Investigation on the morphology of martensite in carbon steels

The effect of carbon content on the morphology of martensite in carbon steels has been studied in depth. It is found that not all the packet martensites obtained in carbon steels quenched from elevated temperature are lath martensite. The packet martensite obtained thus should be divided into two categories: packet thin plate martensite (i. e. lath martensite) and packet plate martensite. The former is only found in low carbon steels, the latter mainly in medium and high carbon steels. The morphology of martensite in steels with different carbon contents has been researched in detail using optical microscopy, SEM and TEM. A new criterion is proposed for identifying the category of martensite. Based on this new criterion, it is found that as-quenched steels withC _c⩽0.2% contains lath martensite; that with 0.2%<C _c<0.4% contains a mixture of lath and plate martensite. The structure of as-quenched steels withC _c⩾0.4% is completely of plate martensite. The curve of the relative volume percentage of martensite without internal twins versus carbon content has been redetermined. Finally, the misinterpretation of experimental results by previous investigators is analysed. Project supported by the Science and Technalogy Committee of Hunan Province Synopsis of the first author He Yuehui, professor, born in Sept., 1963, received Ph D degree in 1994, majoring in metallurgy of non-ferrous, powder metallurgy, heat treatment of metals, metal product, and intermetallic compounds, has published more than 100 scientific articles.     

钢中马氏体形态变化的临界现象与马氏体形核

本文提出了淬火钢中常见的(111)r,(225)r及“隐晶”等三种马氏体形态变化的临界现象的数学模式.诸形态均存在各自的原始奥氏体临界晶粒直径D_c与奥氏体中临界固溶碳原子浓度C_c的数学关系D_c~(-1/2)=((τ_s~e)/k-(140/k)C_c)形态给定时,奥氏体的临界切变屈服强度τ_s~c及Hall-petch斜率k均为定值,并可用它们标识形态变化的临界现象.实验已初步证实此模式的可靠性,并测定了诸形态的τ_s~c及k值.对诸形态k值分析表明,(111)r与(225)r马氏体均为晶界源位错形核,但柏氏矢量前者仅为后者的一半.“隐晶”马氏体形核不但包括晶界位错源模式,还包括切模量降低的、很可能是“局部较模”这种形核模式.这使核密度显著增加,从而形成“隐晶”态马氏体.     

低,中碳合金钢中的马氏体与贝氏体形态

本文主要介绍低、中碳合金钢中的马氏体除局部区域因成份偏析呈孪晶亚结构外,主要是位错亚结构的板条马氏体。低碳合金钢的中温转变组织主要有三类,即粒状组织、上贝氏体和下贝氏体。其中上贝氏体又分为粒状贝氏体、准上贝氏体和典型下贝氏体;下贝氏体又有准下贝氏体、变态下贝氏体和典型下贝氏体。中碳合金钢的中温转变组织只有上、下贝氏体,其中上贝氏体又分为准上贝氏体和典型上贝氏体,而下贝体则包括准下贝氏体、变态下贝氏体和典型下贝氏体。     

Corrosion behavior of tempered dual-phase steel embedded in concrete

Dual-phase(DP) steels with different martensite contents were obtained by appropriate heat treatment of an SAE1010 structural carbon steel,which was cheap and widely used in the construction industry. The corrosion behavior of DP steels in con-crete was investigated under various tempering conditions. Intercritical annealing heat treatment was applied to the reinforcing steel to obtain DP steels with different contents of martensite. These DP steels were tempered at 200,300,and 400°C for 45 min and then coo...     

