古汉山矿东翼通风疏水大巷锚注支护技术研究

古汉山矿东翼通风疏水大巷先后采用了多种支护方式均未取得成功.为了满足掘进巷道的技术要求,解决巷道的变形,通过对巷道支护与围岩相互作用及目前各类巷道支护形式及支护效果分析研究,决定采用锚注支护方案.其实质是采用注浆锚杆兼作注浆管使用,一方面通过注浆改变围岩的物理力学性能,另一方面又为锚杆提供了可靠的着力基础,提高了锚杆的支护效果.断面内注浆锚杆自下而上先注底脚,再注两帮,最后注拱顶锚杆.掘进巷道500 m,通过现场施工及施工后的监测,巷道能满足设计要求,取得了较好的支护效果.     

深部软岩巷道深-浅耦合全断面锚注支护研究

基于对深部软岩巷道变形和破裂特征的长期监测结果,提出了以"中空注浆锚索和高强注浆锚杆"为核心的新型深-浅耦合全断面锚注支护技术体系.借助渗流力学理论建立了深-浅耦合锚注浆液的渗流基本方程,并结合COMSOL软件模拟再现了浆液在围岩内的渗透扩散过程.结果表明:注浆锚索和注浆锚杆所注浆液使巷道浅部围岩形成完整的锚注加固圈,而注浆锚索同时使巷道深部围岩形成局部锚注加固体,两者协调耦合作用,形成互为支撑的承载体,完善了深-浅耦合全断面锚注支护的理论体系和加固作用机理.现场监测证明该支护体系有效地控制了巷道围岩的变形与破坏.     

济三煤矿沿空巷道矿压显现规律研究

针对济三煤矿综放工作面断层发育、坚硬顶板围岩地质条件,设计了综放面小煤柱沿空巷道锚杆(索)支护参数.巷道在施工过程中,采用顶板离层仪和钻孔窥视仪,较系统地观测研究了沿空掘巷矿压显现规律.研究结果表明:巷道顶板下沉量较小,锚固区内外岩层离层量小巷道掘进影响区范围为50m左右;巷道底臌较严重,巷道两帮移近明显,围岩收敛后巷道由矩形断面变形成为倒梯形断面;沿空巷道煤柱中节理裂隙十分发育,煤体压缩变形成为块状结构的塑性松散体.综放面回采期间巷道断面大小满足使用要求,说明了沿空巷道锚杆支护,能够经受住综放工作面采动影响,锚杆支护试验取得了成功.研究成果在综放面沿空掘巷中进行了推广应用.     

富水条件下软岩巷道变形特征与过程控制研究

富水条件下泥质软岩巷道破坏及稳定性机制比一般软岩巷道更复杂,不仅需要采用多种复合支护控制围岩非线性大变形,还必须进一步控制其泥化进程．针对此情况,提出了动态过程控制的支护原理,采用预拉力锚杆、锚索、桁架和围岩滞后注浆堵水加固相结合的全过程控制围岩技术．结果表明,在成功阻断泥化诱因”水”之后,高强预应力锚杆组合支护体系可有效控制巷道变形,避免泥化导致随后的锚固失效．此技术在淮北桃园煤矿裂隙水患严重的三软煤巷支护中取得成功．     

破碎围岩锚注加固浆液扩散规律研究

基于连续介质力学和渗流力学理论,运用渗透张量法得出浆液在破碎围岩中扩散的基本方程;并通过对实际锚注支护工程进行假设与简化,建立锚注加固系统浆液在包含正交裂隙组的围岩中渗透扩散的数学模型.在此基础上,运用COMSOL软件对锚注支护工程进行实时模拟,研究了不同注浆压力和不同注浆锚杆布置方式对浆液流动扩散规律的影响.结果表明：对于巷道锚注支护工程,合理的注浆压力约为1.0～4.0MPa,合理的钻孔间距约为浆液扩散半径的1.3倍左右.将研究成果用于祁南煤矿新掘大巷锚注支护设计,取得了良好的效果.     

