Influence of Calcium Sulfate State and Fineness of Cement on Hydration of Portland Cements Using Electrical Measurement

1 IntroductionThe calcium sulfate state includes gypsum, hemi-hydrate and anhydrite .Inthe modern Portland cement in-dustry,the gypsumis used as a setting retarder for reac-tion with C3A[1]. With the presence of gypsumin theformof CaSO4·2H2O,the gypsum dissolves and reactsprimarily with C3A and C4AF to form ettringite . Thisettringite isinitiallyformed with a veryfine-needle crystalstructure ,whichforms a diffusion barrier onthe surface ofthe cement . This coating avoids the unwanted fl…     

Effect of Waste Paper Fiber on Properties of Cementbased Mortar and Relative Mechanism

The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of waste paper fiber on the properties of cement-based mortar and the relative mechanism. The cement-based mortars with various contents and mixing way of waste paper fibers were prepared and the slump flow, setting time and strength developments of all mortars were tested. Besides, Ca(OH)_2 content in hardened pastes at different ages and the microstructures of all mortar at 90 d were observed by scanning electron microscopy. The experimental results showed that in the process of mixing, more superplastizier was consumed to maintain the workability because of the absorption of water and superplastizer on waste paper fiber. With more waste paper fiber being added, longer setting time is available for the pastes with it because of the carbohydrate dissolving and its retarding to the cement hydration. Waste paper fiber is adverse to the early and later strength of cement-based mortar, but it increases the mortar strengths at 7 and 28 d. The strength, Ca(OH)_2 content and microstructure are related to the content and mixing way of waste paper fiber. Waste paper fiber helps produce the Ca(OH)_2 at 7 and 28 d, but this case is reverse at ages of 1 and 3 d. Overall, waste paper fiber leads to the appearance of more pores in the hardened paste. However, it increases the toughness of cement-based mortar.     

Influence of Thermally Treated Flue Gas Desulfurization （FGD） Gypsum on Performance of the Slag Powder Concrete

The feasibility of flue gas desulphurization （FGD） as concrete admixture was studied. A combined concrete admixture of the thermally-treated FGD gypsum and slag powder was explored. The FGD gypsum was roasted at 200℃ for 60 min and then mixed with the slag powder to form FGD gypsum-slag powder combined admixture in which the SO3 content was 3.5wt%. Cement was partially and equivalently replaced by slag powder alone or FGD gypsum-slag powder, at concentration of 25wt%, 40wt%, and 50wt%, respectively. The setting times, hydration products, total porosity and pore size distributions of the paste were determined. The compressive strength and drying shrinkage of cement mortar and concrete were also tested. The experimental results show that, in the presence of FGD gypsum, the setting times are much slower than those of pastes in the absence of FGD gypsum. The combination of FGD gypsum and slag powder provides synergistic benefits above that of slag powder alone. The addition of FGD gypsum provides benefit by promoting ettringite formation and forms a compact microstructure, increasing the compressive strength and reduces the drying shrinkage of cement mortar and concrete.     

Magnetic susceptibility measurements on metakaolin admixtured cement hydrated with ground water and sea water

The role of metakaolin in the properties of Portland cement hydrated with ground water and sea water was described by magnetic susceptibility study. Cement pastes containing 0wt%, 10wt%, 20wt% and 30wt% replacement of metakaolin and in a wa-ter/cement (W/C) ratio of 0.4 were prepared. The susceptibility at different hydration periods was determined by Faraday Curie bal-ance and it was related to the changes in setting time and compressive strength of admixtured cement. Compared with sea wa-ter-treated cement paste, the magnetic susceptibility of ground water-treated cement paste is higher in value. The observed result shows that, irrespective of water, the magnetic susceptibility increases with increasing metakaolin percentage replacement level in cement.     

Mechanical properties and microstructure of Portland cement concrete prepared with coral reef sand

The feasibility of using coral reef sand (CRS) in Portland cement concrete is investigated by testing the mechanical property and microstructure of concrete. The composition, structure and properties of the CRS are analyzed. Mechanical properties and microstructure of concrete with CRS are studied and compared to concrete with natural river sand. The relationship between the microstructure and performance of CRS concrete is established. The CRS has a porous surface with high water intake capacity, which contributes to the mechanical properties of concrete. The interfacial transition zone between the cement paste and CRS is densified compared to normal concrete with river sand. Hydration products form in the pore space of CRS and interlock with the matrix of cement paste, which increases the strength. The total porosity of concrete prepared with CRS is higher than that with natural sand. The main difference in pore size distribution is the fraction of fine pores in the range of 100 nm.     