钢中的低碳马氏体及条间奥氏体

低碳马氏体形成时可能存在碳的扩散,使条间奥氏体富碳,以及受协作形变强化的力学稳保持至室温,形成淬火钢中马氏体条间的奥氏体,它对低碳马氏体的韧化起重要的作用。低碳马氏体形成时,碳的扩散并非必需过程;马氏体与基体间为平直界面,而贝氏体界面却存在巨型台阶;低碳马氏体也并不按贝氏体形式长大;证明低碳马氏体形成机制和贝氏体的不同。低温回火时,由于渗碳体自马氏体脱溶的形核(长大)驱动力较大,先由马氏体析出渗碳体;长时间回火时,由于条间奥氏体分解驱动力较大,又受到马氏体脱溶呈收缩的拉应力促使分解;提出回火马氏体致脆的机制为马氏体脱溶和奥氏体分解的互为关连的过程。应用低碳马氏体时须注意避免回火马氏体致脆及加强条间奥氏体的稳定性。     

Relationship among wear-resistance of three-body abrasion, substructure and property in martensite steels

The effects of subsurface hardness on wear-resistance of martensitic steel 20Cr, 40CrSi, 60Mn, T8 and T10 in three-body abrasion under static load was investigated. It shows that the characteristic of the subsurface hardness distribution and the abrasive wear resistance is related to the substructure near the worn surface. The substructure of the tested martensite steel has an apparent relationship with the carbon content and steels with moderate carbon content and hardness exhibit good resistance to abrasive wear. The competition of the work-hardening effect and the temper softening effect, which resulted from deformation and friction heat generating during abrasive wear is considered to be a main reason for the relation among wear-resistance, hardness and substructure. At the test conditions, the wear-resistance of 40CrSi is the best.     

低合金高强度双相耐磨钢热处理工艺研究

采用光学显微镜、电子显微镜和万能力学试验机对热处理后的低合金高强度双相耐磨钢试样进行组织观察和力学性能测试。结果表明,水淬后的试样微观组织为贝氏体-马氏体双相组织;250℃回火后的试样微观组织为回火马氏体和贝氏体;450℃和600℃回火后的试样微观组织分别为回火马氏体和贝氏体。水淬250℃回火后的试样具有最佳强度和塑性配比,其抗拉强度和屈服强度分别为1491.4 MPa和1264.6 MPa,HRC硬度为43,延伸率为9.42%。     

低合金耐磨钢的组织与性能

低成本、高性能耐磨钢的需求增长及其开发都在进行中．本研究根据对耐磨钢性能的要求,试制了三种不同合金化方式的低合金耐磨钢,利用金相显微镜、透射电子显微镜、洛氏硬度计、万能材料试验机、夏氏冲击试验机和磨粒磨损实验机研究了其组织和性能,讨论了它们问的关系．结果表明：0．25C钢经不同工艺热处理后均获得了马氏体组织,并发生不同程度的自回火现象,硬度均大于45HRC,屈服强度大于1000MPa,抗拉强度大于1500MPa,并具有一定的塑性和韧性;在860℃淬火或920℃淬火并250℃回火后,实验钢的硬度、强度、塑性和韧性有最佳的配合,耐磨性最佳;V微合金化对钢的组织和性能没有明显影响．0．33C钢860℃或920℃奥氏体化后以等于或大于2．0％／s的冷速连续冷却或风冷至室温,回火或不回火即可得到由贝氏体与马氏体组成的混合组织,硬度超过50HRC,屈服强度大于900MPa,抗拉强度大于1500MPa,有一定的塑性和韧性,耐磨性良好,与商用淬火一回火耐磨钢类似;但由于具有高的加工硬化能力和良好的冲击韧性,在冲击条件下的耐磨性会优于商用钢．不同工艺热处理后的试验钢的磨损率随砂纸粒度和载荷增大而增大,载荷的影响较大,而磨粒的影响较小．     

800 MPa级CSiMnNb与CSiMnCr系冷轧双相钢组织与性能

在实验室采用CCT-AY-Ⅱ连续退火模拟器研究不同退火温度条件下800 MPa级CSiMnCr与CSiMnNb系冷轧双相钢的力学性能,并对其显微组织进行分析.结果表明：在同一成分试验钢中,770℃退火较790℃退火时所获得的强度高;钢中添加少量的Nb细化了铁素体与岛状马氏体组织,并且岛状马氏体更纯净,屈强比低,加工硬化指数n值更高.     