回采巷道锚注加固浆液渗流规律研究

为了获得回采巷道锚注加固工程中合理的注浆压力,首先将回采巷道围岩破碎区看作连续介质,并应用渗流理论得出了浆液在破碎围岩中扩散的基本方程,并建立了COMSOI数值计算模型,研究了不同注浆压力条件下的浆液流动扩散特征。结果表明：对于回采巷道锚注支护工程,浆液在垂直于钻孔方向的扩散深度明显大于浆液在垂直于钻孔方向的扩散半径,合理的注浆压力约为1．0—3．0MPa,并将研究成果用于桃园煤矿回采巷道锚注支护设计,取得了良好的效果。     

深井软岩巷道底板卸压钢丝绳网锚注支护技术研究

针对平顶山天安煤业股份有限公司一矿深井软岩回风上山巷道工程地质条件和围岩变形特征,采用数值计算方法,研究了底板卸压槽卸压前后巷道围岩应力场、塑性区的变化规律,分析了底板卸压槽卸压机理,提出了钢丝绳网锚注支护技术,并进行了工业性试验。研究结果表明:(1)巷道底板开掘卸压槽卸压后,底板围岩垂直应力和水平应力的高应力区及其峰值应力均向底板深部转移。卸压后底板同一深度的围岩应力均小于卸压前的围岩应力;卸压后巷道顶底板和两帮围岩的塑性区范围均增大,底板卸压效果明显。(2)深井巷道围岩的破碎区和部分塑性区是支护的重点。回风上山巷道采取开挖底板卸压槽、钢丝绳网锚杆支护和围岩注浆加固等支护措施后,在围岩中形成了锚注体支护圈,提高了围岩的强度和自身承载能力。巷道围岩经历加速变形阶段、减速变形阶段和稳定变形阶段后,一直处于稳定变形状态。卸压槽+钢丝绳网锚注支护在回风上山巷道的支护试验取得成功,可为深井软岩巷道支护提供参考依据。     

千米深井软岩巷道破坏机理及支护技术研究

基于矿井开采逐渐向深部发展,巷道围岩呈现高地压、大变形、难支护的特点,常规锚网支护已难以控制巷道围岩变形的情况.通过对华丰煤矿-1?100水平巷道破坏机理的研究,提出了采用马蹄形巷道支护断面和全封闭支护的理念,加强底板承载能力和巷道抗蠕变能力;根据千米深井巷道围岩流变特性,研究得出了围岩地压得到合理释放趋于稳定时进行永久支护的时机和距离,并在永久支护中实施锚注加固,使松散破碎岩块胶结成整体提高了围岩的内聚力和内摩擦角,使围岩由“软”变“硬”,使无支护作用的围岩体变为支护结构,同时锚注锚杆成为全长锚固锚杆,加强了围岩的加固效果,达到安全永久支护巷道的目的.     

深部巷道围岩控制原理与应用研究

采用理论分析、数值模拟和现场试验的方法，研究深部巷道围岩稳定问题，认为深部巷道围岩控制的基本方法是提高围岩强度、转移围岩高应力以及采用合理的支护技术．提出了深部巷道围岩控制的基本技术和控制过程：1）应力转移降低巷道浅部围岩应力；2）采用高预紧力、大延伸量的高强度锚杆、锚索支护系统，强化锚固区围岩强度，提高巷道围岩自身稳定性；3）加强巷道两帮、底角支护，提高巷道最薄弱部位（两帮、底角）残余强度、提高巷道围岩的整体稳定性；4）应用高水速凝材料注浆加固破碎区，提高破碎围岩的完整性和力学参数．该研究成果已成功应用于工程实践．     

综放工作面开切巷锚梁网支护技术研究

义马耿村煤矿综放工作面开采易自燃煤层，采用开切巷沿煤层项板布置．为此首先对开切巷锚梁网支护的设计和施工有关问题进行了研究，然后对巷道项板围岩进行了深基点位移观测，同时利用超声波技术对巷道两帮进行了松动圈测定，在此基础上讨论了大断面巷道锚杆与围岩之间相互作用关系．最后说明了锚梁网支护效果．本研究成果对大断面巷道锚梁网支护具有一定的参考价值．     

