Failure precursor of surrounding rock mass around cross tunnel in high-steep rock slope

The stability of the surrounding rock mass around cross tunnel in the right bank slope of Dagangshan hydropower station, in the southwestern China, was analyzed by microseismic monitoring as well as numerical simulations. The realistic failure process analysis code (abbreviated as RFPA3D ) was employed to reproduce the initiation, propagation, coalescence and interactions of micro-fractures, the evolution of associated stress fields and acoustic emission (AE) activities during the whole failure processes of the surrounding rock mass around cross tunnel. Combined with microseismic activities by microseismic monitoring on the right bank slope, the spatial-temporal evolution and the micro-fracture precursor characteristics during the complete process of progressive failure of the surrounding rock mass around cross tunnel were discussed and the energy release law of the surrounding rock mass around the cross tunnel was obtained. The result shows that the precursor characteristic of microfractures occurring in rock mass is an effective approach to early warn catastrophic damage of rock mass around cross tunnel. Moreover, the heterogeneity of rock mass is the source and internal cause of the failure precursor of rock mass.     

Piezoelectric responses of brittle rock mass containing quartz to static stress and exploding stress wave respectively

The electromagnetic emission（EME） induced from the rock containing piezoelectric materials was investigated under both static stress and exploding stress wave in the view of piezoelectric effect. The results show that the intensity of the EME induced from the rock under static stress increases with increasing stress level and loading rate; the relationship between the amplitude of the EME from the rock under different modes of stress wave and elastic parameters and propagation distance was presented. The intensity of the EME relates not only to the strength and elastic moduli of rock masses,but also to the initial damage of the rock. The intensity of EME induced by stress wave reaches the highest at the explosion-center and attenuates with the propagation distance. The intensity of EME increases with increasing the elastic modulus and decreases with increasing initial damage. The results are in good agreement with the experimental results.     

Mechanism on progressive failure of a faulted rock slope due to slip-weakening

1 Introduction The damage or failure of faulted rock slope is a quite difficult problem in geotechni- cal engineering, and attention has been drawn from researchers for a long time. Apart from the toppling damage of steep slopes, most of the failure pattern of faulted rockslopes is shear-typed. The failure process of such a slope includes: initiation and devel- opment of a single micro-crack, breakthrough of two or more cracks, formation of fail- ure zones, and even shear damage in large scale…     

Dynamic response and failure behavior of rock under static-dynamic loading

Dynamic response and failure behavior of rock under static-dynamic loading were studied. The effects of initial static load on the total energy dissipated during the failure process of specimen were analyzed. To simulate the engineering situation that in-situ rock experienced and obtain the dynamic loading with an intermediate strain rate, a low cycle fatigue load with the frequency from 0.5 to 5 Hz was adopted by servo-controlled Instron material testing system. The results show that the obtained strain rate increase with the increase of load frequency. The initial static load has great influence on both the energy and dynamic response of rock. Both the energy and the maximum failure load Pf decreases with the increase of initial static load. Pf under the static-dynamic loading is larger than that under only the static loading but less than that under only the dynamic loading. The load-displacement curves become nonlinear as the pre-added static load reaches the transition point which is about one third of static strength. With the increase of initial static load, Young‘s modulus decreases and poisson ratio increases. It shows that rock has a lower strength and a tendency to soften under a higher initial static load. Rock may be broken more easily static-dynamic loading than under only the dynamic loading. The proposed method is useful in the investigation of constitutive relationship and failure behavior of rock under quasi-dynamic loading.     

Numerical analysis of tunnel reinforcing influences on failure process of surrounding rock under explosive stress waves

Based on mesoscopic damage mechanics, numerical code RFPA2D （dynamic edition） was developed to analyze the influence of tunnel reinforcing on failure process of surrounding rock under explosive stress waves. The results show that the propagation phenomenon of stress wave in the surrounding rock of tunnel and the failure process of surrounding rock under explosive stress waves are reproduced realistically by using numerical code RFPA2O; from the failure process of surrounding rock, the place at which surrounding rock fractures is transferred because of tunnel reinforcing, and the rockfall and collapse caused by failure of surrounding rock are restrained by tunnel reinforcing; furthermore, the absolute values of peak values of major principal stress, and the minimal principal stress and shear stress at center point of tunnel roof are reduced because of tunnel reinforcing, and the displacement at center point of runnel roof is reduced as well, consequently the stability of tunnel increases.     

Digital image correlation based high-speed crack tip locating method and its application

Based on a digital image correlation (DIC) method with the measurements of a high speed crack''s displacement and strain fields, a technique to accurately and automatically locate its crack tip has been developed. The crack tip is identified by finding the abrupt jump on the opening (or dislocation) curve of a point on the trace of the crack propagation, while the opening is measured through a virtual extensometer technique and the abrupt jump is identified by finding the peak on the curve. The method was verified using a specially designed experiment and applied to measure the critical crack tip opening angle of a rock sample. Because the involvement of analytical models has been avoided and then the good performance could be ensured for low resolution speckle images, this technique is expected to be very useful in the quantitative study of high speed cracks in experiments using high speed cameras.     

