Application of Log Kriging on Estimated Reserves of the 10-9 Ore Body of Lutangba in the Gejiu Tin Deposits

The approaches adopted so far in China to calculate reserves of ore deposits have largely been dependent on polygonal methods, including a cross-section method and a geological block method. However, for various reasons, especially, the complexity of the geology, and the ore bodies, the deposits became gradually known as development and exploitation took place. There is a certain difference between the geological and cutoff grade at the stage of geological prospecting and mining, which will have a great impact on both mine construction and production. As much accurate information as possible on the spatial distribution patterns of ore bodies and global reserves is essential to improve the production efficiency and reduce production cost. The 10-9 ore body of Lutangba in the Gejiu Tin Deposits was selected as our research object, using a log Kriging and an inverse distance weighing method. In our paper the results are compared with the reserves calculated by the polygonal block method. The global estimate and estimation errors associated with each estimation method are discussed.     

Development of a multiple level underground limestone mine from geology through mine planning

The development of a multiple level underground mine is a complex task in which geology, engineering,ground control, and unit operations are integrated into a single mine design. The components are interdependent and must function cohesively to ensure a profitable underground mining operation. To optimize reserve recovery, mine planning should begin from the lowest level and progress up. This limits any misjudgments or oversights of a given level affecting the underlying levels and ensures the ability to maximize recovery from each level. Mine planning should start with the exploration and characterization of the geologic setting. Once the reserve geology and quality is well understood, then mine planning can begin with respect to the following:(1) orientation of mine works with respect to horizontal stress;(2)access to the reserve;(3) determination of opening widths;(4) selection of back, floor horizons and pillar centers;(5) selection of development and secondary mining heights;(6) appropriate inter-burden thicknesses; and(7) examining the stability of the multiple level mine through numerical modeling. The multiple level mine design process and decisions are presented through a case history example. The theme is that there is one opportunity to ‘‘get it right" and many chances to overlook a small aspect within the design that will plague the mine throughout all levels and through the entirety of its operating life.     

Application of 3D Visual Techniques in Daliuta Coal Mine

3D visualization is one of major problems in ＂Digital Mine＂ theory and its technological research field. Through the observation of 3D geological models, spatial structural information, connected with the information of production management hidden in geological data, could be detected. In order to meet the requirement of more efficient coal exploration, a case study of geological characters of the Daliuta Coal Mine is presented in which 3D visual models of the ground surface and geologic bodies are established on the basis of data models and data structures of 3D geology modeling. The main conclusions of this study are as follows： （1） Through analysis and organization of spatial discrete data, the drillhole database is designed with the data of the Daliuta mine; the connections amomg drillhole data are realized and displayed in a 3D environment. （2） Combining real data of the Daliuta mine, drillhole visualization is realized in a 3D environment by using the CoalMiner system. （3） The ground surface modeling of the Daliuta coal mine adopted a surface-data model and a TIN data structure. （4） 3D models of coal seams and rock formations of the Daliuta mine are established, which provide a method for the simulation of complex surfaces of geologic bodies. In the end, the models are applied to the Daliuta coal mine and the result shows that better geological effects are obtained.     

Fuzzy Modeling of Prediction Ms Temperature for Martensitic Stainless Steel

A method of fuzzy modeling based on fuzzy clustering and kalman fitering was proposed for predicting m temperature form chemical composition for martensitic stainless steel.the membership degree of each sample was calculated by the fuzzy clustering algorithm ,kalman filtering was used to identify the conseprent parameters only grade 95 steel are available for training and validation,and the fuzzy model is palid for the fol lowing element concetration ronges(wt%)Compared with that of several empirical models reported.the accuracy of the fuzzy model was almost 5 times higer than that of the best empirical model.furthernore.the coyxsitional dependences of ms were successfully determined and compared with those of the empirical formulae,it was found that the spcific element deperdeces were a function of the overall composition,,something could not easily be found using conventional statistics.     

Analysis of Water Insulating Effect of Compound Water-Resisting Key Strata in Deep Mining

The problem of water preservation in mining and the prevention of water-bursts has been one of the more important issues in deep mining. Based on the concept of water-resisting key strata, the mechanics model of the key strata is established given the structural characteristics and the mechanical properties of the roof rock layers of the working face in a particular coal mine. Four other models were derived from this model by re-arranging the order of the layers in the key strata. The distribution characteristics of stress, deformation, pore pressure and the flow vector of all the models are computed using the analytical module of fluid-structure interaction in the FLAC software and the corre- sponding risks of a water-burst are analyzed. The results indicate that the water-insulating ability of the key strata is related to the arrangement of soft and hard rocks. The water-insulating ability of the compound water-resisting key strata （CWKS） with a hard-hard-soft-hard-soft compounding order is the best under the five given simulated conditions.     