采动诱导下水系发育岩层的变形破坏机制研究

针对水系发育的铝土矿床及岩层在开挖采动后的突水特征及围岩支护失效破坏特点,研究岩体裂隙演化扩张到宏观变形破坏机制,利用FLAC3D的流固耦合模型动态分析地渗流场对地下开挖工程的渗入途径及损坏过程,得到渗流场-应力场耦合下开挖途径。并针对性制定地下水防治控制对策,系统研究开发复杂破碎围岩条件下开挖巷道支护新方案,优化设计超前小导管注浆技术与喷锚网联合支护方案,并对比分析联合支护技术施工后开挖巷道围岩变形收敛量、围岩应力分布、破坏特征及支护效果。通过现场围岩变形和锚固系统受力状态监测工业试验,试验数据表明该联合支护方案在地下水发育的软弱破碎铝土矿床巷道掘进工程效果优良,可以为条件类似巷道支护选择提供参考。     

Stability of coal pillar in gob-side entry driving under unstable overlying strata and its coupling support control technique

Considering the situation that it is difficult to control the stability of narrow coal pillar in gob-side entry driving under unstable overlying strata, the finite difference numerical simulation method was adopted to analyze the inner stress distribution and its evolution regularity, as well as the deformation characteristics of narrow coal pillar in gob-side entry driving, in the whole process from entry driving of last working face to the present working face mining. A new method of narrow coal pillar control based on the triune coupling support technique (TCST), which includes that high-strength prestressed thread steel bolt is used to strain the coal on the goaf side, and that short bolt to control the integrity of global displacement zone in coal pillar on the entry side, and that long grouting cable to fix anchor point to constrain the bed separation between global displacement zone and fixed zone, is thereby generated and applied to the field production. The result indicates that after entry excavating along the gob under unstable overlying strata, the supporting structure left on the gob side of narrow coal pillar is basically invalid to maintain the coal-pillar stability, and the large deformation of the pillar on the gob side is evident. Except for the significant dynamic pressure appearing in the coal mining of last working face and overlying strata stabilizing process, the stress variation inside the coal pillar in other stages are rather steady, however, the stress expansion is obvious and the coal pillar continues to deform. Once the gob-side entry driving is completed, a global displacement zone on the entry side appears in the shallow part of the pillar, whereas, a relatively steady fixed zone staying almost still in gob-side entry driving and present working face mining is found in the deep part of the pillar. The application of TCST can not only avoid the failure of pillar supporting structure, but exert the supporting capacity of the bolting structure left in the pillar of last sublevel entry, thus to jointly maintain the stability of coal pillar.     

中国白银山隧道施工技术

白银山隧道全长390m,采用新奥法原理施工。利用光面爆破技术,Ⅲ类围岩全断面一次开挖,Ⅱ类围岩和断层破碎带半断面正台阶开挖。初期支护为锚喷及钢筋混凝土护拱,二次衬砌为模筑混凝土、洞内防排水采用复合式衬砌中间设聚氯乙烯薄膜结合纵向、环向育管及橡胶止水带的综合治理方案。对于特殊地质中的浅理、特浅理进洞的施工,坚持“护拱稳定边仰坡,大管棚注浆加固土体,浅打眼、弱爆破、强支护”的原则,做到安全进洞;对于断层破碎带,则采取了管棚注浆,超前锚杆预先加固围岩并结合钢格栅支撑等有力措施,顺利通过了不良地段。最后分析了浅理段荷载的计算,阐述了新奥法的岩体动态性质的力学概念。     

Cable-truss supporting system for gob-side entry driving in deep mine and its application

