金属—陶瓷梯度材料的弹性和弹塑性设计

系统研究了金属－陶瓷梯度材料在不同组成分布情况下的制备热应力分布规律和特征，提出了优化梯度材料组成和控制梯度材料破坏的方法，考虑了弹性和弹塑性二种设计方法，讨论了二种设计方法的特点和不同，结果表明，对于由韧性金属和陶瓷合成的梯度材料，弹塑性设计比弹性设计更为合理。     

单轴面内压缩功能梯度材料矩形板的弹塑性屈曲和后屈曲

采用有限元程序ABAQUS研究了功能梯度材料矩形板的弹塑性屈曲和后屈曲问题.为计入材料物理非线性效应和结构变形几何非线性效应的影响,分析中调用Riks算法进行计算,给出了板弹性屈曲、弹塑性屈曲、塑性屈曲的大致厚度范围.结果表明,组分参数对FGM板屈曲及后屈曲性能的影响较大,同时,对于功能梯度材料矩形板的后屈曲平衡路径,按弹性与弹塑性两种不同分析方法得出的结果之间存在巨大差异.     

二维热弹性功能梯度板的自由振动分析

研究正交各向异性二维热弹性功能梯度板的自由振动问题。假设材料参数沿板厚方向按任意函数规律变化,基于状态空间法和Peano-Baker级数,获得了二维热弹性功能梯度平板自由振动问题的解。通过算例,分析了当材料为线性分布时,不同的梯度参数和板厚对平板最小固有频率的影响,以及不同的分布函数对最小固有频率的影响。     

梯度陶瓷水煤浆喷嘴的残余热应力有限元分析

根据陶瓷水煤浆喷嘴出口破损和脱落的主要原因,提出了梯度功能陶瓷喷嘴的设计思想,目的是人为的在喷嘴的制备过程中在喷嘴的出口处形成有利的残余压应力,缓和喷嘴在使用中的拉应力,通过合理地设计梯度功能陶瓷喷嘴不同部位材料组分的分布,设计了两种模型：轴向梯度陶瓷喷嘴FGM-Z,径向梯度陶瓷喷嘴FGM-R,利用有限元法对两种模型进行了分析,得出：两种梯度喷嘴模型在出口处均形成了有利的压应力,特别是FGM-R喷嘴在喷嘴的整个内壁都形成了有利的压应力,通过比较,初步确定最佳模型为FGM-R陶瓷水煤浆喷嘴。     

梯度陶瓷水煤浆喷嘴的残余热应力有限元分析

根据陶瓷水煤浆喷嘴出口破损和脱落的主要原因, 提出了梯度功能陶瓷喷嘴的设计思想,目的是人为的在喷嘴的制备过程中在喷嘴的出口处形成有利的残余压应力,缓和喷嘴在使用中的拉应力. 通过合理地设计梯度功能陶瓷喷嘴不同部位材料组分的分布,设计了两种模型：轴向梯度陶瓷喷嘴FGM-Z, 径向梯度陶瓷喷嘴FGM-R. 利用有限元法对两种模型进行了分析,得出：两种梯度喷嘴模型在出口处均形成了有利的压应力,特别是FGM-R喷嘴在喷嘴的整个内壁都形成了有利的压应力. 通过比较,初步确定最佳模型为FGM-R陶瓷水煤浆喷嘴.     

陶瓷／金属梯度材料瞬态传热的有限差分分析

利用有限差分法对陶瓷/金属梯度材料的瞬态传热问题进行数值计算,得出了线性梯度材料在不同瞬时的温度分布以及不同梯度结构的梯度材料在不同时刻的温度分布。     

对称型梯度功能材料的瞬态热应力强度因子

采用摄动法推导出无限大对称型梯度功能材料平板的一维非定常温度场及非定常热应力场的解析表达式。并采用权函数法计算了受热冲击的含双边裂纹的对称型梯度功能材料平板的瞬态热应力强度因子，通过两种Al2O3/TiC系梯度功能陶瓷平板表面冷却条件下的计算实例并与均质陶瓷材料对比，分析了材料的热，物理性能分布规律对瞬态热应力强度因子的影响，并提出高抗热震性梯度功能陶瓷的设计原则。     

用共沉淀法制备既定结构的Ti／Mo系梯度材料

通过建立的沉降模型,选择了满足设计要求的Ti,Mo粉料.用共沉降工艺制备了Ti/Mo梯度沉积层,经过1400C×20MPa×1h热压烧结,得到Ti/Mo系梯度材料.经测试分析表明所制备的Ti/Mo系梯度材料的组成分布基本与设计曲线相吻合.     

