Characterization of pozzolanic reaction and its effect on the C-S-H Gel in fly Ash-cement paste

High resolution solid-state ²⁹Si MAS NMR, combined with XRD, SEM and FTIR were used to characterize the pozzolanic activity of FA, type of main pozzolanic reaction products, and the effect of pozzolanic reaction on the C-S-H microstructure in fly ash-cement (FC) paste. The experimental results indicate that in the hydrated FC paste with 30% dosage of FA at 3 d, FA partially participated in the pozzolanic reaction, while, at 120 d, FA largely reacts. During the hydration of FC paste at laboratory temperature, the pozzolanic reaction products are C-S-H gel rather than zeolitic gel. Moreover, after the covalent bonds of Si-O-Si, Si-O-Al and Al-O-Al in the structure of FA are broken, monosilicates Si-OH and Al-OH groups form, these chemical species can connect C-S-H dimers, thus producing more Al-free C-S-H and aluminous C-S-H than in the plain cement paste. The increased content of Al for Si substitution in the bridging tetrahedra of C-S-H may decrease the stability of C-S-H, which results in a rather obvious loss in the mechanical strength of hardened FC paste.     

Binding materials of dehydrated phases of waste hardened cement paste and pozzolanic admixture

Fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS) were added to improve the performances of regenerated binding materials (RBM) which refer to dehydrated phases with rebinding ability of waste hardened cement paste. Flowability tests, compressive strength tests, SEM, TG-DSC, and non-evaporable water content tests were employed to study the performances of the combined binding materials and the interactions between RBM, FA, and GGBFS. Results show that adding FA or GGBFS can improve the workability of RBM paste, and GGBFS has positive effects on strength of RBM. Pozzolanic reactions happen between RBM, FA, and GGBFS. And the activation effect of RBM to FA and GGBFS is superior to that of P.O grade-32.5 cement, especially at earlier ages, because of the high reactive f-CaO existing in RBM. On the advantages of the synergetic effects of RBM and pozzolanic admixtures such as FA and GGBFS, new combined binding materials can be prepared by blending them together. Funded by the National Science Foundation of China(No. 50508034)     

偏高岭土对水泥净浆火山灰效应强度贡献率的影响

根据蒲心诚教授提出的偏高岭土火山灰效应定量分析方法,进行了偏高岭土对水泥净浆(以下简称净浆)火山灰效应强度贡献率(以下简称强度贡献率)的影响研究.结果表明:随着偏高岭土掺量的增加,其净浆强度贡献率增加;随着养护龄期的增加,其净浆强度贡献率呈现先减少后增加的趋势,且7,d时出现最低值;3、28,d时小粒径偏高岭土(2.5和3.75,μm)的净浆强度贡献率明显高于7,d时的值,这说明偏高岭土火山灰效应主要是发生在早期(3,d)和后期(28,d);而大粒径偏高岭土和补充激发剂则有利于提高其中期(7,d)净浆强度.     

A Review of the Effects of Fly Ash on Durability of Concrete:Hydration Chemistry and Microstructure

Fly ash (FA) is widely used in construction industry as a pozzolanic material for its economic and environmental advantages. However,the variety and the complexity of the chemical composition of FA make it difficult to control the quality in engineering practice. Especially the durability of FA concrete has to be considered in the design. This durability is strongly influenced by the internal chemistry and the microstructure of cement paste. The aim of this article is to present a review on the effect of FA on the durability of concrete with particularly focus on the hydration chemistry and the development of microstructure. Meanwhile,existing hydration models for hydration kinetics and microstructure development of concrete blended with FA is discussed. The results of this research will provide a modelling perspective for predicting durability of concrete when FA is used as a blending material in the mixtures.     

Copper Slag with High MgO as Pozzolanic Material:Soundness,Pozzolanic Activity and Microstructure Development

The results of investigation to assess the possibility of copper slag with high MgO to be used as a mineral admixture in concrete were reported in this study. The soundness of cement paste containing the slag has been examined by autoclave test. Pozzolanic activity of the slag was studied in comparison to fly ash. The slag was mixed calcium hydroxide and water,and the progress of the pozzolanic reaction was determined by X-ray diffraction,differential thermal analysis-thermogravimetry and scanning electron microscopy from 28 to 90 d. The experimental results showed that the autoclave expansion value of cement paste containing the slag was far below the expansion limit (0.8%). It can be conclude that the slag has little periclase content. The consumption of calcium hydroxide showed the slag exhibits high pozzolanic activity,which was higher than that of fly ash. Hence,use of the copper slag with high MgO but low periclase content as a mineral admixture in concrete seems feasible.     

