山区河道粗颗粒床面垂线流速分布规律试验研究

粗颗粒床面普遍存在于山区河道中,在浅水条件下,水深与床面颗粒粒径的比值h/d较小,此时河道中水流垂线流速分布难以用传统的对数公式或对数补偿公式进行准确描述。在室内概化水槽中,利用玻璃珠及乒乓球模拟粗颗粒床沙,对不同h/d下的垂线流速分布规律进行了系统的试验研究。前人研究发现,不同淹没度（h/d）下的理论床面取值并不统一。考虑到工程应用方便,作者采用普通粗糙床面河道下的理论床面值,即y₀为0.2d。将试验测得数据进行无量纲化处理后与对数补偿公式计算得到的理论值对比,并率定公式中的系数B与尾流系数Π到最佳。结果表明：当h/d较小时,系数B随着h/d的增大减小,尾流系数Π随着h/d的增大而增大;而当h/d较大时,B与Π都趋于一个常数。最后,建立了适用于山区粗颗粒卵砾石泥沙河道的垂线流速分布公式,并将其与众多前人试验数据进行拟合检验。检验结果表明,作者提出的垂线流速分布公式具有较高的计算精度,同时对于普通粗糙床面河道,该公式也具有很好的适应性。     

卵砾石床面的统计粗糙特性

针对代表粒径法难以准确量化床面总体粗糙特性的问题,引入统计学理论研究卵砾石床面的粗糙特性,采用不同粒径组成的天然卵砾石颗粒人工铺制了多种散叠型床面,基于床面激光扫描试验资料并结合他人试验成果,探讨床面粗糙统计参数随颗粒组成的变化关系,分析剖面轮廓及粗糙床面的高程变异特征。结果表明：床面高程频率分布呈负偏态,形态较正态分布陡峭,为峰度K_u>3的高狭峰;高程标准差σ_z随中值粒径d₅₀的增大而增大,偏度S_k随d₅₀的增大而减小;在d₅₀相同的情况下,人工铺制床面的σ_z和S_k值均小于清水冲刷粗化床面,而K_u值并无明显差异。剖面轮廓的1维结构函数满足变异函数球状模型,模型参数包括变程、块金值和基台值,变程随d₅₀和σ_z均呈先减小后增大的趋势变化,块金值、基台值随d₅₀和σ_z均呈单调递增变化,变化趋势可用2次多项式曲线拟合。床面2维结构函数的分布形态与抽样尺度h_x、h_y密切相关,h_x、h_y与d₅₀相当时,2维结构函数分布形态接近圆形,床面粗糙具有各向同性,与清水冲刷粗化床面的结构函数分布规律一致;随着h_x、h_y的增大,2维结构函数分布形态复杂性明显增加,不同象限的结构函数值差异较大,且不再具有清水冲刷粗化床面结构函数的分布规律,床面粗糙出现各向异性。     

基于阻力原理的稳定河流几何形态判定方法研究

受上游来水来沙条件影响,自然河道通过自我冲淤调整,常形成稳定的几何形态。稳定河流几何形态设计在工程应用中十分重要,稳定断面有利于水沙输移,且避免河道冲淤平衡破坏发生。本文系统分析了达西水流阻力梯度沿程变化,表明阻力梯度主要作用于三方面：河道深度调整,河道宽度调整,河道坡降调整。若调整宽度与深度的概率为线性关系,可推导出稳定河流几何形态关系式。在泥沙输移作用下,总能坡可分解为两部分,清水对应能坡和泥沙运动产生的附加能坡,其中,清水对应能坡可采用清水河道达西阻力表达式计算,泥沙输移附加能坡,可利用实测资料推求。通过分析含有总坡降的河道几何形态表达式,指出未知函数与坡降的0.3次方呈线性关系,而指数则与参数关系明显,随着参数的增大而呈现减小的趋势。利用收集的野外实测数据确定了这些未知变量,并给出了相应的求解表达式,该表达式不仅适用于沙质河道,还适用于砾卵石河道。以大量野外实测数据与室内试验数据对比分析,本文提出的稳定河道几何关系计算方法具有很高的精度。     