Acoustic emission characteristics and stress release rate of coal samples in different dynamic destruction time

Considering the importance of the prediction of rock burst disasters, and in order to grasp the law of acoustic emission(AE) of coal samples in different dynamic destruction time, the SH-II AE monitoring system was adopted to monitor the failure process of coal samples. The study of the change rule of the AE numbers, energy, ‘b' value and spectrum in the micro crack propagation process of the coal samples shows that as dynamic damage time went by, AE presented high-energy counts and the accumulated counts increased during the compression phase. The AE energy and cumulative counts increased during the elastic stage. The AE blank area increased gradually and the blank lines were more and more obvious in the molding stage. The AE counts and energy showed a trend of decrease in the residual damage phase.AE ‘b' values gradually became sparse, and the large scale cracks percentage compared with micro cracks decreased and the degree of damage decreased. The AE frequency spectrum peak went from the residual damage phase to the molding phase, and finally it was nearly stable, besides the bandwidth of the main frequency is gradually narrowed. Also, the frequency peak changed from single peak frequency to bi-peak frequency and to the single peak frequency. Uniaxial compressive strength is more sensitive than the elastic modulus to dynamic damage time.     

Mechanism on simulation and experiment of pre-crack seam formation in stope roof

The pre-crack blast technology has been used to control the induction caving area in the roof. The key is to form the pre-crack seam and predict the effect of the seam. The H-J-C blast model was built in the roof. Based on the theories of dynamic strength and failure criterion of dynamic rock, the rock dynamic damage and the evolution of pre-crack seam were simulated by the tensile damage and shear failure of the model. According to the actual situation of No. 92 ore body test stope at Tongkeng Mine, the formation process of the pre-crack blast seam was simulated by Ansys/Ls-dyna software, the pre-crack seam was inspected by a system of digital panoramic borehole camera. The pre-crack seam was inspected by the system of digital panoramic borehole in the roof. The results of the numerical simulation and inspection show that in the line of centers of pre-hole, the minimum of the tensile stress reaches 20 MPa, which is much larger than 13.7 MPa of the dynamic tensile strength of rock. The minimum particle vibration velocity reaches 50 cm/s, which is greater than 30-40 cm/s of the allowable vibration velocity. It is demonstrated that the rock is destroyed near the center line and the pre-crack is successfully formed by the large diameters and large distances pre-crack holes in the roof.     

Blasting cumulative damage effects of underground engineering rock mass based on sonic wave measurement

The principle of sonic wave measurement was introduced, and cumulative damage effects of underground engineering rock mass under blasting load were studied by in situ test, using RSM-SY5 intelligent sonic wave apparatus. The blasting test was carried out for ten times at some tunnels of Changba Lead-Zinc Mine. The damage depth of surrounding rock caused by old blasting excavation （0.8-1.2 m） was confirmed. The relation between the cumulative damage degree and blast times was obtained. The results show that the sonic velocity decreases gradually with increasing blast times, hut the damage degree （D） increases. The damage cumulative law is non-linear. The damage degree caused by blast decreases with increasing distance, and damage effects become indistinct. The blasting damage of rock mass is anisotropic. The damage degree of rock mass within charging range is maximal. And the more the charge is, the more severe the damage degree of rock mass is. The test results provide references for researches of mechanical parameters of rock mass and dynamic stability analysis of underground chambers.     

不同倾角节理岩体损伤演化特征分析

为研究节理倾角对岩体损伤的影响规律,运用损伤力学理论建立考虑节理与荷载共同作用的岩体损伤演化模型及损伤本构模型;通过单弱面理论对模型试验进行验证,同时探讨节理岩体损伤演化特征.结果表明:单弱面理论结果与试验结果较为吻合,模型试验能较好地表征含单一结构面的岩体在荷载作用下的力学特征及损伤演化规律;当节理倾角从0增大到90°过程中,初始节理损伤先增后减,在倾角为60°时至最大值,总体呈倒"U"型分布规律;不同倾角节理岩体总损伤演化规律基本一致,均呈"S"型分布规律,先缓慢增加,而后快速增加,最后再缓慢增加其值趋于1;节理倾角只影响总损伤率数值大小不影响其演化规律,总损伤率随应变增加呈正态分布;总损伤率受控于节理面分布规律,当节理倾角从0增大至90°的过程中,总损伤率先减小后增大.     

