平面应变条件下冻融循环对黄土力学性质的影响

以原状黄土为研究对象,通过平面应变试验,研究冻融循环对原状黄土物理力学性质的影响。结果表明：随着冻融循环周期的增大,土样表面损伤越严重;在同含水率、同固结围压的条件下,原状黄土的偏应力-轴向应变（σ₁-σ₃）-ε₁曲线随着冻融循环次数的增大而逐渐减小,并且冻融循环对原状黄土（σ₁-σ₃）-ε₁曲线的劣化作用随着含水率的增大而增大,随着固结围压的增大而减小;根据摩尔-库伦强度准则,得出粘聚力和内摩擦角均随着含水率的增大呈线性减小,黏聚力随着冻融循环周期的增大呈指数减小,内摩擦角随着冻融循环周期的增大而减小,且在3°范围内变化。基于试验数据的合理性,拟合出原状黄土随冻融循环周期的劣化模型,该模型经试验验证可较好地描述原状黄土随冻融循环周期的劣化规律。     

粗粒土在三向卸载时的强度特性试验研究

卸载是引起岩土材料破坏的常见工况,为了研究粗粒土在不同中主应力系数b情况下三向卸载时的强度特性,使用真三轴仪对粗粒土进行偏应力q保持300 kPa不变,球应力p不断减小的等q、等b三向等量卸载试验,分析三向卸载条件下粗粒土的强度特性,研究常用强度准则对卸载条件粗粒土的适用性。试验结果表明：在三向等量卸载条件下,粗粒土的强度参数与中主应力系数b有关;对于不同的b值,b=0时的内摩擦角φ_b最小,破坏应力比M_b最大;破坏应力比M_b随着b的增大而减小,且随着b的增大,减小的梯度在逐渐减小;内摩擦角φ_b在b值较小时随着b的增大而增大,在b值较大时随着b的增大而减小,3个方向剪切的共同影响可以解释这一变化规律;Matsuoka-Nakai强度准则、粗粒土应力不变量强度准则和Lade-Duncan强度准则这3个强度准则都能反映内摩擦角φ_b与b之间的这一规律,其中,Matsuoka-Nakai强度准则在b值较小时与试验结果较为接近,粗粒土应力不变量强度准则在b值较大时与试验结果较为接近;粗粒土角隅函数强度准则与等q、等b试验结果较为吻合。     

考虑空间变异性的基坑降水支护开挖引起地面沉降的可靠度评估

对于软黏土或残积土中的深基坑支护开挖,开挖后的地面沉降与基底隆起和挡墙变形密切相关,且受墙后地下水变化的影响显著。提出一种基于最新开发的简化对数回归模型的可靠性分析方法预测地面最大沉降,采用考虑土体空间变异性的方差缩减技术实现一阶可靠性方法（FORM）,探讨了地面沉降超过既定阈值的概率,验证了方差缩减技术的高效性。通过分析关于空间平均及关键设计参数的影响发现,土体空间变异性会导致较高的破坏概率,挡墙的系统刚度、地面沉降阈值的大小、土体特性的变化系数以及地下水下降深度也对可靠性指标β有不同程度的影响,忽略其影响会导致不可靠的设计,较大的特征长度会导致较低的破坏概率和较高的β,同时考虑c_u/σ''_v和E₅₀/c_u的空间变异性会比单独考虑其中一项对β影响更大。     

Rheological properties of magnetorheological fluid prepared by gelatin-carbonyl iron composite particles

Gelatin — carbonyl iron composite particle was prepared by micro emulsion method. The analysis of scanning electron microscope(SEM) shows that the ultrafine particles are spheroids coated by gelatin, and the average sizes of particles are 3 – 10 μm. The specific saturation magnetization σ_s is 130.9 A · m²/kg, coercivity H _c is 0.823 A/m, and residual magnetism r is 4.98 Am²/kg for the composite particles. It is shown that the particles possess properties of soft magnetic. The yield stress of magnetorheological fluid (MRF) with composite particle reaches 70 kPa at 0.5 T magnetic induction. Magnetorheological effects are superior in lower magnetic field intensity and the subsidence stability of the MRF is excellent compared with pure carbonyl iron powder.     