陡坡粗糙矩形明渠中自由跌流的水力特性

在矩形明渠中，自由跌水可作为其流量计量设施，具有简单方便、运行维护容易的特点。工程中，矩形明渠底坡往往为陡坡，边壁因材料限制通常较粗糙，体现为陡坡粗糙渠道的特征。目前对此类明渠中设置跌坎后，跌坎上的水力特征性研究较少。本文采用模型试验的方法对不同底坡S、不同边壁粗糙度n的矩形明渠中的自由跌水水力特性进行了研究。试验中，底坡范围为0.002 6到0.097 3之间，明渠边壁糙率系数在0.009 3到0.019 3之间，明渠水流弗洛德数Fr₀在1.0到6.62之间，远超以前研究的范围。结果表明：在试验确定的底坡和边壁糙率系数范围内，明渠跌坎上游水流为急流，自由跌流坎末水深h_e与其上游临界水深h_c之比值h_e/h_c与√S/n呈线性相关。另外，受自由跌水影响的跌坎上游长度L只与底坡和边壁糙率系数有关，而与渠道流量无关。对陡坡渠道而言，h_e/h_c值随着水流弗洛德数的增加而呈对数减小。最后本文根据试验数据提出了陡坡粗糙矩形明渠的自由跌流坎末水深与上游临界水深之比值h_e/h_c和√S/n，L和√S/n以及h_e/h_c和来流弗洛德数Fr₀的计算公式。本文通过增大底坡和边壁糙率的值，进一步扩展了前人关于明渠自由跌水的研究，这对于利用明渠自由跌水进行流量计量具有重要的工程应用价值。     

几何比尺对正态模型沙波相似性的影响

不同几何比尺对模型水流结构及泥沙运动特性的比尺效应不同,模型沙波相似性也存在差异。首先基于对泥沙沉速的理论分析,计算了当原型沙粒径、λ_(γs-γ)/γ和η等参数一定时,满足起动相似所选模型沙沉降速度偏离程度随不同几何比尺的变化规律。计算结果显示：λ_l<1时,模型沙沉降速度偏离程度随着几何比尺的进一步减小而迅速增大;当λ_l≥1时,模型沙沉降速度偏离程度随着几何比尺的增大表现为先增大后减小,且在几何比尺为2的附近达到极大值。为研究沉降速度偏离幅度较大时模型沙波的相似性及几何比尺改变时沙波波高、波长与原型的偏离特性,设计进行了λ_l=0.84、1.59和2.06的正态水槽试验,发现3组模型中的沙波波高、波长偏差幅度均不大于6 %,其中λ_l=0.84的模型沙波偏小,而λ_l=1.59和2.06的沙波偏大。结合理论分析结果和水槽试验数据,得到以下结论：1）对于几何正态模型,当λ_l<1、原型沙与模型沙重率相同时,满足起动相似的模型沙沉降速度偏小,相同水流条件下泥沙落淤速度慢,模型中的沙波波高、波长均较原型偏小;当λ_l≥1时,满足起动相似的模型沙沉降速度偏大,泥沙落淤较快,相应模型中沙波波高波长都较原型偏大。2）若λ_l≥1,模型沙波波高、波长偏差幅度均不大于6 %,即模型沙波波高、波长的相似性较好。     

平面应变条件下冻融循环对黄土力学性质的影响

以原状黄土为研究对象,通过平面应变试验,研究冻融循环对原状黄土物理力学性质的影响。结果表明：随着冻融循环周期的增大,土样表面损伤越严重;在同含水率、同固结围压的条件下,原状黄土的偏应力-轴向应变（σ₁-σ₃）-ε₁曲线随着冻融循环次数的增大而逐渐减小,并且冻融循环对原状黄土（σ₁-σ₃）-ε₁曲线的劣化作用随着含水率的增大而增大,随着固结围压的增大而减小;根据摩尔-库伦强度准则,得出粘聚力和内摩擦角均随着含水率的增大呈线性减小,黏聚力随着冻融循环周期的增大呈指数减小,内摩擦角随着冻融循环周期的增大而减小,且在3°范围内变化。基于试验数据的合理性,拟合出原状黄土随冻融循环周期的劣化模型,该模型经试验验证可较好地描述原状黄土随冻融循环周期的劣化规律。     