A Comparative Study on the Pozzolanic Activity between Nano-SiO2 and Silica Fume

The pozzolanic activity of nano-SiO2 and silica fume was comparatirely stndied by X-ray diffraction （ XRD ） , differential scanning calorimetry （DSC）, scanning electron micrascopy （SEM） and the compressive , bond and bending streugths of hardened paste and concrete were also measured. Results indicate that the compressive strength development of the paste made from Ca（OH）2 and nano-SiO2, the reaction rate of Ca（ OH）2 with nano- SiO2 and the velocity of C-S-H gel formation from Ca （ OH）2 with nano-SiO2 showed marked increases over those of Ca（ OH）2 with silica fume. Furthermore, the bond strength at the interface between aggregate and hardened cement paste, and the bending strength of concrete incorporated with 3% .NS increased more than those with SF, especially at early ages. To sum up, the pozzolanic activity of nano-SiO2 was much greater than that of silica fume. The results suggest that with a small amount of nano-SiO2, the Ca（ OH）2 crystal at the interface between hardened cement paste and aggregate at early ages may be effectively absorbed in high performance concrete.     

Pozzolanic Activity of Burned Coal Gangue and Its Effects on Structure of Cement Mortar

The pozzolanic activity of coal gangue burned at different burning temperatures was investigated. The burned coal gangue was mixed with portland cement in different proportions （ 20% - 60% ）. The pozzolanic activity of coal gangue burned and the hydration products were examined, the compressive strengths of the pastes of the mixtures were tested, and the mechanism of the reaction was discussed. The experimental results slum, that the coal gangue burned at 750 ℃ has the optimum pozzolanic activity, and the burned coal ganguc with SiO2 and Al2 O3 is in an active form. When the coal gangue burned at 750℃ is mixed into portland cement, the content of calcium hydroxide in paste is significantly reduced, while the contents of hydrated calcium silk.ate and hydrated calcium aluminate are increased accordingly, hence resulting in the improvement of the microstructure of mortar. The compressive strength of cement paste decreases with increasing the content of burncd coal gangue. The decease in strength is small in the range of 20% - 30% coal gangue substitution and significant in 30%- 60% substitution.     

硅灰对水泥净浆抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能的改善作用

将水泥净浆试件在5%Na2SO4溶液中长期浸泡,用试件强度随浸泡时间的变化和试件中物相的XRD分析,研究了硅灰对水泥净浆抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能的影响.在Na2SO4溶液侵蚀下,普通硅酸盐水泥净浆试件强度随浸泡时间先增长,然后急剧降低;外观和XRD相分析表明,其原因是由于形成了膨胀性钙矾石,造成试件开裂破坏;加入硅灰的水泥净浆试件强度损失明显减小,尤其是抗折强度没有降低,其抵抗强度下降系数还略有增加;原因是由于硅灰的稀释作用和火山灰效应减少了水泥净浆中Ca(OH)2的量,从而降低了水泥净浆试件在硫酸盐溶液侵蚀下形成的膨胀性钙矾石的量.因而,硅灰对水泥混凝土抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能有改善作用.     

道路抗裂缝剂在半刚性基层中的应用研究

为减小半刚性基层材料收缩变形量,增强其抗裂能力,本课题组通过化工废料火山灰反应产物开发低成本的微膨胀道路基层抗裂缝剂,将其添加于道路基层混合料中.通过对半刚性基层材料掺加抗裂缝剂的试验研究,分析了抗裂缝剂对半刚性基层材料的水泥净浆凝结时间、基本力学性能和材料收缩性能的影响;并借助SEM测试手段,从微观上对水泥体系中钙矾石的生成进行了分析.结果表明,半刚性基层抗裂缝剂具有很好的微膨胀性和增密性,使道路基层结构因温度和湿度的变化引起材料收缩的空间大大减少,源头上解决路面裂缝难题,延长道路使用寿命.     