Mechanical mechanism of overlying strata breaking and development of fractured zone during close-distance coal seam group mining

This study mainly investigates the mechanical mechanism of overlying strata breaking and the development of fractured zones during close-distance coal seam group mining in the Gaojialiang coal mine. First,a mechanical model for the second ‘‘activation" of broken overlying strata is established, and the related mechanical ‘‘activation" conditions are obtained. A recursive formula for calculating the separation distance of overlying strata is deduced. Second, a height determining method for predicting the height of fractured zones during close-distance coal seam group mining is proposed based on two values, namely,the separation distance and ultimate subsidence value of overlying strata. This method is applied to calculate the fractured zone heights in nos. 20107 and 20307 mining faces. The calculated results are almost equal to the field observation results. Third, a modified formula for calculating the height of a waterflowing fractured zone is proposed. A comparison of the calculated and observed results shows that the errors are small. The height determining method and modified formula not only build a theoretical foundation for water conservation mining at the Gaojialiang coal mine, but also provide a reference for estimating the height of water-flowing fractured zones in other coal mines with similar conditions.     

Numerical simulation of Liquid Steel Solidification in Slab Molds

A mathematical model was proposed to calculate the stress distribution of the solidification shell in a slab mold based on the local heat flux calculated by using the measured temperature of the copper plate. Solidification equations to liquid steel were built and discreted by the finite element method. ANSYS commercial software was used to solve these discrete equations, the stress and strain distributions were obtained and the taper of the mold was decided according to these calculating results.     

3-D numerical modelling of Domino failure of hard rock pillars in Fetr6 Chromite Mine, Iran, and comparison with empirical methods

Fetr6 is an underground mine using the stope-and-pillar mining method. As there was some evidence regarding pillar failure in this mine, improving works such as roof support and replacing existing pillars with concrete pillars (CP) were carried out. During the construction of the second CP, in the space between the remaining pillars, one of the pillars failed leading to the progressive failure of other pillars until 4 000 m 2 of mine had collapsed within a few minutes. In this work, this phenomenon is described by applying both numerical and empirical methods and the respective results are compared. The results of numerical modelling are found to be closer to the actual condition than those of the empirical method. Also, a width-to-height (W/H) ratio less than 1, an inadequate support system and the absence of a detailed program for pillar recovery are shown to be the most important causes of the Domino failure in this mine.     

Analysis of the Harmfulness of Water-Inrush from Coal Seam Floor Based on Seepage Instability Theory

A theory of seepage instability was used to estimate the harmfulness of water-inrush from a coal seam floor in a particular coal mine of the Mining Group, Xuzhou.Based on the stratum column chart in this coal mine, the distribution of stress in mining floors when the long-wall mining was respectively pushed along to 100 m and to 150 m was simulated by using the numerical software (RFPA2D).The permeability parameters of the coal seam floor are described given the relationship between permeability parameters.Strain and the water-inrush-indices were calculated.The water-inrush-index was 67.2% when the working face was pushed to 100 m, showing that water-inrush is possible and it was 1630% when the working face was pushed to 150 m, showing that water-inrush is quite probable.The results show that as long-wall mining is pushed along, the failure zone is enlarged, the strain increased, and fissures developed correspondingly, resulting in the formation of water-inrush channels.Accompanied by the failure of the strata, the permeability increased exponentially.In contrast, the non-Darcy flow β factor and the acceleration coefficient decreased exponentially, while the increase in the water-inrush-index was nearly exponential and the harmfulness of water-inrush in the coal mine increased accordingly.     

Analysis of wave propagation on human body based on stratified media model

Human body communication （HBC） is a promising near-field communication （NFC） method emerging in recent years. But existing theoretical models of HBC are too simple to simulate the wave propagation on human body. In this work, in order to clarify the propagation mechanism of electromagnetic wave on human body, a surface waveguide HBC theoretical model based on stratified media cylinder is presented. A numerical model analyzed by finite element method （FEM） is used for comparing and validating the theoretical model. Finally, results of theoretical and numerical models from 80 MHz to 200 MHz agree fairly well, which means that theoretical model can characterize accurate propagation mechanism of HBC signal. Meanwhile, attenuation constants derived from two kinds of models are within the range from 1.64 to 3.37, so that HBC signal can propagate effectively on human body. The propagation mechanism derived from the theoretical model is useful to provide design information for the transmitter and the modeling of the propagation channel in HBC.     