原状黄土增湿过程中的静止土压力系数变化规律试验研究

目前得到的湿陷性黄土静止土压力系数K₀,无法反映应力和含水两个因素的影响。本文开展了原状黄土增湿过程中K₀变化规律的试验研究,得到了力水耦合作用下K₀的计算方法。首先引入“增湿水平”这一概念描述土体的含水状态;开展竖向压力作用下的侧限分级浸水试验,分别研究增湿水平、基质吸力、竖向应变与K₀的相关关系;开展黄土湿陷的离心模型试验,验证室内试验结论的有效性。试验结果表明：“增湿水平”物理意义明确,能够反映土体的含水率初始情况和增湿过程;原状黄土K₀随着增湿水平的增大而线性增加,增加速率取决于竖向压力的大小,竖向压力越大增加速率越慢;增湿过程中K₀随着吸力的减小而线性增加,竖向压力越大K₀增加的速率越慢,与增湿水平对K₀的影响规律相似;不同竖向压力下增湿过程中的竖向应变ε与静止土压力系数K₀试验点分布在一个较窄的范围内,可以采用同一双曲线描述,且不同压力作用与浸水作用的先后次序对ε-K₀曲线影响较小。基于上述新疆伊犁黄土试验规律,建立以增湿水平和竖向压力为自变量的K₀的表达式,以及以竖向应变为自变量的K₀的表达式。     

I-II-III复合型裂缝应力强度因子与能量释放率的关系

基于断裂力学理论,应用复合型断裂判据中的最大周向应力判据和最大拉应变判据,以单一型裂缝应力强度因子K与能量释放率G的关系为基础,推导出I-II-III复合型裂缝应力强度因子K_I、K_II、K_III与能量释放率G_I-II-III关系公式;并应用有限元软件进行I-II-III复合型裂缝的有限元模拟,模拟值与理论值之间相差为1.14%,拟合良好,分析验证了复合型裂缝应力强度因子K_I、K_II、K_III与能量释放率G_I-II-III关系公式的合理性。     

游荡型河道阻力沿河宽分布的研究

阻力沿河宽分布的变化是造成游荡型河道主流频繁摆动的主要原因之一,掌握其变化规律是研究游荡型河流演变规律的关键。通过对游荡型河道成因及河道演变特性进行分析,结合黄河下游花园口-高村19541958年的水沙资料,考虑暴涨暴落的洪水、散体颗粒泥沙组成的床面形态以及剧烈变化的地形条件对阻力分布的影响,建立了适用于黄河下游游荡型河道的二维阻力公式。通过实测资料检验,计算值与实测值符合良好,表明该公式可以较好的反映游荡型河道阻力沿河宽分布的特性。     

山区小流域坡面、沟道床面粗糙度与糙率测量方法探讨

在山区小流域中,坡面流糙率、沟道和山溪等的糙率由于缺乏天然水流实测资料,无法进行糙率率定,使得山洪爆发后,坡面流、沟道和山溪水流计算难以符合实际.根据分形理论和投影覆盖法的原理,建立了山区河流坡面流、沟道和山溪水流糙率直接测量方法.为了验证该方法的有效性,运用三维激光扫描仪,对山区河流河床粗糙度进行了精细测量.根据测量的卵石河床表面粗糙度的数据,建立分维方法与传统方法确定的床面面积之比与扫描间距之间的关系,进而运用本方法确定了该河道的糙率.结果表明,实测结果和实际符合良好.     

Effects of extra-cellular polymeric substances on organic pollutants biodegradation kinetics for A-step of adsorption-biodegradation process

The features of organic pollutants degradation mainly characterized by bio-flocculation for step-A of adsorption-biodegredation（AB） process were studied. By investigating the relationship of extracellular polymeric substances（EPS） with bioflocculation and introducing kinetic model of organic pollutant degradation into EPS, the kinetic model of organic pollutant degradation for step-A hioflocculation was deducted. And through the experiments, the kinetic constants were calculated as follows： k1 =0. 005 3; kc1 =1 710.7 and vmax1=10 min^-1.     

