Self-healing of cracks in concrete with various crystalline mineral additives in underground environment

Cracks can deteriorate mechanical properties and/or durability of concrete. A few studies have shown that, cracks can autogenously heal under a certain conditions besides the traditional passive repair with a deliberate external intervention. For underground concrete structures, the presence of water, as a necessity for chemical reactions of the healing additives, is beneficial to healing concrete. In this paper, a natural healing method by mineral additives was developed according to the chemical and physical characteristics of underground environment. The healing capacity of three different crystalline mineral materials classified namely, carbonate, calcium sulphoaluminate expansive agent and natural metakaolin due to permeation- crystallization, expansion and pozzolanic reaction, has been assessed from the mechanical properties, referring to the relative elastic modulus, the strength restoration, and the water permeability of the healed specimens. In addition, the morphology of the healing products in the vicinity of the crack was observed. The results indicate that the specimens incorporated with the three mineral additives show different healing capacity according to the improved mechanical properties and permeability. The permeability of the host matrix decreased a lot after crack healing by natural metakaolin followed by carbonate whereas no noticeable improvement of water permeability has been observed for the specimens mixed with expansive agent. The specimens incorporated with carbonate show the best mechanical restoration in terms of relative elastic modulus and compressive strength. Although the dominate element is CaCO3 by reaction of CO32-, either from the dissolved CO2 or from the additives, and Ca2＋ in the cementitious system to fill the cracks, the healing capacity depends greatly on the morphology and the properties of the newly formed products.     

Synthesis of glycerine-xanthate and its depressing mechanism in separation of marmatite from arsenopyrite

A small molecular organic depressor glycerine-xanthate was synthesized. The effect of glycerine-xanthate on the flotation of sulfide minerals was investigated based on a function of pH value and concentration of glycerine-xanthate through flotation experiments in the presence and absence of Cu^2＋. The results show that glycerinee-xanthate has a strong dressing effect on marmatite at pH〉6 and on arsenopyrite in weak acid and base conditions with butyl-xanthate as collector. In the presence of glycerine -xanthate, marmatite is activated by addition of Cu^2＋, but arsenopyrite cannot be activated and remains unfloatable. So the selective separation can be achieved for two minerals. The depression of glycerine-xanthate on sulfide minerals was discussed based on the radical electronegative calculation and the theory of HSAB. Infrared spectrum shows that there are some -OH and-CSS-in glycedne-xanthate molecule, which competes with butyl-xanthate on the mineral surface. As a result of many hydrophilic groups in glycerine-xanthate, the surfaces of marmatite and arsenopyrite become hydrophilic, thus the flotation of marmatite and arsenopyrite is depressed. The collector is adsorbed preferentially on the surface of marmatite and it shows a better floatability in the presence of Cu^2＋, whereas, the surface of arsenopyrite absorbs glycerine-xanthate and the flotation of arsenopyrite is depressed by glycerine-xanthate.     

Adsorption behavior of heavy metal ions by carbon nanotubes grown on microsized Al2O3 particles

Carbon nanotubes （CNTs） were grown on the surface of microsized Al2O3 particles in CH4 atmosphere at 700℃ under the catalysis of Fe-Ni nanoparticles. The CNTs on Al2O3 were used for adsorbing Pb^2＋, Cu^2＋, and Cd^2＋ from the solution and the results were compared with active carbon powders, commercial carbon nanotubes, and Al2O3 particles. The as-grown CNTs/Al2O3 have demonstrated extraordinary absorption capacity with further treatment or oxidation, as well as hydrophilic ability that other CNTs lacked. The adsorption capacity of CNTs on Al2O3 is superior to other adsorbents and the preference order of adsorption on composite Al2O3 is pb^2＋〉Cu^2＋〉Cd^2＋. It seemed that the adsorption of those Pb^2＋, Cu^2＋, and Cd^2＋ did not change the surface properties of composite particles. The adsorption behaviors of Pb^2＋, Cu^2＋, and Cd^2＋ by CNTs on Al2O3 match well with the Langmuir isothermal adsorption model and the second order kinetic model. The calculated saturation amount adsorbed by 1 g of CNTs on Al2O3 are 67.11, 26.59, and 8.89 mg/g for Pb^2＋, Cu^2＋, and Cd^2＋ in single adsorption test, respectively.     

The Surface Groups and Active Site of Fibrous Mineral Materials

The exposed and transformed groups of fibrous bruche, wollastonite , chrysotile asbestos, sepiolite , palygorskhe , clinoptilolhe , crocidolhe and diatomaceous earth mineral materials are analyzed by IR spectra after acid and alikali etching, strong mechanical and polarity molecular interaction. The results show the active sites concentrate on the ends in stick mineral materials and on the defect or hole edge in pipe mineral materials. The inside active she of mineral materials plays a main role in small molecular substance. The shape of minerals influence their distribution and density of active she. The strong mechanical impulsion and weak chemical force change the active she feature of minerals, the powder process enables minerals exposed more surface group and more combined types. The surface processing with the small polarity molecular or the brand of middle molecular may produce ionation and new coordinate bond, and change the active properties and level of original mineral materials.     

