Effect of Nitrogen Ion Implantation on the Structure and Corrosion Resistance of Equiatomic NiTi Shape Memory Alloy

To protect the surface of NiTi from corrosion, an ion implantation method was proposed. In the present work, a surface oxidized sample was implanted with nitrogen at energy of 100 keV. The corrosion resistarwe property was examined by the anodic polarization method in a simulated body fluid （SBF） at a temperature of 37 ℃ and contrasted to non-implanted NiTi samples. The composition and structure of the implanted layers were investigated by XPS. The experimental results from the electrochemical measurements provide an evidence that the nitrogen ion-implantation increases the corrosion resistance of NiTi shape memory alloy.     

Surface modification of Ti-6Al-4V alloy by cathode assiting discharge setup and conventional plasma nitriding methods

In order to improve the wear resistance of titanium alloys,the potential of the plasma nitriding process with a cathode assiting discharge setup was examined.Ti6Al4V alloy was nitrided by the cathode assiting discharge nitriding(CAN) and conventional DC plasma nitriding(CPN) methods,respectively.The micro-topography,phase composition and cross-sectional microhardness distribution of two nitriding layers were studied comparatively.The sliding wear resistance of the nitriding layers was examined by a ball-on-disk test against Si3N4 balls.The results indicated that the surface roughness Ra of the CAN layer was about 1 order less than that of the CPN layer.In addition,the CAN surfaces possessed significantly greater wear resistance than the CPN layer at higher loads,and increased the wear resistance of Ti6Al4V alloy by about 2 orders due to the higher loading bearing ability,higher rate of TiN phase,greater surface microhardness and bigger microhardness improving depth.This is because the double glow discharge effect in CAN strengthened the density of the active nitrogen atoms and the nitriding efficiency.Moreover,the ion bombardment effect on the surface of the nitriding titanium alloy was reduced obviously.     

Nanometer structure and conductor mechanism of polymer modified by metal ion implantation

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) has been modified by Ag, Ti, Cu and Si ion implantation with a dose ranging from 1 × 1016 to 2 × 1017 ions/cm2 using a metal vapor vacuum arc (MEVVA) source. The electrical properties of PET have been improved by metal ion implantation. The resistivity of implanted PET decreased obviously with an increase in ion dose. The results show that the conductive behavior of a metal ion implanted sample is different from Si-implantation samples. In order to un-derstant the mechanism of electrical conduction, the structures of implanted layer were observed in detail by XRD and TEM. The nano carbon particles were dispersed in implanted PET. The nano metallic particles were built up in metallic ion implanted layers with dose range from 1 × 1016 to 1 × 1017 ions/ cm2. The nanometer metal net structure was formed in implanted layer when a dose of 2 × 1017ions/ cm2 is reached. Anomalous fractal growths were observed. These surface structure changes revealed conducting mechanism evo     

Research on Surface Modification of 96 Al2O3 by Ni Ion Implantation

A matrix of 96 Al2O3 ceramics was implanted with Ni ion of different dosages and energies using a MEVVA implanter. Then metallic structures of copper were made on the implanted ceramics, by using selective electroless copper plating. In addition, the characteristics and microstructure of the implanted layer were studied by using the SEM, RBS and XPS. The results show that： 1） the implanted Ni exits as Ni^2, Ni^2＋, and Ni^3＋ in the surface of Al2O3 and metal Ni particles precipitate on ceramics during implantation; 2） the concentration of Ni submits to the Gauss distribution along the direction of implantation on the surface of Al2O3 and high Ni concentration on the surface can be obtained if the Ni is implanted with low energy and a high dosage and 3） Ni ion implantation can activate the surface of Al2O3 and induce electroless copper plating on the ceramics.     

Bacteria adherence properties of nitrided layer on Ti6Al4V by the plasma nitriding technique

The nitrided layer on Ti6A14V substrate was prepared by the plasma nitriding technique. The sample was characterized by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy （GDOES）, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）, and rough-meter. X- ray diffraction analysis reveals that TiN, Ti2N and Ti phase exist in the nitrided layer subsurface. GDOES analysis shows the thickness of the nitrided layer is about 3 ~tm. XPS analysis shows that there is higher N, lower A1 and lower V in the nitrided layer surface than in the Ti6A14V surface. Rough-meter analysis results show the roughness of the nitrided layer is greater than that of Ti6A14V alloy base. The bacteria adherence property of the nitrided layer on Ti6A14V substrate on the Streptococcus mutans was investigated and compared with that of Ti6A14V alloy by fluorescence microscope. It shows that the nitrided layer inhibits the bacteria adherence.     