考虑渗透系数随时间变化及固结状态影响的一维固结计算[

固结系数的不确定性是传统固结理论计算局限性的根本原因,传统固结理论计算忽略了在固结过程中渗透系数k和孔隙比e随固结状态和时间的变化。基于工程常用的5种渗透系数预测模型,结合固结度与侧限压缩量的关系,推导出孔隙比e_t的时间函数,构建渗透系数与时间及固结应力依赖的计算公式。将构建的渗透系数计算式代入固结系数C_v中,同时考虑固结状态、固结应力及时间的影响,对经典Terzaghi一维固结理论进行修正。利用已有的试验数据进行对比,讨论预测公式的适用性。最后通过工程案例计算,与Terzaghi一维固结方程和其他修正固结理论对比,结果表明:当上覆荷载较大时,需要考虑固结系数C_v的变化;同时,对比其他修正固结理论,证明了考虑孔隙比e和渗流系数k随时间变化过程的必要性。     

Approximation algorithm for multiprocessor parallel job scheduling

Pk|fix|Cmax problem is a new scheduling problem based on the multiprocessor parallel job, and it is proved to be NP-hard problem when k≥3. This paper focuses on the case of k=3. Some new observations and new techniques for P3|fix|Cmax problem are offered. The concept of semi-normal schedulings is introduced, and a very simple linear time algorithm Semi-normal Algorithm for constructing semi-normal schedulings is developed. With the method of the classical Graham List Scheduling, a thorough analysis of the optimal scheduling on a special instance is provided, which shows that the algorithm is an approximation algorithm of ratio of 9/8 for any instance of P3|fix|Cmax problem, and improves the previous best ratio of 7/6 by M.X.Goemans.     

Influence of surface roughness on flotation kinetics of quartz

Surface roughness of quartz particles was determined by measuring the specific surface area of particles. The wettability characteristics of particles were determined by measuring the flotation rate using a laboratory flotation cell. Experimental results show that the rod mill product has higher roughness than the ball mill product. For the particles with larger surface roughness, the flotation kinetics constant is also higher. Finally, empirical relationships between surface roughness (r) and the flotation kinetics constant (k) of quartz particles as k=A+Br+Cr ^0.5lnr+D/lnr+E/r and k=A+Br are presented, in which A, B, C, D and E are constants related to experimental conditions and mineralogical properties of mineral.     

A new method of characterizing equivalent strain for equal channel angular processing

In order to establish the quantitative relationship between equivalent strain and the performance index of the deformed material within the range of certain passes for equal channel angular processing (ECAP), a new approach to characterize the equivalent strain was proposed. The results show that there exists better accordance between mechanical property (such as hardness or strength) and equivalent strain after rolling and ECAP in a certain range of deformation amount, and Gauss equation can be satisfied among the equivalent strain and the mechanical properties for ECAP. Through regression analysis on the data of hardness and strength after the deformation, a more generalized expression of equivalent strain for ECAP is proposed as: ɛ=k ₀exp[−(k ₁ M−k ₂)²], where M is the strength or hardness of the material, k ₁ is the modified coefficient (k ₁∈(0, 1)), k ₀ and k ₂ are two parameters dependent on the critical strain and mechanical property that reaches saturation state for the material, respectively. In this expression the equivalent strain for ECAP is characterized novelly through the mechanical parameter relating to material property rather than the classical geometry equation. Foundation item: Projects(50471102, 50671089) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China     

Synthesis and characterization of arsenate antimonic acid AAAc(1 : 1)