不同颗粒强度人工模拟粗粒土三轴试验研究

通过制备不同强度水泥球形颗粒,并以一定级配制成人工模拟粗粒土,以此进行三轴固结排水剪试验,研究了颗粒强度对粗粒土强度及变形特性的影响。试验结果表明:颗粒强度对粗粒土强度和变形特性均有明显影响,颗粒强度的提高引起抗剪强度的增大以及体积变形的减小。低围压下,高颗粒强度的粗粒土表现为应变软化,低颗粒强度的粗粒土则表现为应变硬化,体积变形均为剪胀;高围压下各种颗粒强度的土均表现为应变硬化,体变表现为剪缩。线性强度指标c、φ和邓肯E-B模型参数K、K_b与模拟料颗粒强度的关系均可用直线表示,非线性指标φ₀、φ与颗粒强度关系则近似用二次曲线表示。峰值摩擦角φ_f与粗粒土颗粒强度也呈线性关系,颗粒强度每增大1 MPa,峰值摩擦角φ_f增大0.066 5°。     

水热辅助溶胶凝胶法制备纳米钛酸锌及其光催化性能

采用水热辅助的溶胶凝胶法制备纳米钛酸锌（ZnTiO₃）光催化剂,以罗丹明B为目标降解物,运用动力学模型分析罗丹明B（RhB）初始浓度对降解效果的影响。通过SEM、XRD、XPS、UV-Vis DRS对ZnTiO₃进行表征,并使用自由基捕获试验分析其降解机理。结果表明,ZnTiO₃为纯六方相,形貌为类球形,粒径50 nm左右。在催化剂用量为1 g/L、RhB初始浓度为5 mg/L、pH值为3的条件下,光催化反应150 min后,RhB降解率为93.2%。其动力学方程为k=0.132C₀^-1.253。ZnTiO₃光催化剂降解过程中,·OH、h⁺、·O₂^-均起到催化作用,产生·OH、h⁺的量相近且多于·O₂^-,说明·OH、h⁺在催化反应中起主要作用。     

全螺纹高强锚栓锚固性能试验研究

为研究全螺纹高强锚栓的黏结锚固性能,以高强锚栓类型、高强锚栓直径d、锚固长度l_a及混凝土保护层厚度c为试验参数,进行了24组共计48个高强锚栓的拉拔试验。结果表明：端头高强锚栓较直高强锚栓可有效减小其所需的锚固长度。直高强锚栓黏结力主要集中在l_a=10d以内;增加c可以提高其锚固性能,增加l_a可以减小c对其黏结锚固性能的影响。混凝土的破坏程度和l_a直接影响高强锚栓受拉过程中能量转化和消耗。中国规范中有关锚栓锚固长度的设计方法过于保守。     

负载型γ-Al2O3三维粒子电极的制备及其对氯霉素的降解

以γ-Al₂O₃为载体,将Ti和Sn两种元素进行负载制备负载型γ-Al₂O₃粒子电极,采用X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线荧光光谱（XRF）、红外光谱（IR）对γ-Al₂O₃和负载型γ-Al₂O₃粒子电极进行表征。研究了电解时间对三维粒子电极法电催化氧化氯霉素的影响。采用初始浓度100 mg/L的CAP模拟废水,持续电解3 h后,制备的粒子电极通过三维电解对CAP去除率为72.8%,对TOC去除率低于3.7%,说明负载型γ-Al₂O₃粒子电极对氯霉素矿化作用较小。三维粒子电极对氯霉素的降解过程近似符合一级动力学方程,CAP初始浓度对去除率影响较小。粒子电极电催化氧化CAP的关键因素之一为·OH,外加叔丁醇对·OH进行清洗,相同条件下,氯霉素去除率降低至30%左右,表明氯霉素的降解是由阳极氧化和·OH间接氧化两种途径协同作用的。     

填海作用对海积软土的抗剪强度影响试验研究

以钦州港临海园区和防城港企沙工业园填海场地海积软土为研究对象,分析了填海场地海积软土赋存环境要素的变化规律。采用机制模拟技术装置,对海积软土的孔隙水离子化学组分浓度和上覆填海层厚度发生变化的情况进行了人工模拟制样,获得了“印记”了赋存环境要素的人工软土样品,并对人工软土样品进行了直剪试验。结果表明：填海层对海积软土层的附加荷载应力、水力联系变化、水化学场变化三大赋存环境要素可采用“一种土的浸泡荷载联动装置”进行模拟;随着填海层附加荷载应力的增大,人工软土样的粘聚力c和内摩擦角φ随之增大;随着浸泡液不同离子成分浓度变化,对人工软土样的粘聚力c和内摩擦角φ影响效果不一,随着离子浓度的增加,Ca²⁺比Mg²⁺对抗剪强度指标的影响大;填海层附加荷载应力与浸泡液离子组分双因素同时作用下,对土样的抗剪强度指标存在相互耦合效应,其耦合效应对黏聚力影响明显,对内摩擦角影响较小。     