Nanoindentation Size Effect on Type 316 Stainless Steel

Nanoinlentation size effect was investigated under very low loads on type 316 stainless steel.Nanoindentation measurements were carried out on the samples surfaces with a Berkovich pytamidal diamond in-denter applying loads in the range of 25-1000μN. Simultaneously, AFM images of the sample surface were recorded before and after indentation process. For type 316 stairdess steel, the indentation size effect was found.The results were discussed in the terms of the model of geometrically necessary dislocations proposed to interpret the indentation size effect. It can be seen that the square of the nanohardness, H2, vs the ineerse of indentation depth, 1/h, is linearly dependent on the indented depth in the range of 25-150nm, which is a good qualitative agreement with the predictions of the model. However, for shallow indents, the slope of the line severely changes.Some possible mechanisms for this change were proposed.     

Corrosion resistance of Molybdenum Nitride modified Ti6Al4V alloy in HCl solution

The Mo-N surface modified layer on Ti6Al4V alloy was obtained by the plasma surface alloying technique. The structure and composition of the Mo-N modified Ti6Al4V alloy were investigated by X-ray diffraction （XRD） and glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy （GDOES）. The Mo-N modified layer contains Mo-N coating on subsurface and diffusion layers between the subsurface and substrate. The X- ray diffraction analysis of the Mo-N modified Ti6Al4V alloy reveals that the outmost surface of the Mo-N modified Ti6Al4V alloy is composed of phase Mo2N （fcc） and Mo2N （tetr）. The electrochemical corrosion performance of the Mo-N modified Ti6Al4V alloy in 0.5 mol/L HCl solution was investigated and compared with that of Ti6Al4V alloy. The chemical corrosion performance of the Mo-N modified Ti6Al4V alloy in boiling 37% HCl solution was investigated and compared with that of Ti6Al4V alloy. Results indicate that self-corroding electric potentials and corrosion-rate of the Mo-N modified Ti6Al4V alloy are higher than that of Ti6Al4V alloy in 0.5 mol/L HCl solution. The corrosion-rate of the Mo-N modified Ti6Al4V alloy is lower than that of Ti6Al4V alloy in boiling 37% HCl solution.     

Effects of COOH~+ ion implantation on hemocompatibility of polypropylene

Carboxyl ion (COOH+) implantation was performed at 50 keV with different fluences for polypropylene. Hemocompatibility tests show that blood coagulation time and recalcification time of polypropylene were enhanced significantly with the increasing fluence. At the same time, the human endothelial cells grown on the surface of the implanted samples exhibited normal cellular growth and morphology. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and water contact angle analysis showed that COOH+ ion implantation rearranges chemical bonds and produces some new polar O-containing groups on the surface. The formation of polar functional groups, together with increase of roughness, induced an increase in hydrophilicity, which in turn improved the surface hemocompatibility of polypropylene.     

Fracture behavior of CrN coatings under indentation and dynamic cycle impact

Fracture behavior of CrN coatings deposited on the surface of silicon and AISI52100 steel by different energy ion beam assisted magnetron sputtering technique (IBAMS) was studied using indentation and dynamic cycle impact. It is found that, for the coatings on silicon substrate, the cracks form in the indentation corners and then propagate outward under Vickers indentation. The coating prepared using ion assisted energy of 800 eV shows the highest fracture resistance due to its compact structure. Under Rockwell indentation, only finer radial cracks are found in the CrN coating on AISI 52100 steel without ion assisting while in the condition of ion assisting energy of 800 eV, radial, lateral cracks and spalling appear in the vicinity of indentation. The fracture of CrN coatings under dynamic cycle impact is similar to fatigue. The impact fracture resistance of CrN coatings increases with the increase of ion assisting energy.     

Load Dependence of Nanohardness in Nitrogen Ion Implanted Ti6Al4V Alloy and Fractal Characterization

Three different nitrogen ion doses were implanted into a Ti6Al4V alloy to improve its mechanical surface properties for the application of artificial joints. The titanium nitride phase and nitrogen element distribution profile were characterized with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Nano-indentation tests were carried out on the surface of the Ti6Al4V alloy and implanted samples on a large scale of applied loads. The XPS analysis results indicate that nitrogen diffuses into the titanium alloy and forms a hard TiN layer on the Ti6Al4V alloy. The nanohardness results reveal that nitrogen ion implantation effectively enhances the surface hardness of Ti6Al4V. In addition, the nanohardness clearly reveals load dependence over a large segment of the applied loads. Thus a concept of nanohardness fractal dimension is first proposed and the dual fractal model can effectively describe nonlinear deformation in indentation areas on the Ti6Al4V surface. The fractal dimension shows a decreased trend in two regions of applied loads, indicating a decrease of the self-similarity complexity in surface indentation owing to an increase in nanohardness after nitrogen ion implantation.     