The AAAc(1 : 1) was synthesized in water by As₂O₃ and Sb₂O₃ with molar ratio of 1 : 1. AAAc(1 : 1) was characterized by Raman, IR, TG/DTG, DSC, XPS and XRD. The results show that there are four peaks to v _s of As-OH, As-O-Sb, Sb-OH and Sb-O-Sb in Raman spectra of AAAc(1 : 1) at 100 – 1 000 cm⁻¹. The solution of AAAc(1 : 1) was also titrated with KOH solution. The titration results show that AAAc(1 : 1) is a hexabasic acid with dissociation constants of k ₁=3.62 × 10⁻², k ₂=3.05 × 10⁻³, k ₃=6.43 × 10⁻⁶, k ₄ =9.78 × 10⁻⁸, k ₅=1.32 × 10⁻¹¹, k ₆=3.87 × 10⁻¹². AAAc(1 : 1) has a good solubility and stability in water, its solid obtained by free volatilizing water from its solution under air at ambient temperature is amorphous. Chemical and thermal analysis show that the composition of AAAc(1 : 1) is As₂O₅ · Sb₂O₅ · 8H₂O in air at 25 °C. AAAc(1 : 1) has the structure of AsO(OH)₂-OH-Sb(OH)₄-O-Sb(OH)₄-OH-AsO(OH)₂ or As(OH)₃-O-Sb(OH)₄-O-Sb(OH)₄-O-As(OH)₃ (isomerism) through experimental determination and geometry optimization. Foundation item: Project(50274075) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China     

Investigation on extremal and critical characteristics of ignition time for H<Subscript>2</Subscript>/O<Subscript>2</Subscript> combustion system and their applications

The L, H and C curves in P-T phase are proposed to describe the minimal, maximal and critical characteristics of ignition time of H₂/O₂ combustion system, respectively. The features of H₂/O₂(Air) combustion system, including explosion or not as well as the time delay to achieve its explosion status, can be well shown by explosion limits and these proposed curves. These curves can be described by 1.2k ₁=k _s [M_s], (k ₁₁/k ₁₀+1)k ₁=k _s [M_s], and 2k ₁=k _s [M_s], respectively, which provide a physical explanation for these curves and give another way to establish them. Based on the contour of ignition time, the Z-type explosion limits can be explained by thermal explosion theory. Furthermore, the ignition distance of supersonic combustion is predicted according to the ignition time obtained in a Semenov system, which is very reasonable.     

Experimental measurement and elaborate analysis of strain hardening exponent in tensile deformation

This paper gives a set of formulae for measuring strain hardening exponent n in different typical deforming routes by using experimental parameters p (forming load), v (velocity of cross-head) and / (gauge length of specimen). With them the uniform method for measuring nε(strain hardening exponent at constant strain rate), nv( strain hardening exponent under constant velocity) and np (strain hardening exponent under constant load) is established when ε , v or p is constant distinctively. Furthermore, the deviation among n values via different typical deformation route is analyzed. The results indicate that there exists structural sensitivity under superplastic and plastic deformation. In addition , the experimental results also prove that the values of nε, nv and np obtained with different sets of constant ε , v or p curves are different too, even if the formulae are the same. Thus a more profound understanding of the relation between the experimental results and the mathematic expressions of nε, nv     

单晶1×N电光开关的优化设计

对基于双折射双反射的单晶集成1×N电光开关进行了分析,提出了该种1×N电光开关的构成条件是发生两相邻反射的反射面必须互相垂直,并对晶体的结构进行了优化,使接收端易于接收输出的光信号.同时充分考虑了晶体尺寸的选择,以免光从不希望的界面上逸出,从而有助于单晶集成1×N电光开关的实用化.     

A three-dimensional k-?-kp model in curvilinear coordinates for sediment movement and bed evolution

To aim at the substitution of the magnitude and direction of water flow movement near bed for those of bed load transport in solid-liquid two-phase one-fluid model, and to simulate the effect of secondary flow on transverse bed load transport in channel bends and the effect of bed slope on bed load transport in a better way, a three-dimensional k-ɛ-k _p solid-liquid two-phase two-fluid model in curvilinear coordinates is solved numerically with a finite-volume method on an adaptive grid for studying water- sediment movements and bed evolution in a 120° channel bend. Numerical results show that the trajectories of solid-phase deviate from those of liquid-phase in the channel bend, and the deviation increases with the increase of the particle diameters. The calculated bed deformation by the k-ɛ-k _p model is in better agreement with measured bed deformation than those by one-fluid model. It is proved that the k-ɛ-k _p model can simulate the effect of secondary flow on lateral bed load transport with the higher accuracy than the one-fluid model.