硅对中碳低合金贝氏体/马氏体复相耐磨钢的影响

研究了不同含量的硅元素和热处理工艺对中碳低合金钢的组织与性能的影响.在中碳钢中,加入少量的硅、锰、铬合金元素,采用中频感应炉进行熔炼,砂型浇注.炉料由废钢、生铁、硅铁、锰铁、铬铁组成,浇注出的试样用箱式电阻炉加热到910℃,保温2h,于硝盐槽中进行等温淬火,分别为280℃保温1.5h,2h和2.5h.对热处理后的试样和铸态下的原始试样进行洛氏硬度和冲击韧性试验,对比发现,经过热处理后的试样硬度和冲击韧性性能均有明显提高,采用金相显微镜对试样进行组织观察,发现热处理后的试样得到贝氏体与马氏体组织.试验表明：贝氏体与马氏体复相可以有效提高硬度和冲击韧性,冲击韧性最高为27.623J/mm^2,洛氏硬度最高达到57.25.     

热处理工艺对GCr18Mo钢组织及硬度的影响

对GCr18Mo钢进行了淬火+回火及等温淬火热处理,并对不同热处理工艺下GCr18Mo钢的显微组织和硬度值进行了分析比较.通过分析实验结果得出:GCr18Mo钢经930℃淬火180℃回火后的硬度值低于经860℃淬火220℃回火后的硬度值,两种热处理的组织均为回火马氏体+碳化物+残余奥氏体.GCr18Mo钢在230℃等温淬火处理时,得到下贝氏体组织,其形态由单个细针转变到草丛堆状.GCr18Mo钢经930℃加热230℃等温130 min后的硬度值明显低于经870℃加热230℃等温30 min的硬度值.     

低碳微合金钢微观组织的纳米压痕研究

对低碳微合金钢D40进行热处理和热模拟实验,获得各实验工艺下的试样,经过金相制备,利用光学显微镜(OM)和扫描电镜(SEM)观察各试样显微组织。室温条件下,利用纳米压痕仪对试样块状铁素体、针状铁素体和马氏体组织进行微观力学性能分析。结果表明,同一种低碳微合金钢在热处理和热模拟工艺下得到的马氏体和铁素体的平均纳米硬度差别很大,针状铁素体的平均纳米硬度小于马氏体的平均纳米硬度,大于块状铁素体的平均纳米硬度。     

合金元素Mo对冷轧双相钢组织的影响

分析Mo微合金冷轧双相钢和普通C-Mn冷轧双相钢在不同双相热处理工艺下微观结构,讨论Mo对冷轧双相钢组织变化规律的影响。实验结果表明：当两种双相钢以1700℃／s冷却时,均获得了铁素体、马氏体双相组织,马氏体均匀分布在铁素体基体上,随着加热温度的升高,普通C-Mn双相钢得到的马氏体体积分数多。当以5．4℃／s冷却时,Mo微合金双相钢得到的马氏体体积分数多;当加热到820℃保温结束后以5．4℃／s的速率冷却时,普通C-Mn钢的组织组成相为铁素体、珠光体、马氏体;Mo微合金钢的组织组成相为铁素体、贝氏体、马氏体;Mo对铁素体晶粒的细化作用不明显。     

贝氏体钢的组织结构和性能

研究了不同含碳量的贝氏体钢的组织和性能，由于钢中含碳量的差别，在铸态和空冷条件下得到不同形态和数量的贝氏体。在低碳范围得到全部贝氏体组织。随碳量增加，贝氏体量减少，形态发生变化，同时，马氏体量增多．在合适成分，空冷可得到近于半贝氏体和半马氏体组织，这种钢具有优良的综合力学性能和高耐磨性，它比目前现场使用的几种典型耐磨材料有更高的耐磨性能．     

Predicting the martensite transformation start-temperature of low alloy steel based on fuzzy identification