全风向角下二维切角方形桥塔气动措施数值模拟

采用SST K-ω湍流模型,对二维切角方形桥塔气动措施进行了全风向角下的CFD数值模拟研究,雷诺数为5×10⁴。分析了添加气动措施对桥塔气动力系数、横风向气动力频谱、斯托罗哈数的影响,并与试验结果进行了对比,二者吻合较好。研究结果表明,风向角α≤25°,升力系数呈下降趋势,添加翼板会显著增大桥塔升力系数;α>25°,升力系数呈上升趋势,添加气动措施对桥塔升力系数没有影响。添加气动措施后桥塔阻力系数会增大,最小阻力系数出现在5°~10°风向角范围内。不同风向角下的模型涡脱方式不同,包含的涡脱频率也不同,漩涡脱落不一定是单纯的正弦现象。添加气动措施会减小模型St数,最大St数出现在5°~15°风向角之间。     

Earth pressure coefficient at rest during secondary compression

In order to obtain the earth pressure coefficient at rest (K ₀) at higher consolidation pressures during secondary compression, a series of K ₀ tests for saturated reconstituted clay were conducted. The results indicate that the measured K ₀ in secondary compression can be described by equations related to internal friction angle, secondary compression coefficient, compression index, recompression index, and sediment time. Effects of consolidation pressures and sediment time on K ₀ during secondary compression can be attributed to cementation (part of cohesion) increase and internal friction angle decrease. Cementation increase leads to nonlinear variation for K ₀ and internal friction angle decrease results in increase of K ₀. K ₀ computed by equations associated with internal friction angle is overestimated at apparent lower consolidation pressures with different sediment time, which agrees with the measured values well at apparent higher consolidation pressures.     

An improved hypoplastic constitutive model of rockfill considering effect of stress path

An incrementally nonlinear hypoplastic constitutive model was introduced, which was developed without recourse to the concepts in elastoplasticity theory such as yield surface, plastic potential and the decomposition of the deformation into elastic and plastic parts. Triaxial drained tests on rockfill were conducted on a large scale triaxial apparatus under two types of stress paths, which were the stress paths of constant stress ratio and the complex stress paths with transitional features. Motivated by the effect of stress path, the Gudehus-Bauer hypoplastic model was improved by considering the parameter variations with different ratios of stress increment. Fitting parameter α presents a piecewise linear relationship with cosine of the slope angle θ determined by instantaneous stress path. The improved hypoplastic model can present peak stress increasing and volumetric strain changing from dilatancy to contractancy with the increase of transitional confining pressure σ _3t and the decrease of slope angle θ of stress path. Compared with the test data, it is shown that the model is capable of fully considering the effect of stress path on rockfill.     

基于Monte-Carlo法的边坡可靠性分析

为了研究土性参数中粘聚力系数c和内摩擦角φ对边坡可靠度指标β的影响,在传统的极限平衡原理Bishop法的基础上,结合可靠度分析方法中的MonteCarlo法,通过MATLAB来实现以上的分析过程。结果表明：粘聚力系数c的变异系数δc以及内摩擦角φ的变异系数δφ与可靠度指标β呈负相关。     

岩体等效抗剪强度概率特征值评估在边坡稳定性可靠度分析中的应用

为消除因采用Hock-Brown准则中间变量而导致评估等效抗剪强度参数概率特征时产生累积误差,针对Hoek-Brown准则各变量具可变性和不确定性,提出应直接由基本变量人手来评估.在简要介绍Hoek-Brown准则基础上,选用了Rosenblueth点估计法和Monte-Carlo抽样法对边坡岩体的等效抗剪强度概率特征值以及边坡稳定性可靠度和破坏概率进行了对比计算分析.尽管2种方法计算结果差异很小,但是与Monte-Carlo抽样法相比,Roseriblueth点估计法计算量明显减小.而Rosenbheth点估计法较为简单,因此工程中可以用它来估计岩体有关参数概率特征值、稳定性可靠度和破坏概率.     

黄土边坡可靠度的随机有限元分析

为了研究黄土边坡的可靠度,在对黄土强度参数进行变异性统计、概率分布检验及垂直向自相关距离计算的基础上,将黄土强度参数黏聚力和内摩擦角作为随机变量,将其在二维边坡剖面的空间变化作为随机场,用局部平均细分法将符合一定均值和标准差的强度参数按随机场分布在边坡剖面的有限元网格上,再采用弹-理想塑性有限元计算边坡稳定系数,用Monte-Carlo法计算其失效概率。结果表明:黄土黏聚力的变异系数多在0.30以上,内摩擦角的变异系数多在0.20以下,且黄土高原从西向东两个参数的变异性都增大;黏聚力和内摩擦角的概率分布类型对边坡失效概率计算结果影响显著,统计检验发现黏聚力采用对数正态分布、内摩擦角采用正态分布为宜;黄土地层的垂直向自相关距离多在0.7 m以内,与计算厚度的比值多小于0.2;在大部分黄土的变异系数与自相关距离水平下,采用确定场进行可靠度分析,多数情况将极大地高估了黄土边坡的失效概率,而在极端高变异系数水平下,采用确定场进行可靠度分析,又将极大地低估其失效概率。     