Reactive ion exchange synthesis of high pure nano-CeO2

This paper presents a reactive ion exchange synthesis method of nano-CeO2 with positive cerium preexchanged ion exchange resin as precursor and ( NH4) 2CO3 as precipitant. The resultant precipitate was dried at 100 ℃ for 12 h and then was calcined at 500 K in air. The effects of ion exchange temperature and reaction time on the diameter of CeO2 particle were discussed. The TEM images show that the samples prepared with one step reactive ion exchange method are composed of nano-club with the length about 300 nm.     

Chloride ion penetration into concrete under hydraulic pressure

The lining concrete of subsea tunnel services under combined hydraulic pressure, mechanical and environmental loads. The chloride ion and water penetrations into concrete under hydraulic pressure were investigated. The experimental results indicate that the water penetration depth, chloride ion transportation depth, and the concentration of chloride ion ingression into concrete increase with raised hydraulic pressure and hold press period. But the chloride ion transportation velocity is only 53% of that of water when concrete specimens are under hydraulic pressure. The chloride transportation coefficient of concrete decreases with hold press period as power function. And that would increase 500%-600% in chloride transportation coefficient when the hydraulic pressure increases from 0 to 1.2 MPa. The hydraulic pressure also decreases the bound chloride ion of concrete to about zero. Besides, the low water-cementitions materials and suitable content of mineral admixture （including fly ash and slag） improve the resistance capacity of chloride penetration, and binding capacity of concrete under hydraulic pressure.     

Synthesis and Properties of Li_2MnSiO_4/C Cathode Materials for Li-ion Batteries

Carbon was coated on the surface of Li_2MnSiO_4 to improve the electrochemical performance as cathode materials, which were synthesized by the solution method followed by heat treatment at 700 ℃ and the solid-state method followed by heat treatment at 950 ℃. It is shown that the cycling performance is greatly enhanced by carbon coating, compared with the pristine Li_2MnSiO_4 cathode obtained by the solution method. The initial discharge capacity of Li_2MnSiO_4/C nanocomposite is 280.9 m Ah/g at 0.05 C with the carbon content of 33.3 wt%. The reasons for the improved electrochemical performance are smaller grain size and higher electronic conductivity due to the carbon coating. The Li_2 MnSiO_4/C cathode material obtained by the solid-state method exhibits poor cycling performance, the initial discharge capacity is less than 25 m Ah/g.     

Influencing factors of pyrite leaching in germ-free system

The effect of mineral particle size, pulp potential and category of oxidant on pyrite leaching was studied. The results show that a smaller mineral particle size leads to a higher leaching rate of pyrite, and the optimum result with pyrite leaching rate of 2.92% is obtained when mineral particle size is less than 0.037 mm. The pulp potential reflects the leaching process. The increase of pulp potential can improve pyrite leaching. The leaching rate and velocity of pyrite can be enhanced rapidly by adding strong oxidant. The kind and the method of adding oxidant have important effect on the pyrite leaching. Appropriate concentration of Fe3 can enhance pyrite leaching but the precipitation generated by high concentration of ferric ion covers the surface of pyrites and prevents the leaching process. The leaching rate increases with the constant addition of H2O2.     

Preparation and Application of Active Composite Antibacterial Material Containing Ag^＋ and Zn^2＋

A kind of active composite antibacterial material was prepared with CaHPO4 as the container, Ag^＋ and Zn^2＋ were adsorbed through ion-exchange, then it was doped with small scale of rare earth and photocatalyst, and was finally calcined at a certain temperature. The properties and application of the composite material antibacterial were investigated. Some tests show that the as-prepared antibacterial powders modified by opaque agents such os SnO2 and ZrO2, possess beautiful white and excellent climate resistance at normal temperatures and are promising candidate materials for antibacterial plastics and dope. The result of the application in glaze indicates that Ag^＋ can still exist stably, with no color change for the glaze, even being sintered at 1200℃ . SEM , EDS , antibacterial activity analyses and contrast tests reveal that the as-prepared antibacterial powders and the antibacterial glaze both have excellent antibacterial activities, without color change, in the case of dark or brightness.     