对称型梯度功能材料的瞬态热应力强度因子

采用摄动法推导出无限大对称型梯度功能材料平板的一维非定常温度场及非定常热应力场的解析表达式 ,并采用权函数法计算了受热冲击的含双边裂纹的对称型梯度功能材料平板的瞬态热应力强度因子 .通过两种Al2 O3 TiC系梯度功能陶瓷平板表面冷却条件下的计算实例并与均质陶瓷材料对比 ,分析了材料的热 物理性能分布规律对瞬态热应力强度因子的影响 ,并提出高抗热震性梯度功能陶瓷的设计原则     

以位移为基础的连续梁桥抗震设计

以4跨连续直桥为背景,在地震作用下,其横桥向的弹塑性位移需求和弹性位移需求分别由非线性时程分析方法和弹性反应谱分析方法计算得到;然后采用参数统计分析方法对弹塑性位移需求和弹性位移需求的比值进行了研究。结果表明,对于主要振型周期相对较长的桥梁,其弹塑性位移需求与弹性位移需求接近,可采用相对简单的弹性分析方法（如弹性反应谱分析）得到的位移需求,近似代表地震作用下结构的弹塑性位移需求,进而简化了连续梁桥基于位移的抗震设计。     

ELASTOPLASTIC OPTIMUM DESIGN OF Ni/TiC FUNCTIONAL GRADIENT MATERIAL

The thermal residual stresses developed in a disk-shaped.Ni/TiC functionally gradient material (FGM) during its fabricationare investigated by an elastic-plastic finite element numerical ap-proach.Constitutive relations for the graded Ni-TiC composite interlayers between pure metal Ni and ceramic TiC are estimated by usingan effectiv-medium approach,and effective plastic strain and stressdistributions are computed for simulated cooling from an assumed fab-rication temperature.Analyses are performed for a fixed specimen ge-ometry and the graded region is treated as a series of perfectly bondedequal-thick layers.The restults are compared with those obtained by on-ly considering elastic material response to assess the effect of plasticityon the optimum fabrication design of the Ni/TiC FGM.It is demon-strated that the consideration of plasticity is of critical importance foroptimization of the metal/ceramic gradient materials.     

功能梯度材料的研究现状及应用

为了对功能梯度材料的发展趋势进行探讨，从功能梯度材料的概念、性质、开发背景、研究现状（包括材料设计、材料制备、材料性能评价）以及在航天、核领域、生物医学、化学、电磁、民用建筑等方面的广泛应用．对功能梯度材料以后的发展趋势进行了简单的预测．同时指出，功能梯度材料的研究应将基础理论研究同工艺制造及性能评价结合起来，以促进梯度材料技术更快发展．     

Design and development of SiC/(W,Ti)C gradient ceramic nozzle

The idea of functionally gradient material (FGM) theory was used to design ceramic nozzle based on the erosion wear behaviors of the ceramic nozzles and the outstanding properties of FGM. The purpose is to reduce the tensile stress at the entry region of the nozzle during sand blasting processes. The design theory and methods of gradient ceramic nozzle were proposed. The physical, micromechanical, and composition distribution models of gradient ceramic nozzle were established. The optimum composition distribution of the gradient ceramic nozzle material was determined from the solution of the multi-objective optimization calculation by constructing the models of the composition distribution versus the structural integrity of the compact in fabricating process. Results showed that compressive residual stresses appeared at the entry area of the gradient ceramic nozzle. The optimized component distribution exponent p is 0.5. An SiC/(W,Ti)C gradient ceramic nozzle material was synthesized by hot-pressing according to the design result. Results showed that the surface Vickers hardness of the FGM-1 gradient ceramic nozzle materials was greatly improved in comparison with that of the other layers. Supported by the Specialized Research Fund for Doctoral Program of Higher Education (Grant No. 20030422105), the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (Grant Nos. Y2004F08, Z2003F01) and the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University (Grant No. NCET-04-0622)     

