超长"孤岛"综放面大煤柱护巷的数值模拟

基于兖矿集团兴隆庄4324超长“孤岛”综放工作面开采条件，采用离散元数值计算程序UDEC3．0，模拟研究了不同宽度煤柱护巷条件下巷道围岩的应力分布和变形特征，分析了不同宽度煤柱的承载状况和应力峰值区的位置．研究表明，采用20m大煤柱维护巷道，可以改善巷道围岩应力环境；煤柱的承载能力适应超长“孤岛”综放工作面顶板的活动规律；围岩变形量小；能够保障巷道的整体稳定性和有效断面．通过现场实测，讨论了大煤柱维护巷道的矿压显现规律和对巷道的良好维护效果．     

直接顶厚度对回采巷道稳定性影响的数值模拟研究

当回采巷道沿煤层顶板或底板布置时,由于煤层一般较顶底板软弱,因此,巷道围岩的矿压显现特征主要表现为两帮煤体的变形、破坏等现象,巷道易发生两帮煤体沿层理向巷道空间挤出的现象,并进而产生破碎、松动等现象.这与巷道上覆岩层的应力有着密切的关系.本文运用RFPA软件,分析了回采巷道上覆软弱直接顶厚度对巷道稳定性、巷道围岩应力分布与破坏情况、巷道围岩破裂部位与破裂范围的影响.通过对不同直接顶厚度影响下的巷道围岩稳定性分析,得出直接顶厚度与巷道围岩稳定性之间的数值关系,并分析了直接顶厚度对回采巷道稳定性的影响因素,这为煤矿回采巷道的开挖与支护提供一定的理论基础.     

直接顶厚度对回采巷道稳定性影响的数值模拟研究

当回采巷道沿煤层顶板或底板布置时,由于煤层一般较顶底板软弱,因此,巷道围岩的矿压显现特征主要表现为两帮煤体的变形、破坏等现象,巷道易发生两帮煤体沿层理向巷道空间挤出的现象,并进而产生破碎、松动等现象.这与巷道上覆岩层的应力有着密切的关系.本文运用RFPA软件,分析了回采巷道上覆软弱直接顶厚度对巷道稳定性、巷道围岩应力分布与破坏情况、巷道围岩破裂部位与破裂范围的影响.通过对不同直接顶厚度影响下的巷道围岩稳定性分析,得出直接顶厚度与巷道围岩稳定性之间的数值关系,并分析了直接顶厚度对回采巷道稳定性的影响因素,这为煤矿回采巷道的开挖与支护提供一定的理论基础.     

综放回采巷道围岩力学特征实测研究

通过对综放面回采巷道围岩的深部位移、表面位移、应力分布以及支架荷载的实测分析，得出综放面回采巷道围岩力学特征分布规律．研究表明，临近工作面巷道围岩处于支承压力降低区，支架荷载下降，但支架和围岩变形最剧烈，表明巷道围岩处于岩石峰后的力学状态．围岩变形主要发生支承压力影响区，合理的巷道支护应能控制采动影响剧烈阶段的围岩变形，顺槽支护设计理念应从载荷控制向变形控制转变．     

不同推进方向对近距离巷道围岩的影响

为了研究工作面沿倾向和走向推进对其下方巷道围岩稳定性的影响，利用数值模拟软件 FLAC3D 分析在不同推进方向下交叉巷道的应力、位移以及塑性区的分布规律。结果表明：推进相同距离时，倾向方向推进对下部巷道围岩应力场及塑性区变化的影响比走向方向的小，但位移变化无显著的规律性。其中，倾向比走向的垂直应力和水平应力最大分别减小了 6％和 26％。随着推进距离的增加，巷道的应力、走向方向位移、塑性区均增大，而倾向方向位移几乎不变。此工程环境下，巷道交叉部位以及煤层和巷道中间部位应力、位移和塑性区变化较大，正式开采时需要对该位置重点支护。     

采高对下层煤回采巷道稳定性影响分析

针对近距离煤层下层煤回采巷道布置在应力降低区时,掘进过程中仍出现围岩破碎、局部地段有底鼓的现象,采用理论分析的方法,对不同采高情况下上层煤遗留煤柱上支承压力分布规律进行分析,结合煤矿实际利用计算机对不同采高时下部煤层巷道围岩力学特征进行数值模拟,得出随着采高增大下层煤回采巷道受上层煤采动影响越大,下层煤巷道靠近煤柱一帮破坏越严重,巷道底鼓量越大的规律.为采高变化时下层煤回采巷道支护参数设计提供了依据.     