A method of fuzzy identification based on T-S fuzzy model was proposed for predicting temperature Ms from chemical composition, austenitizing temperature and time for low alloy steel. The degree of membership of each sample was calculated with fuzzy clustering algorithm. Kalman filtering was used to identify the consequent parameters. Compared with the results obtained by empirical models based on the same data, the results by the fuzzy method showed good precision. The accuracy of the fuzzy model is almost 6 times higher than that of the best empirical model. The influence of alloying elements, austenitizing temperature and time on Ms was analyzed quantitatively by using the fuzzy model. It is shown that there exists a nonlinear relationship between the contents of alloying elements in steels and their Ms, and the effects of austenitizing temperature and time on Ms temperature cannot be neglected.     

Effect of controlled rolling on the martensitic hardenability of dual phase steel

The C-Mn and C-Mn-Nb steels were thermo-mechanically processed to develop dual phase steel and to study the effect of controlled rolling on the martensitic hardenability of austenite. The steel specimens were intercritically annealed at 790°C,rolled at that temperature to the reductions of 10%,23%,and 47% and immediately cooled at different rates. Quantitative metallography was used to construct the microstructure map,which illustrated that increasing deformation progressively reduced the proportion of new ...     

空冷高硅中碳低合金钢的组织与性能

研究了高硅中碳低合金钢空冷态和空冷＋回火态的显微组织和力学性能.试验钢在860℃保温0.5 h奥氏体化后空冷处理,随后分别在250℃和400℃保温1 h回火.结果表明：试验钢空冷后组织为贝氏体/马氏体和残余奥氏体的混合组织,硬度约为41 HRC;而250℃回火后组织变化不大,硬度明显升高,约为49 HRC,韧性明显增加,由44 J/cm2增加到66 J/cm2,抗拉强度、屈服强度和延伸率明显下降.回火温度进一步增加对力学性能影响不大.     

高碳钢中片状马氏体的分形(Fractal)特征

本文研究了T12钢不同温度加热淬火后得到的片状马氏体组织,认为在一个奥氏体晶粒内部,片状马氏体呈分形结构。实验表明在不同的相区,随淬火加热温度增加,分形维数D_f增加。在T=820℃附近D_f有一较大的变化,是由于A+FesC两相区向单相A区的转变所引起,同时也讨论了分形维数D_f与淬火组织硬度之间的关系。     

母相压缩变形对Fe23Ni0.55C合金{259}f马氏体转变的影响

利用扫描电镜（SEM）观察了母相压缩变形对Fe23Ni0.55C合金{259}f马氏体转变的影响。试验结果表明,母相压缩变形使{259}f马氏体转变的Ms点（马氏体开始形成温度）升高,变形量较时Ms点升高较快,变形量较大时Ms点升高的趋势不如变形量较小时明显;变形量较时{259}f马氏体没有择优取向,母相压缩变形量为30％时的马氏体和对应的表面浮凸沿滑移线方向分别以细片状和细条状平地排列成“簇”;变形量较小时{259}f马氏体片的边界与未变形相比更平直,30％母相压缩变形得到的马氏体片边缘较破碎,而经50％母相压缩变形后,不但马氏体片的边缘较破碎,而且中脊也开始弯曲或折断,在浮凸表面上表现为小的沟痕。     

微合金化稀土对结构钢相变及组织的影响

本文论述了稀土固溶的概念及稀土在钢中的存在形式。研究了稀土对几种低碳、中碳、高碳结构钢的临界点、CCT曲线和显微组织的影响。试验表明,稀土使钢的A_(cl)、A_(r1)、A_(c3)、A_(r3)、M_(s)、M_f、B_s点温度有所降低;稀土不改变CCT曲线的形状,但使其向右下方移动;在相同的冷却速度下,添加稀土元素和无稀土元素的钢比较,先共析铁素体量减少,珠光体量增加,并细化了珠光体及马氏体组织。