大理岩预制裂纹试样细观损伤试验研究与分析

基于SEM的大理岩试样细观损伤全程跟踪试验方案,选取四川锦屏二级引水隧洞围岩大理岩试样进行试验观察．利用扫描电镜拍摄大量不同荷载作用下的细观损伤演化图像,从中选择有代表意义的图像进行损伤破坏特性分析．研究结果表明,由于应力集中的影;向,预制裂纹大理岩试样在加载初期产生与预制裂纹垂直的微裂纹;随着荷载的增加产生大量的拉裂纹及分叉裂纹,裂纹的扩展方向逐渐向加载轴方向转动;由于初始损伤和损伤的不断积累,压剪作用对岩石的破坏起控制作用,并形成剪切破坏面．     

饱和岩石各向异性弹塑性损伤模拟

自然界岩石是各向异性的,其破坏性也是非均匀的,岩石各向异性力学特性研究非常必要.提出了一种弹塑性破坏模型,该模型可以描述弹性变性、损伤不可逆变形和塑性变形,以二阶张量来描述损伤的扩展,损伤演化相关于微裂纹扩展标准.并以应变自由能获得有效弹性刚度矩阵,推导出了损伤参数限制范围,提出了以室内试验决定损伤参数的相应表达式.模拟了不同加载路径情况下的岩石力学行为,数值结果和试验结果较为一致.该模型被推广应用于不同加载路径的岩石水力学行为的模拟之中,数值结果显示该模型能模拟岩石孔隙水力学基本特征.     

夹杂对粉末冶金CT试样断裂性能影响的计算研究

采用GURSON本构方程对含夹杂粉末冶金材料紧凑拉伸试样进行了有限元分析,模拟了裂尖与夹杂的相互作用对基体的损伤及裂纹扩展性能的影响.圆形夹杂对基体材料的损伤及裂纹扩展性能是最保守的形状,对于椭圆形夹杂,硬夹杂在椭圆横向受力较为安全,而软夹杂则相反,在椭圆纵向受力对基体的损伤更小.     

裂缝诱导损伤力学模型研究

水力压裂后,当微裂缝闭合时初始损伤带的诱导应力导致围岩应力重新分布.为确定初次压裂后应力分布规律,将围岩区域分为破坏区、损伤区和弹性区,建立了基于损伤理论的人工裂缝诱导应力模型,选择吉林油田1口生产井为研究对象,计算结果表明：人工裂缝诱导应力随井筒的距离的增大而逐渐减小,计算结果与实际情况吻合较好.     

大理岩三点弯曲梁弹塑性损伤破坏研究

在应变空间内,推导出弹塑性损伤增量本构方程,通过自编程序实现该本构方程,同时将此程序实现了并行算法;建立了三点弯曲梁二维及三维细观尺度数值试样,分别进行相应地弹塑性损伤破坏数值模拟,作了相应的对比分析,在数值模拟中,提出破坏单元网格消去法,模拟裂纹扩展。研究发现:数值试验同物理试验较吻合,且与理论分析是一致的;由于三维试样细观单元的非线性比二维在空间上更为离散,由三维细观单元弹塑性损伤非线性反映宏观试样的非线性,更能深入地研究细观破坏机理;提出的破坏单元网格消去法为有限元清晰模拟裂纹开辟了新的途径;并行算法程序的实现为应用于大型三维水利水电工程奠定了基础。     

Fatigue properties analysis of cracked rock based on fracture evolution process

Fracture evolution process (initiation, propagation and coalescence) of cracked rock was observed and the force- displacement curves of cracked rock were measured under uniaxial cyclic loading. The tested specimens made of sandstone-like modeling material contained three pre-existing intermittent cracks with different geometrical distributions. The experimental results indicate that the fatigue deformation limit corresponding to the maximal cyclic load is equal to that of post-peak locus of static complete force?displacement curve; the fatigue deformation process can be divided into three stages: initial deformation, constant deformation rate and accelerative deformation; the time of fracture initiation, propagation and coalescence corresponds to the change of irreversible deformation.     

Vibration Effect and Damage Evolution Characteristics of Tunnel Surrounding Rock Under Cyclic Blasting Loading

Model test studies based on the similarity theory were conducted to investigate vibration effect and damage evolution characteristics of tunnel surrounding rock under push-type cyclic blasting excavation. The model was constructed with a ratio of 1:15. By simulating the tunnel excavation of push-type cyclic blasting, the influence of the blasting parameter change on vibration effect was explored. The damage degree of tunnel surrounding rock was evaluated by the change of the acoustic wave velocity at the same measuring point after blasting. The relationship between the damage evolution of surrounding rock and blasting times was established. The research results show that:① In the same geological environment, the number of delay initiation is larger, the main vibration frequency of blasting seismic wave is higher, and the attenuation of high frequency signal in the rock and soil is faster. The influence of number of delay initiation on blasting vibration effect cannot be ignored; ② Under push-type cyclic blasting excavation, there were great differences in the decreasing rates of acoustic wave velocity of the measuring points which have the same distance to the blasting region at the same depth, and the blasting damage ranges of surrounding rock were typically anisotropic at both depth and breadth; ③ When blasting parameters were basically kept as the same, the growth trend of the cumulative acoustic wave velocity decreasing rate at the measuring point was nonlinear under different cycle blasting excavations; ④ There were nonlinear evolution characteristics between the blasting cumulative damage (D) of surrounding rock and blasting times (n) under push-type cyclic blasting loading, and different measuring points had corresponding blasting cumulative damage propagation models, respectively. The closer the measuring point was away from the explosion source, the faster the cumulative damage extension. Blasting cumulative damage effect of surrounding rock had typically nonlinear evolution properties and anisotropic characteristics.