三软煤层切顶成巷二次复用围岩应力及变形演化规律

为研究"三软"煤层条件下切顶卸压自成巷道二次复用期间围岩稳定性,以中兴煤矿1200试验工作面为工程背景,对自成巷道在"采—留—用"期间的扰动因素进行分析,通过数值模拟和现场实测,对自成巷道在二次复用期间的围岩应力演化规律和变形特征进行研究.结果表明:"三软"煤层条件下自成巷道在二次回采期间的超前支承应力影响范围约为40 m,应力峰值距工作面约10 m;巷道顶底板均处于较低的应力水平,采场侧向应力最大值远离实体煤帮,而矸石帮侧采空区始终处于较低的应力水平,该技术有效地切断了顶板的部分应力传递路径,提高了自成巷道在二次复用期间的稳定性;围岩变形随着工作面走向可大致分为缓慢变形区,加速变形区和剧烈变形区.     

高应力回采巷道围岩变形特征及协调支护技术研究

为了研究高应力条件下回采巷道围岩变形特征,以石板沟煤业18002工作面回风巷为研究对象,根据该巷道工程地质特点,采用FLAC3D数值模拟软件,分析高应力工作面回风巷的变形影响因素,提出高预应力高强锚杆与锚索协调支护的总体思路．分析可知,围岩变形较大是多重原因综合作用的结果;采用高预应力高强锚杆．锚索协调支护对高应力巷道围岩变形控制效果明显;工业性试验结果表明,该技术能有效控制巷道围岩变形,为矿井安全生产创造条件,并取得较好的效果．     

煤矿孤岛面顺槽掘进窄煤柱支护技术分析

淮南矿业集团顾桥煤矿1116（1）工作面运输顺槽为沿空掘进巷道,并受上方1117（3）工作面回采采动影响。为研究巷道在上方工作面回采时围岩变形特征、围岩应力分布及矿压显现规律,特在采动范围内设置一系列矿压观测点对巷道两帮变形、锚杆锚索及木点柱载荷进行持续观测,为将来巷道的支护提供可靠的分析数据。     

远距离下部煤层回采对上部采场巷道影响分析

为了研究远距离多煤层开采时下部煤层回采对上部采场巷道破坏的原因和影响范围,结合云煤一矿和正德矿业的井下采掘关系,通过覆岩破坏高度经验公式和UDEC数值模拟,得到远距离多煤层开采覆岩破坏的特点以及部分巷道受损的原因。利用概率积分和FLAC3 D数值模拟揭示了正德矿业倾斜岩面移动变形特征以及巷道破坏的主要原因;采用岩层移动角计算云煤一矿开采对正德矿业的影响范围,确定了巷道受损数目。研究结果表明:受损巷道少部分是由下部工作面回采引起的覆岩破坏和岩层移动变形共同造成的,而大部分受损巷道则仅由岩层移动变形造成;在采场倾斜岩面上,由于自重力和平行于岩面原岩应力分力的影响,下部工作面回采对其上山影响范围大于下山;采用优化的岩层移动角计算云煤一矿对正德矿业的采动影响范围,确定了巷道受损数量和位置,基本与现场实际情况吻合,可以为相似案例提供参考。     

De-stressed mining of multi-seams: Surrounding rock control during the mining of a roadway in the overlying protected seam

Surrounding rock control in the overlying protective coal seam is a challenging topic for de-stressed mining of multi-seamed coal. Current research findings on roadway control were used in the design of a physical model of a complex textured roof having a varying thickness. The model was used to study roadway instability and collapse caused by dynamic pressure. The results show that when the thickness of the roof exceeds the bolted depth the roadway security is least and the roof has the greatest possibility for collapse. Numerical simulations were also carried out to study stress redistribution before and after roadway excavation during underlying protective seam mining. The evolution of roadway displacement and fracture, as affected by support methods, has been well studied. A series of support principles and technologies for mining affected roadways has been proposed after demonstration of successful practical application in the Huainan Mines. These principles and technologies are of extended value to deep coal mining support in China.     