In order to solve the large deformation controlling problem for surrounding rock of gob-side entry driving under common cable anchor support in deep mine, site survey, physical modeling experiment, numerical simulation and field measurement were synthetically used to analyze the deformation and failure characteristics of surrounding rock. Besides, applicability analysis, prestress field distribution characteristics of surrounding rock and the control effect on large deformation of surrounding rock were also further studied for the gob-side entry driving in deep mine using the cable-truss supporting system. The results show that, first, compared with no support and traditional bolt anchor support, roof cable-truss system can effectively restrain the initiation and propagation of tensile cracks in the roof surrounding rock and arc shear cracks in the two sides, moreover, the broken development of surrounding rock, roof separation and extrusion deformation between the two sides of the roadway are all controlled; second, a prestressed belt of trapezoidal shape is generated in the surrounding rock by the cable-truss supporting system, and the prestress field range is wide. Especially, the prestress concentration belt in the shallow surrounding rock can greatly improve the anchoring strength and deformation resisting capability of the rock stratum;third, an optimized support system of ‘‘roof and side anchor net beam, roof cable-truss supporting system and anchor cable of the narrow coal pillar" was put forward, and the support optimization design and field industrial test were conducted for the gob-side entry driving of the working face 5302 in Tangkou Mine, from which a good supporting effect was obtained.     

Introducing aggregate into grouting material and its influence on load transfer of the rock bolting system

A fully grouted bolt provides greater shear load capacity for transmitting the load from the rock to the bolt, and vice versa. When grout fills irregularities between the bolt and the rock, a keying effect is created to transfer the load to the bolt via shear resistance at the interface and within the grout. Previous research has revealed that the mechanical properties of the grout had a great impact on the load transfer capacity of the rock bolting system. This paper presents a method to enhance the rock bolting strength by introducing metal granules into the grouting material. Experimental results suggest that both the average peak load of pullout tests and the total energy absorption of the system will increase if some metal granules are mixed into the resin.     

锚杆-围岩结构的耦合振动和减振

锚杆支护是隧道施工中常见的支护手段,而随着施工工况日趋复杂,锚杆与围岩的组合结构也承受着各类动力荷载的影响。针对隧道中单根锚杆的受力特性有较多研究,而对于锚杆和围岩组合体的动力特性研究较少。对锚杆-围岩结构进行整体分析,简化出一种巷道顶板锚杆支护模型,结合动力学双梁理论,建立并求解出模型动力学方程;运用MATLAB软件进行数值模拟,研究不同支护参数下结构的自振特性以及在外荷载作用下的动力响应,提出减振措施;利用有限元软件GTS NX建立二维模型,验证支护体系的安全性。结果表明：锚杆-围岩结构的动力特性与锚固段长度、锚杆间距和锚杆直径有关。在所建模型中,随着锚固段长度与锚杆间距的适当增加,结构动力响应明显减弱;随着锚杆直径的变化,结构动力特性的变化情况较复杂,结构不同部位的动力响应变化趋势差别较大。     

三软煤层巷道支护方式及围岩控制效果分析

在分析三软煤层极不稳定煤巷矿压特点基础上，研制了适应两帮大变形的可缩性工字钢支架、适应两帮及顶底严重变形特别是底鼓的U29可缩性环形支架，设计了锚架注联合支护的参数与工艺，并在同一采区先后进行了工业性试验．采用数值模拟方法研究了三软条件下锚梁网索支护不同参数选取、不同布置形式对围岩变形的控制效果，优选了支护参数并进行了现场试验，比较试验结果，表明极不稳定煤巷围岩变形主要特点是强烈和持久的两帮移近及底鼓，锚梁网索支护是控制围岩大变形的有效方法，其技术关键是提高锚杆初锚力、布置底角锚杆及顶角锚索．     

煤巷锚杆-锚索支护互补原理及其设计方法

针对锚索延伸率小、不能适应巷道大变形、与锚杆支护力学性能不匹配的缺点，采用理论分析、数值计算和工程实践的方法，研究了锚杆一锚索支护作用互补原理及深井软弱破碎围岩煤巷预应力锚索工程特性；提出了两个重要指标：锚索的承栽能力和延伸量，分析了锚杆一锚索支护失败的原因，给出了结合计算机数值模拟和巷道稳定性监测的锚杆一锚索支护设计方法，提出了增加锚索延伸量的技术方法，包括：合理确定锚索位置，滞后安装锚索和安装木垫板，研究成果在邢东煤矿应用中取得了良好的技术经济效果。