙发育．根据裂隙及分布特征情况，采用三维刚体极限平衡法分析右坝肩下游在卸荷裂隙、软弱夹层或顺坡岩层、X节理下的岩体稳定性．由计算分析结果提出经济合理的边坡加固处理措施．