Roadway failure and support in a coal seam underlying a previously mined coal seam

The influence of an upper, mined coal seam on the stability of rock surrounding a roadway in a lower coal seam is examined. The technical problems of roadway control are discussed based on the geological conditions existing in the Liyazhuang Mine No.2 coal seam. The stress distribution and floor failure in the lower works after mining the upper coal is studied through numerical simulations. The failure mechanism of the roof and walls of a roadway located in the lower coal seam is described. The predicted deformation and failure of the roadway for different distances between the two coal seams are used to design two ways of supporting the lower structure. One is a combined support consisting of anchors with a joist steel tent and a combined anchor truss. A field test of the design was performed to good effect. The results have significance for the design of supports for roadways located in similar conditions.     

Strength criterion effect of the translator and destabilization model of gas-bearing coal seam

Coal seam destabilization inflicts damage to equipment, causes property loss and personnel casualties,and severely threatens mining safety and efficient production. To further understand this destabilization based on the basic theory of Lippmann seam destabilization, a mathematical model was introduced for gas pressure distribution by considering intermediate principal stress and support resistance.Subsequently, we established a translation model suitable for the entire roadway coal seam with rocky roof and floor by applying the unified form of yield criterion in the state of plane strain. We also obtained the analytic expressions of coal seam stress distribution on both sides of the roadway and the widths of plastic and disturbance zones. Afterward, we analyzed several typical cases with different material yield criteria, obtained the plastic zone widths of the coal seam under different gas pressures, and assessed the effects of support resistance, roadway size, and coal strength on coal seam destabilization. Results showed that: the results obtained on the basis of Wilson and Mohr–Coulomb criteria are considerably conservative, and the use of Druker–Prager criteria to evaluate the rockburst-induced coal seam destabilization is safer than the use of the two other criteria; coal seam stability is correlated with gas pressure;and high-pressure gas accelerates the coal seam destabilization.     

Rock burst risk evaluation based on equivalent surrounding rock strength

On-site investigations consistently show that the rock burst inherent to coal seams varies greatly with coal seam thickness. In this study, impact factors related to coal seam thickness and surrounding rock strength were analyzed and a corresponding rock burst risk assessment method was constructed. The model reflects the influence of coal seam thickness on the stress distribution of surrounding rock at the roadway. Based on the roadway excavation range, a stress distribution model of surrounding roadway rock is established and the influence of coal seam thickness on rock burst risk is analyzed accordingly. The proposed rock burst risk assessment method is based on the equivalent surrounding rock strength and coal seam bursting liability. The proposed method was tested in a 3500 mining area to find that it yields rock burst risk assessment results as per coal seam thickness that are in accordance with real-world conditions. The results presented here suggest that coal seam thickness is a crucial factor in effective rock burst risk assessment.     

综放全煤平巷锚杆支护模拟试验研究

根据“巷道围岩松动圈支护理论”,以南屯矿３上 煤层综放工作面全煤平巷围岩条件为基础,对不同动压系数、侧压系数、锚杆支护参数条件下,锚杆支护巷道围岩应力分布、围岩变形及巷道破坏规律进行了模拟试验．试验证实,矩形煤巷顶板中存在一个卸压区,巷道两帮和角部区域围岩破坏严重,是支护的重点部位．锚网支护能有效控制采动压力影响下全煤巷道围岩的稳定性．试验得到的结论对于综放全煤巷道锚网支护设计和应用具有指导意义．     

地面群孔瓦斯抽采技术应用研究

为保证新集一矿突出煤层13-1煤北中央采区的安全开采,先后开采131103、131105等11-2煤层工作面作为保护层。首先在上述两个工作面共布置了6个地面钻孔,建立了地面群孔瓦斯抽采系统,预抽采动区被保护层13-1煤瓦斯。接下来对地面钻孔抽采瓦斯参数进行了考察,主要包括基于示踪技术考察了131105工作面采动卸压地面钻孔走向及倾向瓦斯抽采半径,统计分析被保护层瓦斯抽采率,同时就地面群孔与井下底板巷穿层钻孔瓦斯抽采两种方法进行了抽采率、工程费用等方面的对比。研究结果表明：新集一矿的地层条件下地面钻孔抽采煤层卸压瓦斯沿煤层倾向和走向的抽采半径分别不小于160m和240m;采动区地面群孔瓦斯抽采率达35%以上;地面钻孔相对比井下底板巷,在抽采瓦斯方面具有技术上可靠、安全、经济等优点。     

Hydraulic support crushed mechanism for the shallow seam mining face under the roadway pillars of room mining goaf