铝合金等离子体基离子注入氮/钛改性层成分分布

用X射线光电子能谱（XPS）研究了工艺参数（注入电压或能量、注入时间或剂量、磁控靶溅射电流）对铝合金LY12（即2024）等离子体基离子注入氮 离子注入钛形成的改性层成分分布影响。结果表明，氮在注入层呈高斯分布，而钛沿注入方向逐渐减少。钛的注入使已注入的氮的分布有所拓宽。随着注入电压和时间的增加，钛的注入深度及含量有所增加；存在一个注入时间或/和磁控靶溅射电流阈值，在低于该值下注入钛主要表现为注入效应，没有钛沉积层出现，在高于该值下注入钛由注入效应逐渐表面为沉积效应，有明显的钛层出现。     

Excellent tribological behavior of hexadecylphosphonic acid films formed on titanium alloy

Titanium alloy(Ti6Al4V)surfaces are generally modified to achieve some specific surface properties to satisfy requirements of clinical medicine.In our work,hexadecylphosphonic acid(HDPA)films were successfully formed on Ti6Al4V and subsequently confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)and atomic force microscopy(AFM)measurements.The tribological properties of the HDPA-modified Ti6Al4V were investigated using a ball-on-disk tribometer with a linear reciprocating movement.Experimental results indicate that the HDPA-modified Ti6Al4V can maintain a low friction coefficient(approximately 0.06)for 4 h when sliding against polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE)balls under a load of 0.8 N in comparison to bare Ti6Al4V(approximately 0.2);the friction coefficient of the HDPA-modified Ti6Al4V shows a 70%decline.In addition,the wear rate of PTFE balls sliding against bare Ti6Al4V was almost twenty times that of PTFE balls sliding against the HDPA-modified Ti6Al4V.Moreover,results of tribological experiments for different speeds(from 3 to 24 mm/s)and loads(from 0.8 to 3.2 N)proved that the HDPA-modified Ti6Al4V was not sensitive to both velocity and load.The friction coefficients were still low and stable even under a high load of 3.2 N or at a high speed of 24 mm/s.This indicates that this soft modification is an optional method of improving tribological properties of Ti6Al4V.     

静电冷却技术对钛合金摩擦磨损性能的影响

为了更好地将静电冷却技术应用到钛合金的车削中,在自行设计的高速摩擦磨损试验装置上,进行了YG8/Ti6A14V摩擦副的摩擦磨损试验.结果表明:静电冷却技术可以有效地降低YG8/Ti6A14V摩擦副间的摩擦系数,在抑制摩擦副磨损的同时还可以改善Ti6A14V磨损表面质量.扫描电镜分析表明,硬质合金高速摩擦时的磨损机理以粘...     

强流脉冲离子束辐照Ti_6Al_4V的实验研究

研究了强流脉冲离子束辐照钛合金Ti6A l4V样品后的表面形貌、显微硬度和表面相结构的变化。随着辐照次数的增加,钛合金表面的熔坑尺寸逐渐增大、密度减小。表面硬度呈现上升-下降-上升的趋势,XRD的结果表明其变化是由于表面宏观应力和表面晶粒的细化等变化引起的.     

超硬磨料砂轮干式磨削Ti6Al4V合金的表面完整性研究

针对钛合金干式磨削特点,制备了金刚石和立方氮化硼(cubic boron nitride, CBN)超硬磨料砂轮,进行了与碳化硅陶瓷砂轮干式磨削Ti6Al4V合金的对比试验研究。用扫描电子显微镜、三维体视显微镜、粗糙度仪和显微硬度计对磨削工况和试样表面进行了测定。分析了磨削用量对表面粗糙度的影响,比较了3种砂轮磨削工件的表面粗糙度、表面形貌、微观组织及显微硬度。研究表明:工件表面粗糙度随着磨削深度增大而增大,随着砂轮速度的增大而减小。与绿色碳化硅陶瓷结合剂砂轮相比,CBN和金刚石超硬磨料砂轮磨削工件的表面粗糙度和变质层深度较小,表面无明显烧伤,在一定用量条件下更适合Ti6Al4V合金干式磨削加工。     

Ti6Al4V合金表面纳米管阵列的制备

以氢氟酸和铬酸为电解液,采用阳极氧化法在Ti6Al4V合金表面制备高密度的纳米管阵列.利用场发射扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪和X射线光电子能谱对多孔氧化膜的形貌和结构进行分析,利用极化曲线和电化学阻抗谱研究了电解液中CrO3的作用机理.结果表明:电解液种类决定能否形成多孔氧化膜,而电解液的浓度影响多孔氧化膜的形貌和孔径大小;纳米管阵列氧化膜主要由大部分非晶态组织的TiO2,Al2O3和少部分晶态的Al2TiO5,Al3Ti5O2,Al2O3组成,氧化膜内的Al,Ti原子比高于基体中的Al,Ti原子比;CrO3浓度的高低会影响氧化膜的结构.     

A New Method for Fractal Dimension Determination by STM at Nanometer Scale

A new method for determining the fractal dimension by STM at nanomeler scale has been proposed.Widerstrass- Mandelbrot fractal curves were used to verify the accuracy and reliability. The Computer simulation showed that fractal dimen- sion obtained with this method generally outran the traditional yard method. The new method has been applied to the fractal dimension determination of the fractures of Ti3Al and Ti-24Al-11Nb alloys. The results show that the fractal dimension of Ti-24Al-11Nb alloy is higher than that of Ti3Al, and it varies with the crark extending orientation.