辽宁区域性饱和黏性土和粉土抗剪强度参数的试验研究——以盘锦地区为例

目的试验与分析辽宁区域性饱和黏性土(黏土与粉质黏土)和粉土抗剪强度参数.对辽宁盘锦地区黏性土抗剪强度特征取得了规律性认识,提高评价土质的可靠性.方法采用室内直剪试验、三轴试验与室外十字板剪切试验、静力触探试验.结果黏土内摩擦角φ好于粉质黏土、粉土;内聚力C的相关性相对于摩擦角较差;黏土的内聚力成负相关;直剪试验(快剪)抗剪强度指标内摩擦角φ和黏聚力C高于三轴试验(UU)的抗剪强度指标.不排水抗剪强度经验公式Cu=18.0 11.02qu适应于辽宁盘锦地区的黏土.结论建立了室内直剪试验与三轴试验抗剪强度指标之间关系,及十字板剪切试验与静力触力试验之间的关系,为以后在辽宁盘锦地区地基勘察评价中估计黏性土的抗剪强度提供参考.     

3D FEM analysis for layered rock considering anisotropy of shear strength

An empirical expression of cohesion (C) and friction angle) (ϕ for layered rock was suggested. This expression was compared with a test result made by the former researchers. The constitutive relationship of a transversely isotropic medium and Mohr-Coulomb criterion in which C and ϕ vary with directions were employed, and a relative 3D elasto-plastic FEM code was developed, in which the important thing was to adopt a search-trial method to find the orientation angle (ρ) of shear failure plane (or weakest shear plane) with respect to the major principal stress as well as the corresponding C and ϕ. Taking an underground opening as the calculation object, the numerical analyses were carried out by using the FEM code for two cases of transversely isotropic rock and isotropic rock, respectively, and the computation results were compared. The results show that when the rock is a transversely isotropic one, the distributions of displacements, plastic zones and stress contours in the surrounding rock will be non-axisymmetric along the tunnel’s vertical axis, which is very different from that of isotropic rock. The stability of the tunnel in transversely isotropic rock is relatively low.     

Upper bound analysis of slope stability with nonlinear failure criterion based on strength reduction technique

Based on the upper bound limit analysis theorem and the shear strength reduction technique, the equation for expressing critical limit-equilibrium state was employed to define the safety factor of a given slope and its corresponding critical failure mechanism by means of the kinematical approach of limit analysis theory. The nonlinear shear strength parameters were treated as variable parameters and a kinematically admissible failure mechanism was considered for calculation schemes. The iterative optimization method was adopted to obtain the safety factors. Case study and comparative analysis show that solutions presented here agree with available predictions when nonlinear criterion reduces to linear criterion, and the validity of present method could be illuminated. From the numerical results, it can also be seen that nonlinear parameter m, slope foot gradient β, height of slope H, slope top gradient α and soil bulk density γ have significant effects on the safety factor of the slope.     

冻土参数对斜坡段埋地管道应力影响的数值模拟

当冻土周围温度发生变化时,土体含水率会随之改变,而此时冻土的内摩擦角、内聚力和重度都会相 应地发生变化。对处在斜坡段的埋地管道,随着冻土的融化,土体产生沿斜坡方向向下的摩擦力,使管道受到额外 的拉应力。为了正确认识冻土参数对管道应力的影响,为确定科学有效的管道防害方法提供依据,针对发生冻融滑 坡时土体各参数对管道应力的影响进行了模拟计算及分析。结果表明,当发生冻融滑坡时,随着土体内聚力与冻土 重度的增加,管道所受应力变大;随着土体内摩擦角的增加,管道所受应力减小;冻土内摩擦角对管道应力的影响 大,冻土重度次之,冻土内聚力对管道应力的影响最小。     

Dynamic response law about gravity retaining wall to seismic characteristics and earth fill properties

In order to find the dynamic response laws of retaining walls affected by certain earthquake loads, the influence of the seismic wave characteristics and sub-grade fill parameters (including the foundation surface slope) were focused on, and a series of tests were performed. The results show that the maximum stress of the retaining wall decreases as internal friction angle, foundation slope, filled soil cohesion and the biggest dynamic elastic modulus increase, while it increases with the seismic frequency and seismic input peak dropping. The addition value of dynamics earth pressure increases when seismic frequency and seismic input peak are reduced, while it decreases when the filled soil cohesion and internal friction angle rise. Meanwhile, dynamic elastic modulus and foundation slope have no obvious influences on addition value of dynamics earth pressure. The slope will be instable if the seismic input peak exceeds 0.5g and be disruptive if seismic frequency is larger than 2.5 Hz. The mid-lower parts of retaining walls are in most heavy and obvious response to these factors, which reveals the mechanism of “belly burst” in retaining wall that appears commonly in practical projects.