While the fully-mechanized longwall mining technology was employed in a shallow seam under a room mining goaf and overlained by thin bedrock and thick loose sands, the roadway pillars in the abandoned room mining goaf were in a stress-concentrated state, which may cause abnormal roof weighting, violent ground pressure behaviours, even roof fall and hydraulic support crushed(HSC) accidents. In this case,longwall mining safety and efficiency were seriously challenged. Based on the HSC accidents occurred during the longwall mining of 3-1-2 seam, which locates under the intersection zone of roadway pillars in the room mining goaf of 3-1-1 seam, this paper employed ground rock mechanics to analyse the overlying strata structure movement rules and presented the main influence factors and determination methods for the hydraulic support working resistance. The FLAC3 D software was used to simulate the overlying strata stress and plastic zone distribution characteristics. Field observation was implemented to contrastively analyse the hydraulic support working resistance distribution rules under the roadway pillars in strike direction, normal room mining goaf, roadway pillars in dip direction and intersection zone of roadway pillars. The results indicate that the key strata break along with rotations and reactions of the coal pillars deliver a larger concentrated load to the hydraulic support under intersection zone of roadway pillars than other conditions. The ‘‘overburden strata-key strata-roadway pillars-immediate roof" integrated load has exceeded the yield load that leads to HSC accidents. Findings in HSC mechanism provide a reasonable basis for shallow seam mining, and have important significance for the implementation of safe and efficient mining.     

Numerical simulation study on hard-thick roof inducing rock burst in coal mine

In order to reveal the dynamic process of hard-thick roof inducing rock burst, one of the most common and strongest dynamic disasters in coal mine, the numerical simulation is conducted to study the dynamic loading effect of roof vibration on roadway surrounding rocks as well as the impact on stability. The results show that, on one hand, hard-thick roof will result in high stress concentration on mining surrounding rocks; on the other hand, the breaking of hard-thick roof will lead to mining seismicity, causing dynamic loading effect on coal and rock mass. High stress concentration and dynamic loading combination reaches to the mechanical conditions for the occurrence of rock burst, which will induce rock burst. The mining induced seismic events occurring in the roof breaking act on the mining surrounding rocks in the form of stress wave. The stress wave then has a reflection on the free surface of roadway and the tensile stress will be generated around the free surface. Horizontal vibration of roadway surrounding particles will cause instant changes of horizontal stress of roadway surrounding rocks; the horizontal displacement is directly related to the horizontal stress but is not significantly correlated with the vertical stress; the increase of horizontal stress of roadway near surface surrounding rocks and the release of elastic deformation energy of deep surrounding coal and rock mass are immanent causes that lead to the impact instability of roadway surrounding rocks. The most significant measures for rock burst prevention are controlling of horizontal stress and vibration strength.     

Determining areas in an inclined coal seam floor prone to water-inrush by micro-seismic monitoring

The failure depth of the coal seam floor is one important consideration that must be kept in mind when mining is carried out above a confined aquifer. Determining the floor failure depth is the essential precondition for predicting the water-resisting ability of the floor. We have used a high-precision microseismic monitoring technique to overcome the limited amount of data available from field measurements. The failure depth of a coal seam floor, especially an inclined coal seam floor, may be more accurately estimated by monitoring the continuous, dynamic failure of the floor. The monitoring results indicate the failure depth of the coal seam floor near the workface conveyance roadway (the lower crossheading) is deeper and that the failure range is wider here compared to the coal seam floor near the return airway (the upper crossheading). The results of micro-seismic monitoring show that the dangerous area for water-inrush from the coal seam floor may be identified. This provides an important field measurement that helps ensure safe and highly efficient mining of the inclined coal seam above the confined aquifer at the Taoyuan Coal Mine.     

Feasibility analysis of gob-side entry retaining on a working face in a steep coal seam

Based on the decline in exploitation of coal resources, steep coal seam mining and mining face tensions continue to explore the feasibility analysis of steeply inclined faces in the gob. One of the key factors in utilizing the technology of gob-side entry retaining in steep coal seams is to safely and effectively prevent caving rock blocks from rushing into the gob-side entry by sliding downwards along levels. Using theoretical analysis and field methods, we numerically simulated the mining process on a fully-mechanized face in a steep coal seam. The stress and deformation process of roof strata has been analyzed, and the difficulty of utilizing the technology is considered and combined with practice in a steep working face in Lvshuidong mine. The feasibility of utilizing the technology of gob-side entry retaining in a steep coal seam has been recognised. We propose that roadways along the left lane offshoot body use a specially-made reinforced steel dense net to build a dense rock face at the lower head. The results show that the lane offshoot branch creates effective roof control, safe conditions for roadway construction workers, and practical application of steeply inclined gob.