Influence of elevated curing temperature on the properties of cement paste and concrete at the same hydration degree

Three different curing temperatures(20 ℃, 40 ℃, and 60 ℃) were set, so that the nonevaporable water(w_n) contents of plain cement pastes cured at these three temperatures were measured to determine the hydration degree of cement. Tests were carried out to compare the pore structure and strength of cement paste, as well as the strength and permeability of concrete under different temperature curing conditions when their cements were cured to the same hydration degree. The experimental results show that either at a relatively low hydration degree(w_n=15%) or high hydration degree(w_n=16.5%), elevated curing temperature has little influence on the hydration products of cement paste, while it has a negative influence on the pore structure and compressive strength of cement paste. However, this negative effect is weaker at high hydration degree. The large capillary pore(100 nm) volumes of cement pastes remain almost the same at high hydration degree, regardless of curing temperatures. As for the concrete, elevated curing temperature also has negative influence on its compressive strength development, at both low hydration degree and high hydration degree. And this negative effect is stronger than that on cement paste's compressive strength at the same hydration degree. On the whole, elevated curing temperature has little influence on the resistance of concrete to chloride ion penetration.     

Analysis of Air Voids Evolution in Cement Pastes Admixed with Non-ionic Cellulose Ethers

Four cellulose ethers(CEs) were compared for their effects on the pore structure of cement paste using mercury intrusion porosimetry. The experimental results show that the total pore volume and porosity of cement pastes containing the four cellulose ethers are significantly higher than that of the pure cement pastes and the total pore volume and porosity of cement pastes containing HEC(hydroxyethyl cellulose ether) or low viscosity cellulose ethers are low in four CEs. By changing the surface tension and viscosity of liquid phase and the strengthening of liquid film between air voids in cement pastes, CEs affect the formation, diameter evolution and upward movement of air voids and the pore structure of hardening cement paste. For the four CEs, the pore volume of cement pastes containing HEC or low viscosity cellulose ethers is higher with the diameter of 30-70 nm while lower with the diameter larger than 70 nm. CEs affect the pore structure of cement paste mainly through their effects on the evolvement of the small air voids into bigger ones when the pore diameter is below 70 nm and their effects on the entrainment and stabilization of air voids when the pore diameter is above 70 nm.     

矿粉对水泥和混凝土性能的影响

为了探寻矿粉细度及掺入量对水泥和混凝土性能的影响,通过试验测试方法,分析了矿粉和水泥的基本性质,研究了超细矿粉和普通矿粉的掺量对水泥基材料标准稠度、凝结时间、流动度和力学性能的影响.结果表明：普通矿粉使水泥净浆标准稠度需水量下降,而超细矿粉则增加标准稠度需水量,两种矿粉都使水泥净浆凝结时间略微延长.普通矿粉可以改善水泥净浆的流动度,超细矿粉的加入则降低了水泥净浆的流动度.普通矿粉和超细矿粉降低水泥净浆早期（7 d）抗压强度,提高后期（28 d）抗压强度,掺10％～50％的普通矿粉的水泥净浆28 d抗压强度提高2.9％～9.7％,掺入超细矿粉28 d抗压强度提高3.9％～20.1％,普通矿粉和超细矿粉的最佳掺量为10％～30％;两种矿粉替代10％～50％水泥所配制的混凝土的强度得到了明显的提高.     

硼掺合料对水泥浆体性能的影响

研究了不同含硼添加剂对水泥浆体凝结时间、抗压强度、抗折强度、结合水含量及碱度的影响,并采用XRD和SEM测试手段分析了硬化浆体微观结构,着重考察了硼元素的引入方式对水泥水化性能的影响。研究表明:硼砂、硼酐及硼玻璃粉对水泥浆体性能的影响存在很大差异。硼砂具有明显的缓凝作用;硼酐稍延缓了水泥的凝结时间,但严重影响了水泥石的力学性能,主要可能是硼酐中可溶性硼与水泥水化后的钙离子形成致密的水化硼酸钙膜,覆盖在水泥颗粒表面,阻止了水泥颗粒与外部溶液的接触,使水泥水化反应无法正常进行;而硼玻璃粉对水泥的凝结时间和力学性能均不存在不良影响。     