Effect of pozzolanic reaction products on alkali-silica reaction

1 IntroductionThe use of fly ashto control the expansion dueto al-kali-silica reaction (ASR) is well established and a num-ber of reviews have been published recently[1-4]. Howflyash brings about this reductionin expansionis not yet un-derstood although a number of theories have been put for-ward to explain its action. For controlling mechanism,they put more emphasis onthe adsorption andresort of al-kali by supplementary cementing material (SCM) , formore acidity oxide in SCM,and the secon…     

固硫渣混合水泥的研究及钙矾石相的定量分析

通过试验系统地研究了固硫渣混合水泥的配制方法及其性能的测试结果，论述了硬化水泥浆体中钙矾石相的定量分析方法．通过对不同龄期固硫渣水泥硬化浆体中钙矾石相的定量分析，总结了钙矾石相形成量随龄期变化的趋势．为推广使用固硫渣混合水泥和制订出相应的规范提供了理论依据．     

复合矿物质超细粉对水泥石自收缩影响效应

为了探讨复合矿物质超细粉对水泥石自收缩的影响规律,将硅灰与粉煤灰、磨细矿渣与粉煤灰2种复合掺合料分别加入水泥浆体中,通过改变粉煤灰与硅灰的质量比、粉煤灰与磨细矿渣的质量比。测量其自收缩量,发现粉煤灰能抑制自收缩,磨细矿渣和硅灰促进自收缩,当粉煤灰与硅灰或磨细矿渣复配时.抑制自收缩的作用和硅灰与粉煤灰的质量比或硅灰与磨细矿渣的质量比显著相关.     

Adsorption mechanism of polycarboxylate-based superplasticizer in CFBC ash-Portland cement paste

Circulating fluidized bed combustion （CFBC） ash exhibits the desirable pozzolanic activity which makes it a potential supplementary cementitious material to replace cement for concrete production. However, the high unburnt carbon content and porous surface structure of CFBC ash may adsorb water reducer and thereby significantly reduce the efficiency of water-reducing agents. The adsorption mechanism of polycarboxylate superplasticizer in CFBC ash-Portland cement paste was investigated by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer, and the conception of ＂invalid adsorption site＂ of CFBC ash was presented. The results show that the adsorption behavior of polycarboxylate superplasticizer in coal ash-Portland cement paste can be described by Langmuir isothermal adsorption equation. The adsorption capacity of CFBC ash-Portland cement paste is higher than that of pulverized coal combustion （PCC） fly ash-Portland cement paste. Moreover, the adsorption amount of polycarboxylate superplasticizer increases with the ratio of ash-to-cement in the paste. At last, the fluidity of CFBC ash-Portland cement paste is lower than that of the PCC fly ash paste. This work suggests that when CFBC ash is used as concrete admixture, the poor flowability of the cementitious system due to the high adsorption of water and water-reducing agent should be taken into consideration.     

混凝土复合混合料活性研究

以活性较低的锂盐渣与粉煤灰复合研制一种新型的、具有较高活性的复合混合料，经试验研究表明，该复合混合料中锂盐渣掺量不同对复合混合料的火山灰活性影响较大，对混凝土7d、28d、60d、180d各龄期的强度影响也较大，且复合混合料混凝土比粉煤灰混凝土强度平均高出30％以上。采用扫描电镜及X衍射进行了形貌和物相分析。得出在复合混合料中锂盐渣存在最佳掺量范围，而复合混合料火山灰活性与混凝土龄期关系较大，60d内复合混合料火山灰活性较突出，180d时其活性已不明显。     

硅灰掺量对水泥基材早期收缩性能的影响

采用一种新的全自动混凝土收缩膨胀仪,连续测定了以5%、10%、15%水泥质量分数的硅灰替代水泥的混合浆体分别从终凝和24 h至168 h的自收缩值和干缩值. 试验发现:当试样中胶凝材料硅灰质量分数为5%、10%、15%时,其24 h龄期时自收缩值分别达到168 h龄期时的34.5%、57.1%、65.8%,24 h龄期时的干缩值分别达到168 h龄期时的66.7%、71.1%、75.8%,表明自收缩和干缩主要发生在24 h内. 试样在168 h龄期时,自收缩值、干缩值以及自收缩值与干缩值的比值均随硅灰掺量的增加而增加. 在96 h~150 h龄期内,自收缩速率出现了一个缓慢增加的阶段,表明硅灰与水化产物Ca_（OH）2之间发生了火山灰反应. 研究对高性能混凝土中硅灰掺量的控制以及早期的养护起到指导作用和借鉴意义.     