MgO/Ni系FGM的热应力缓和特性设计

对于MgO/Ni系FGM材料,分别用实验和微观力学模型测定和计算了用于热应力缓和设计的各物性参数。结合烧结体的显微结构,讨论了二种结果之间存在差异的原因。用有限元方法计算了FGM的热应力,得到MgO/Ni系FGM的综合设计准则。     

基于VC＋＋6．0缓和热应力型FGM空心球体智能化设计

根据梯度功能材料的热应力模型,材料物性参数数据库,通过VC＋＋6．0开发一个缓和热应力型的智能化设计系统,实现缓和热应力型FGM设计的智能化和系统化。     

Hardness Measurement of (TiB_2-TiAl)/TiAl Symmetrically Function Gradient Materials

( TiB2-TiAl)/TiAl symmetrically function gradient materials ( FGM) were prepared by spark plasma sintering ( SPS). Owing to the difference, of the thermal expansion coefficients between TiB2 and TiAl, a compressive surface stress was introduced to the FGM fry the thermal expansion mismatch. The hardness values of the uniform materials and the FGM were tested, respectively. For the FGM with a compressive surface stress, hardness is obviously superior to that of the uniform material. When the FGM was subjected to heat treatment, the hardness decreased due to a partial relaxation of the compressive surface stress.     

Genetic Algorithm for the Thermal Stresses Optimum Design of Functionally Gradient Material Plate

Based on the thermal stress distribution for functionally gradient material (FGM) plates, a Genetic Algorithm (GA) method for the thermal stresses optimum design of FGM plate with computer technologies is given. The minimum thermal stresses combination distribution for FGM is obtained.     

THERMO ELASTO—PLASTIC OPTIMUM DESIGN OF CERAMIC—METAL FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS-Ⅰ.MICROMECHANICAL AND GEOMETRICAL EFFECTS

The thermo elasto-plastic optimum design ofceramic-metal functionally graded materials (FGMs) wasinvestigated in this paper. The inelastic properties were firstevaluated using micromechanical approaches, then an elasto-plastic finite element model was used to calculate the thermalstress in the material. The effects of micromechanical ap-proaches, plasticity and graded interlayer thickness on thethermal stress relaxation characteristics and stress distribu-tions were studied. The results show that: (1) the macro elas-to-plastic response given by the mean-field micromechanicsand self-consistent micromechanics is nearly the same but theresponse given by the rule of mixture is different; (2)the ther-mo elasto-plastic behavior must be considered to realisticallyevaluate stress reduction, and the elasto-plastic optimum de-sign can get helpful information to determine the graded in-terlayer thicknesses; and(3) to optimize the microstructure ofthe graded material achieves reductions in critical stress com-ponent     

Hardness Measurement of （TiB2—TiAl）／TiAl Symmetrically Function Gradient Materials

(TiB2-TiAl)/TiAl symmetrically function gradient materials (FGM) were prepared by spark plasma sintering (SPS).Owing to the difference of the thermal expansion coefficients between TiB2 and TiAl,a compressive surface stress was introduced to the FGMby the themal expansion mismatch. The hardness valres of the uniform materids and the FGM were tested , respectively.For the FGM with a compressive surface stress, hardness is obviously superior to that of the uniform material. When the FGM was subjected to heat treatment ,the hardness decreased due to a partial relaxation of the compressive surface stress.     

Optimization of axial symmetrical FGM under thetransient-state temperate field

A numerical procedure for analyzing the temperature distribution in a hollow axisymmetric cylinder,made of functionally gradient material (FGM),was investigated.Based on the thermal elasticity theory and the arbitrary difference precise integration (ADPI) method,temperature distribution through the FGM cylinder in the ring section under a transient-state temperature field was developed and presented.A genetic algorithm (GA) was applied to the thermal stress optimal design of an FGM hollow cylinder,and as a result,the minimum thermal stress distribution in the FGM cylinder was obtained.A corresponding numerical procedure regarding to a ceramic-metal FGM cylinder was performed,and the computational results were discussed.