Alkali-silica reactivity of different aggregates from mineral and textural characteristics

To identify the aggregates causing the alkali-silica reaction, and the reactivity of rocks in different parts of China, the mineral and texture characteristics of some typical coarse ag gregates and the alkali reactivity of these aggregates were systematically investigated. On one hand, petrographic examination of aggregates, combined with X-ray diffraction analysis, chemical analysis, scanning electron microscopy, was conducted for analyzing their mineralogy and texture. It was found that not only mineral characteristics, but also their interior structure would affect their potential alkali-silica reactivity. Furthermore, the alkali-silica reactivity of aggregates is due to their mineral compositions, such as containing different alkali-reactive minerals, while, different stuctures of those aggregates with similar minerals affect their reactivity to some extent. There are some amount of micro-aperture and cracks across the quartz in the aggregate, which may become the natural accesses for Na^＋, K^＋, and OH^- ions to intrude in the mortar or concrete during the process of alkali-silica reaction. Alkali-silica reactivity of the aggregates was detected by the accelerated mortar bars test. It was revealed that all the aggregates tested were alkali-silica reactive and the results were also in accordance with their mineral and structure analysis.     

Preparation and antimicrobial ability of natural proous antibacterial materials

The liquid ion exchange method, solid salt melt method and dry-wet circulation method were used to prepare natural porous antimicrobial materials with natural minerals, such as zeolite, spilite, palygorskite and montmorillonite, respectively. Atomic absorption spectrum and X-ray diffraction analysis were carried out to investigate the effects of Ag⁺, Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺ on antimicrobial abilities of natural porous minerals, and the effect of preparation method on ion exchange capacity of antimicrobial material, respectively. The results show that for the ion exchange capacity, clay mineral is higher than fibrous mineral, i. e. both zeolite and montmorillonite are higher; the antimicrobial ability of material with Ag⁺ is the best; the exchange capacities of materials with Cu²⁺ or Zn²⁺ are all higher, but the antimicrobial ability of Cu²⁺ is better than that of Zn²⁺. Foundation item: Project (40072020) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China; project (2001AA322070) supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China     

Salt-washing Improvement of the Electrochemical Properties of Zeolite-sulfur Cathode for Lithium-sulfur Batteries

We displayed that the low-cost natural zeolite with molecular sieve structure can be used as the carrier of sulfur in lithium-sulfur batteries.Meanwhile,a simple salt-washing method was implemented on zeolite for dredging the internal microchannel to improve the ability of adsorption,ion exchange and sulfur loading.The experimental results show that the first specific discharge capacities of zeolite/S and salt-washed zeolite/S cathode under 0.2 C current density are 950.7 and1 116.8 mAh/g,respectively,and corresponding discharge capacities remain at 350.6 and 604.2 mAh/g after 300 cycles.The first specific discharge capacity of salt-washed zeolite/S composite is 17.5% higher than that sample without salt-washing,and the corresponding ionic conductivity is improved.     

表层沉积物中粘土及其主要组分吸附Cu和Zn的行为研究

以表层沉积物中的粘土为研究对象,利用选择性萃取分离-吸附-加和模型方法考察了粘土及主要组分(铁锰氧化物、有机质和粘土矿物)吸附Cu,Zn的热力学特性。结果表明粘土吸附Cu,Zn的能力略高于表层沉积物吸附Cu,Zn的能力,且粘土中铁锰氧化物对Cu,Zn吸附的相对贡献最大,有机质次之,粘土矿物最小,与表层沉积物中各组分吸附Cu,Zn的规律一致,说明铁锰氧化物控制水环境中痕量重金属的作用不容忽视。     

蒙脱土／聚丙烯酰胺复合材料的制备和性能研究

以阳离子交换树脂为载体,钙基蒙脱土经微波加热离子交换制备镍蒙脱土,Ｎｉ＾２＋交换程度达到９１．４％,丙烯酰胺经络合引入蒙脱土层间聚合为复合材料,使层间距增至２ｎｍ左右,同时考察了调湿性能与原料配比的关系。     

微波固相法制备Cu/ZSM-5催化剂及其催化性能

采用微波固相法和离子交换法制备了Cu/ZSM-5催化剂,利用XRD、IR、BET和SEM等手段对催化剂样品进行了表征,考察了不同方法制备的改性ZSM-5催化剂上Cu的负载量.结果表明,在相同原料质量比下（M（Cu（AC）2）∶M（HZSM-5）=1∶5）,微波固相法制备的催化剂中,Cu的负载量为5.65%;离子交换法制备的催化剂中,Cu的负载量为1.86%,且微波固相法所需时间仅为传统加热条件下离子交换法所需时间的1/39,同时微波辐射能促进了活性组分在分子筛表面及孔道上的分散和固态离子交换反应.NO催化分解反应活性结果表明,微波固相法制备的催化剂具有更高的催化分解活性及稳定性.     