In-situ monitoring the setting behavior of foamed concrete using ultrasonic pulse velocity method

The applicability of ultrasonic pulse velocity （UPV） method to in-situ monitor setting and hardening process of foamed concrete （FC） was systematically investigated. The UPVs of various FC pastes were automatically and continuously measured by a specially designed ultrasonic monitoring apparatus （UMA）. Ultrasonic tests were performed on FC mixtures with different density （300, 500, 800 and 1 000 kg/m3）, and different fly ash contents （0%, 20%, 40% and 60%）. The influence of curing temperatures （20, 40, 60 and 80~C） was also studied. The experimental results show that three characteristic stages can be clearly identified during the setting process of an arbitrary FC paste： dormant stage, acceleration stage, and deceleration stage. Wet density, fly ash content, and curing temperature have great impact on setting behavior. A stepwise increase of the wet density results in shorter dormant stage and larger final UPV. Hydration reaction rate is obviously promoted with an increase in curing temperature. However, the addition fly ash retards the microstn,lcture formation. To aid in comparing with the ultrasonic results, the consistence spread test and Vicat needle test （VNT） were also conducted. A correlation between ultrasonic and VNT results was also established to evaluate the initial and final setting time of the FC mixtures. Finally, certain ranges of UPV with reasonable widths were suggested for the initial and final setting time, respectively.     

Pozzolanic reaction kinetics of coal ashes

The pozzolanic reactivity was determined by the hydration kinetics of pozzolanic reaction based on the fact that the hydration products of active SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ with lime were soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid. The results show that the pozzolanic reaction of active SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ of coal ashes follows apparent first-order kinetics. The reaction rate constant of FBC ashes is greater than that of PC ashes, while the activation energy of the former is lower than that of the latter. It is confirmed that the pozzolanic activity of fluidized bed combustion(FBC) ashes is significantly higher than that of PC ashes, and the reaction barrier of the former is lower than that of the latter, because the microstructures of FBC ashes, such as mineralogical composition, morphology and polymerization degree of [SiO₄] and [AlO₆] are more favorable to the pozzolanic activity development than those of PC ashes. Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 50802080) and Shandong Provincial Scientific Research Foundation for Excellent Young Scientists (No.2008BS09005)     

The Hydration Characteristics and Expansion Machanism of Expansive Cement at Low W/B Ratio

1　IntroductionAnexpansiveagentcannotonlymakethestructurehasself waterproofperformance ,butalsoreducetheshrinkageandthecrackingofconcreteeffectively .Soitisextensivelyusedincommonconcrete .However,theappli cationofexpansiveagentinhigh strengthconcreteisnotattractedmuchattention .Itisnotonlybecauseofthebondageoftraditionalviewpointthatitsshrinkagevalueofhigh strengthconcreteismuchgreaterthanthatofcom monconcrete ,butalsothedeficiencyofadequatestudyonthehydrationcharacteristicsandexpansivemechan…     

Effects of GH admixture on the early strength of fly ash concrete and mortar

The enhancement effects of GH admixture on the early strengths of fly ash concrete and mortar were studied, and the mechanism was analyzed by X-ray diffraction （XRD） and scanning electro microscope （SEM）. Experimental results show that, by the incorporation of GH admixture, both of cement hydration and pozzolanic reaction of fly ash are accelerated, the strengths of fly ash concrete and mortar are enhanced noticeably, especially the early strength. With a mixture design of 200 kg/m^3 OPC （Ordinary Portland Cement ）, 200 kg/m^3 fly ash and 50 kg/m^3 GH admixture, the strength of concrete at 1 d, 3 d and 28 d reaches 25 MPa, 50 MPa and 70 MPa respectively.     

Effect of limestone powder on microstructure of concrete

The effect of limestone powder on microstructure of concrete was studied by using mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), backscattering scanning electron(BSE), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The experimental results show that the compressive strength of concrete containing 100 kg/m³ limestone powder can meet the strength requirement. Limestone powder has not pozzolanic activity; it is still unhydrated at the age of 28 days. But its filling effect can make the paste matrix and the interfacial transition zone between matrix and aggregate denser, which will improve the performance of concrete.