Reserve estimation of the high phosphorous stockpile at the Choghart iron mine of Iran using geostatistical modeling

An attempt to estimate the reserves in the High Phosphorous stockpile (HP) at the Choghart Iron mine of Iran was carried out using geostatistical modeling.Grade and tonnage estimates of ore stockpiles can help convert them into a valuable ore reserve.This is valuable in consideration of increasing metal demand,and the depletion of in situ ore reserves,around the world.Estimation of reserves in stockpiles is difficult partly because of geological and grade discontinuities created during the dumping of the ore piles.Data input for the HP stockpile at Choghart was performed based upon pre-existing information gathered during extraction from the various mining benches.After establishing the input data files the reserve estimates were found using geostatistical methods aided by the international mining software SURPAC.The stockpile was divided in to three domains and the reserves in each domain were estimated separately.A grade block model was used to compute the reserve.Fe% and P% were estimated using the Ordinary Kriging method.The results showed that the total tonnage of the HP stockpile is 4.5 million tons with an average grade of 55% Fe and 1.03% P.     

某露天矿品位参数的优化计算

结合多矿区露天矿实例,利用矿山生产过程中已积累的大量生产数据,建立矿石储量、平均品位、采选技术参数数学模型,通过效益和费用分析,建立综合技术经济模型.编制计算机程序,采用模糊综合评判进行多目标优化决策,得出品位参数优化结论.     

辽东白云金矿地质体三维模型的构建与储量估算

矿体三维模型是数字矿山的基础,是矿床的数字表征。在收集和整理研究区的地质图、地形图、地质剖面图、钻孔柱状图的基础上提取钻孔数据（样品信息表、钻孔形态表、钻孔位置表）,建立地质空间数据库,借助于Minexplorer探矿者软件建立地表模型,并依据地质空间数据库生成三维钻孔,通过定义剖面,圈定单工程矿体,连接主要出露地层、控矿构造与蚀变带,编辑剖面,连接曲面,封装成体等过程,构建出地质体的三维数字模型,实现其三维可视化。然后采用截面法、块段法、距离加权法对矿体进行储量估算并与矿山实际勘探获得的产量进行对比分析。结果表明,本矿区距离加权法计算的结果相对误差最小,同时也反向验证了三维矿体模型构建的准确性。     

基于能量有限元方法的声腔内部噪声预测

为了预测声腔内部噪声,基于能量有限元方法(EFEA)建立了声腔-平板-声腔的EFEA耦合模型,对声腔内部噪声进行了数值计算。建立了声腔-平板-声腔的统计能量分析(SEA)模型,并将EFEA模型的预测结果与SEA模型的预测结果进行了对比。结果表明,二者具有较好的一致性。建立了声腔-前风挡玻璃-声腔的EFEA耦合模型和SEA耦合模型,分别对EFEA和SEA模型的外侧声腔响应进行了仿真分析,并与试验结果进行了对比。结果表明,EFEA预测结果与SEA预测结果以及试验结果均吻合良好,充分显示了本文所建立的声腔-前风挡玻璃-声腔EFEA模型对声腔内部噪声预测的准确性。     

大型露天磷矿数字矿床系统

"数字矿山"作为信息时代的必然产物,在矿业中发挥出越来越大的作用,通过数字化矿山建设实现矿产资源储量的可持续管理,是矿业发展的目标和方向.依据云南磷化集团昆阳磷矿地质报告、地形地质图、剖面图等相关资料,研究昆阳磷矿矿床分布空间关系,采用DIMINE矿业软件,建立不同数据信息表,并进行错误校正,然后依次将上述信息导入DIMINE软件,生成钻孔地质数据库.利用地形地质图和钻孔数据库建立昆阳磷矿四采区的地形模型、三维实体模型,通过块段模型,并对不同品级矿石赋予各块段不同的体重值,运用距离幂估值地质统计法进行储量估算,实现资源储量估值.     

Estimating coal reserves using a support vector machine

The basic principles of the Support Vector Machine (SVM) are introduced in this paper. A specific process to establish an SVM prediction model is given. To improve the precision of coal reserve estimation, a support vector machine method, based on statistical learning theory, is put forward. The SVM model was trained and tested by using the existing exploration and exploitation data of Chencun mine of Yima bureau's as the input data. Then coal reserves within a particular region were calculated. These cal-culated results and the actual results of the exploration block were compared. The maximum relative error was 10.85%, within the scope of acceptable error limits. The results show that the SVM coal reserve calculation method is reliable. This method is simple, practical and valuable.     

面向对象的矿山生产计划系统的应用

介绍作者研制的基于知识面向对象的矿山生产计划系统在山东某金矿的应用情况方案评价指标，除沿用矿山的现行指标之外，增设了另一指标———一年的冶炼回收金属量与采矿消耗金属量之比值结果表明：应用该系统编制的矿山１９９４年的采矿生产计划，明显优于矿山的手工编制计划