Kinetic Study for Adsorption of Heavy Metals on Zeolite

Heavy metals-polluted water has negative impact on the ecosystem. In Malaysia, minimum discharge limit for Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺ are 1 mg/L and 2 mg/L, respectively. Zeolite is a highly porous adsorbent and its performance is affected by various factors, including contact time and pH. Thus, the objective of this study is to identify an ideal operating condition to treat Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺ solutions up to the allowable discharge limit, by considering the pH and contact time factors. Six kinetic models were studied to identify the adsorption mechanism of the heavy metal removal process. Single solute batch adsorption experiment was conducted within pH 3-11 from 30 to 150 min. Results showed that hydration enthalpy (ΔH_hyd) governed the selectivity of heavy metals, where a maximum of 90.87% Zn²⁺ (ΔH_hyd=-1955 kJ/mol) and 82.15% Cu²⁺(ΔH_hyd=-2010 kJ/mol) removals were found at pH ≥ 7. Without pH adjustment, selectivity towards Cu²⁺ was higher compared with Zn²⁺ due to the size of hydration radii, where Cu²⁺ is 0.11  smaller than Zn²⁺. By considering both pH and contact time factors, this study shows that by adjusting the pH of Zn²⁺ solutions to a minimum pH value of 7, the contact time required to achieve maximum Zn²⁺ removal rate was 90%, which can be achieved within 60 min. Meanwhile, zeolite performed better in Cu²⁺ removal without any pH adjustment where a maximum of 94% was achieved at 120 min. Final concentration of 0.523 mg/L Cu²⁺ and 0.981 mg/L Zn²⁺ were obtained in this study. Kinetic study showed that Ritchie’s equation predicted Cu²⁺ adsorption the best, while Zn²⁺ adsorption could be represented by Elovich model. This suggested that the adsorption on the activate site governed Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺ removal process. Hence, future work should focus on modifying zeolite surface to improve the adsorptive performance.     

低碳烯烃芳构化催化剂与工艺进展

介绍了ZSM - 5沸石及其改性催化剂用于低碳烯烃C2 =～C5=的芳构化性能 ,结果表明在ZSM - 5沸石中加入一些金属如Zn、Ga、Pt、Ni、Cd等得到的改性催化剂可直接将烯烃及其混合物转化为芳烃 ,且芳烃收率、选择性都大有改善。各种金属及其引入方式对烯烃芳构化的影响不一样 ,催化剂的制备方法中 ,以离子交换法最佳 ,其次是浸渍法 ,最后是混合法。金属的引入量有最佳值 ,如ω(Cd)≤ 0 .8%时效果最佳。此外对各种操作条件如反应温度、空速、载气等方面进行了论述 ,认为反应温度以 35 0～ 5 5 0℃为宜 ,空速不能太大 ,以H2 为载气比N2 为载气好。探讨了烯烃芳构化的反应机理 ,并对其工艺用于烯烃汽油改质的工业应用前景作了预测     

The self-assembling and application of inorganic antibacterial material made of natural nanoporous carrier

The inorganic antimicrobial material was inhibited to the microbes with the added metal ion,Zn.The primary wet product carrying 5%-10% zinc ion was generated under the following conditions：temperature was 95 ℃,solution zinc concentration was 1.2-2.0 mol/L,and the ratio of Zn solution to zeolite weight was 5：1.The final stable product was manufactured after baking in an oven for 1-3 h at the temperature of 500-900 ℃.The baked material was tested for its disinfection effectiveness and coloring effect when mixed with paint coating.Based on the final batch of tests,the zinc content of this anti-microbial product was further optimized.     

二异丙醚催化合成的研究进展

二异丙醚(DIPE) 是重要的原料和溶剂, 广泛用于化工、环保、制药等方面。由于具有高辛烷值和良好的抗 冻性能, DIPE 也可用作汽油混合剂。但是, 对用于合成DIPE 的催化剂的研究及其应用工艺的开发仍处于初期阶段。 综述了合成DIPE 的几种催化剂, 主要有无机酸、蒙脱土、离子交换树脂、沸石等, 并介绍了其应用的具体工艺。     

新疆巴里坤县拉伊格来克膨润土矿Ⅰ矿段膨润土矿物学特征

拉伊格来克膨润土矿主要是由玄武岩、玄武安山岩及中酸性火山碎屑岩于火山盆地沉积,后经过流体作用发生水解蚀变而成。结合成矿地质背景,从矿物学角度研究了矿区Ⅰ号矿段膨润土的矿石特征、蒙脱石化学成分、物化性质、矿物组构、应用属性等,结果表明：蒙脱石平均含量68.01％; w （Al2O3）18.45％,含量相对较高;矿石胶质价（＞100 mL/15 g）、膨胀容（36.0 mL/g）、比表面积（395 m2/g）均偏高; ENa ＋/CEC＞69.0％; X射线衍射分析, d（001）在1.22～1.35 nm。综合认为该矿段膨润土主要属钠基和钙钠基,蒙脱石相对含量高,质地优,耐热性能强,是一种优质的膨润土矿产资源。