膨润土对硅酸盐水泥水化硬化的影响

研究了膨润土的种类和掺量对水泥硬化浆体抗压强度、Ca(OH)2含量、微观孔结构分布和对硬化浆体的水化形貌的影响。结果表明:掺钠基膨润土的水泥浆体抗压强度高于掺钙基膨润土的水泥浆体抗压强度。提高膨润土掺量,抗压强度和Ca(OH)2含量均降低;膨润土的种类和掺量对硬化水泥浆体的孔结构分布和形貌也有明显的影响。     

甲酸钙对水泥浆体抗压强度、水化及孔结构的影响

研究了甲酸钙对普通硅酸盐水泥浆体和硅酸盐水泥浆体抗压强度的影响,采用XRD、压汞法和灼烧法,测试了甲酸钙对水泥浆体水化产物组成、孔结构及化学结合水的影响。结果表明：甲酸钙能加速水泥的水化,促进Ca（OH）2的生成,提高水泥浆体的水化程度;甲酸钙能明显改善水泥浆体的孔结构,减少孔隙率和细化孔径;甲酸钙对P·O42．5普通硅酸盐水泥浆体早期强度的提升要比对P·152．5硅酸盐水泥的效果好。     

Effect of coal gangue with different kaolin contents on compressive strength and pore size of blended cement paste

The effects of activated coal gangue on compressive strength, porosity and pore size distribution of hardened cement pastes were investigated. Activated coal gangue with two different kaolin contents, one higher and one lower, were used to partially replace Portland cement at 0%, 10%, and 30% by weight. The water to binder ratio（w/b） of 0.5 was used for all the blended cement paste mixes. Experimental results indicate that the blended cement of activated coal gangue mortar with higher kaolin mineral content has a higher compressive strength than that with lower kaolin mineral content. The porosity and pore size of blended cement mortar were significantly affected by the replacement of activated coal gangue.     

Early Hydration of Composite Cement with Thermal Activated Coal Gangue

Composite cement samples were prepared by mixing clinker, gypsum with burnt coal gangues which was calcined at various temperatures. The mechanical strength and Ca(OH)2 content in the cement paste were tested, and the paste composition and microstructure were analyzed by thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis (TG-DSC), X-ray diffraction(XRD), scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and pore structure analysis. Results demonstrate that the thermal activated coal gangue could accelerate the early hydrati...     

竹炭的吸附性能及应用研究进展

竹炭是一种多孔、比表面积大的新型炭材料,其价廉易得、吸附性能好,在污水处理方面已经得到了广泛的应用.探讨了竹炭预处理、吸附动力学、吸附热力学和吸附的影响因子,介绍了竹炭在水环境中的应用.竹炭作为一种清洁环保的材料,其应用将会越来越广泛.     

Multi-scale modeling of the effective chloride ion diffusion coefficient in cement-based composite materials

N-layered spherical inclusions model was used to calculate the effective diffusion coefficient of chloride ion in cement-based materials by using multi-scale method and then to investigate the relationship between the diffusivity and the microstructure of cement-basted materials where the microstructure included the interfacial transition zone（ITZ）between the aggregates and the bulk cement pastes as well as the microstructure of the bulk cement paste itself.For the convenience of applications,the mortar and concrete were considered as a four-phase spherical model,consisting of cement continuous phase,dispersed aggregates phase,interface transition zone and their homogenized effective medium phase.A general effective medium equation was established to calculate the diffusion coefficient of the hardened cement paste by considering the microstructure.During calculation,the tortuosity（n）and constrictivity factors（D_s/D₀）of pore in the hardened pastes are n≈3.2,D_s/D₀=1.0×10^-4respectively from the test data.The calculated results using the n-layered spherical inclusions model are in good agreement with the experimental results;The effective diffusion coefficient of ITZ is 12 times that of the bulk cement for mortar and 17 times for concrete due to the difference between particle size distribution and the volume fraction of aggregates in mortar and concrete.     

初凝后水泥浆体的弹性模量研究

在复合材料力学理论与流变学开尔文模型基础上建立了一个用以描述水泥浆体水化早期弹性模量成长的模型.该模型从微观角度出发,在假设水泥颗粒与水化产物为圆球状且水泥浆体形成的孔结构为圆孔形的基础上,应用线弹性理论与有孔介质力学理论研究随着时间的增加、水化度不断增大的情况下,硬化水泥浆体的有效弹性模量.将该有效弹性模量与流变学开尔文模型理论结合起来得出初凝后水泥浆体弹性模量时变方程.研究结果表明:该模型可用于描述水泥浆体初凝后的弹性模量变化,且其变化规律与精度和实验数据符合良好.     

硅灰与氧化石墨烯对硬化水泥浆体的复合增强效应

研究了硅灰与氧化石墨烯复掺时对硬化水泥浆体力学性能的影响. 分别进行了普通水泥浆体、内掺质量分数10%的硅灰水泥、外掺质量分数0.8%的氧化石墨烯复合聚羧酸减水剂（GOPCs）水泥浆体以及同时内掺硅灰与外掺GOPCs的水泥浆体的配制. 对4种硬化水泥浆体的抗折强度、抗压强度以及90 d龄期孔隙率进行了测定,同时采用X射线衍射仪及扫描电子显微镜对水泥水化产物进行分析,并将4种样品的力学性能进行比较. 结果表明,当掺10%硅灰时,硬化水泥浆体90 d抗压强度比空白样提高了3.6%,抗折强度提高了9.6%;当只使用氧化石墨烯复合聚羧酸减水剂而不掺硅灰时,抗压强度提高了11.9%,抗折强度提高了15.3%;当硅灰与氧化石墨烯复掺时,抗压强度提高了22.7%,抗折强度提高了38.6%. 孔隙率的变化以及XRD、SEM分析证实了这一结果. 因此,硅灰与氧化石墨烯复合聚羧酸减水剂对硬化水泥浆体具有复合增强作用.     

竹纤维/水泥复合材料力学性能和耐久性的试验研究

利用竹纤维制备了水泥基复合材料,采用正交试验法得到了纤维掺量、纤维长度、减水剂和水灰比四个因素的最佳试验条件.在此基础上测试了该复合材料在不同龄期抗压强度和抗折强度.针对竹纤维的机械性能在碱性水泥浆中会逐渐恶化的缺点,对竹纤维表面预涂了乳液并进行了耐久性对比测试.结果表明,加入预处理的竹纤维制备出的水泥基复合材料的力学性能和耐久性得到了显著改善.     

Comparison of hydration properties between cement-GGBS-fly ash blended binder and cement-GGBS-steel slag blended binder

The hydration properties of cement-GGBS-fly ash blended binder and cement-GGBS-steel slag blended binder were compared. The experimental results show that the hydration rate of cement-GGBS- steel slag blended binder is higher than that of cement-GGBS-fly ash blended binder within 28 days, but lower than the latter after 28 days. The hydration of cement-GGBS-steel slag blended binder tends to produce more Ca（OH）2 than the hydration of cement-GGBS-fly ash blended binder, especially at late ages. Cement-GGBS- steel slag mortar exhibits higher strength than cement-GGBS-fly ash mortar within 28 days, but at late ages, it exhibits similar compressive strength with eement-GGBS-fly ash mortar and even slightly lower bending strength than cement-GGBS-fly ash mortar. Cement-GGBS-steel slag paste has finer early pore structure but coarser late pore structure than cement-GGBS-fly ash paste. Cement-GGBS-steel slag paste can get satisfied late pore structure and cement-GGBS-steel slag mortar can get satisfied late strength as compared with pure cement paste and pure cement mortar, respectively.     

Early hydration of composite cement with thermal activated coal gangue

Composite cement samples were prepared by mixing clinker, gypsum with burnt coal gangues which was calcined at various temperatures. The mechanical strength and Ca(OH)₂ content in the cement paste were tested, and the paste composition and microstructure were analyzed by thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis (TG-DSC), X-ray diffraction(XRD), scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and pore structure analysis. Results demonstrate that the thermal activated coal gangue could accelerate the early hydration of cement clinker obviously, which promotes the gangue hydration itself. The early hydrated products of the cement are C-S-H gel, Ca(OH)₂ and AFt. The cement with 30% (in mass) the gangue exhibits higher mechanical strength, and among all the cement samples the one with the gangue burnt at 700 °C displays the highest hydration rate, mechanical strength, the most gel pores and the lowest total porosity.