Mechanism of rock burst caused by fracture of key strata during irregular working face mining and its prevention methods

To study the occurrence mechanism of rock burst during mining the irregular working face, the study took irregular panel 7447 near fault tectonic as an engineering background. The spatial fracture characteristic of overlying strata was analyzed by Winkler elastic foundation beam theory. Furthermore, the influence law of panel width to suspended width and limit breaking span of key strata were also analyzed by thin plate theory. Through micro-seismic monitoring, theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and working resistance of support of field measurement, this study investigated the fracture characteristic of overlying strata and mechanism of rock burst in irregular working face. The results show that the fracture characteristic of overlying strata shows a spatial trapezoid structure, with the main roof being as an undersurface. The fracture form changes from vertical “O-X” type to transverse “O-X” type with the increase of trapezoidal height. From the narrow mining face to the wide mining face, the suspended width of key strata is greater than its limit breaking width, and a strong dynamic load is produced by the fracture of key strata. The numerical simulation and micro-seismic monitoring results show that the initial fracture position of key strata is close to tailgate 7447. Also there is a high static load caused by fault tectonic. The dynamic and static combined load induce rock burst. Accordingly, a cooperative control technology was proposed, which can weaken dynamic load by hard roof directional hydraulic fracture and enhance surrounding rock by supporting system.     

Coupling effects of coal pillars of thick coal seams in large-space stopes and hard stratum on mine pressure

Concerning the issue of mine pressure behaviors occurred in fully mechanized caving mining of thick coal seams beneath hard stratum in Datong Mining Area, combined with thin and thick plate theory, the paper utilizes theoretical analysis, similar experiments, numerical simulations and field tests to study the influence of remaining coal pillars in Jurassic system goaf on hard stratum fractures, as well as mine pressure behaviors under their coupling effects. The paper concludes the solution formula of initial fault displacement in hard stratum caused by remaining coal pillars. Experiments prove that coupling effects can enhance mine pressure behaviors on working faces. When inter-layer inferior key strata fractures, mine pressure phenomenon such as significant roof weighting steps and increasing resistance in support.When inter-layer superior key strata fractures, the scope of overlying strata extends to Jurassic system goaf, dual-system stopes cut through, and remaining coal pillars lose stability. As a result, the bottom inferior key strata also lose stability. It causes huge impacts on working face, and the second mine pressure behaviors. These phenomena provide evidence for research on other similar mine strata pressure behaviors occurred in dual-system mines with remaining coal pillars.     

Breaking process and mining stress evolution characteristics of a high-position hard and thick stratum

Based on the boundary support conditions of overlying high-position,hard and thick strata,a Winkler foundation beam mechanical model was built.Computational expressions for the characteristics and position of the bending moment for high-position,hard and thick strata were constructed by theoretical analysis,and the initial breaking position of high-position,hard and thick strata was also analyzed.The breaking process and evolution law of mining stress in high-position,hard and thick strata were studied by similar material simulation tests.Studies show that:due to the foundation deformation effect of the lower strata,the initial break position in high-position,hard thick layers is in the middle of goaf;vertical tension fractures first occur under the middle surface,then tilt tension fractures form at both sides and a non-uniform thickness of the fracture structure forms and produces subsidence deformation;behind the coal wall tilt fractures extend and eventually complete the migration.Mining stress produces obvious changes before and after the breakage of the high,hard and thick stratum;high stress concentration forms in front of the coal wall before breakage and fracture stress concentration significantly reduces after migration.Coal seam mining under high-position,hard thick strata can easily induce dynamic phenomena.     

华丰煤矿顶板突水机理研究

为了解决新汶矿业集团华丰煤矿4煤层顶板突水问题，基于矿山压力控制理论，在分析顶板突水水源的基础上，研究了该矿的顶板突水机理．结果表明：顶板突水同顶板覆岩运动过程中形成的离层、冲击地压及斑裂线存在密切的因果关系，斑裂线和沿层离层是造成顶板水主要沿工作面下平巷涌出的主要因素，斑裂线是导致华丰煤矿顶板大量突水的主要导水通道．通过3405工作面出水实例和化学连通试验说明离层带注浆浆液中的水能够通过顶板岩层的裂隙进入工作面．     

支护阻力对不同岩性围岩变形的控制作用

在理论分析和数值计算的基础上,研究了不同岩性条件下支护阻力对围岩变形的作用和机理。阐述了硬岩巷道中支护要是控制塑性区的范围,软岩道中支护阻力提供围压,影响周力岩体的软化笥,遏制围岩破碎区的发展,从而控制围岩的变形。结果表明,岩性质越差,支护阻力控制围岩变形的作用越大,巷道位移量与支护阻力呈负指数函数关系。     

Analysis of Water Insulating Effect of Compound Water-Resisting Key Strata in Deep Mining

The problem of water preservation in mining and the prevention of water-bursts has been one of the more important issues in deep mining. Based on the concept of water-resisting key strata, the mechanics model of the key strata is established given the structural characteristics and the mechanical properties of the roof rock layers of the working face in a particular coal mine. Four other models were derived from this model by re-arranging the order of the layers in the key strata. The distribution characteristics of stress, deformation, pore pressure and the flow vector of all the models are computed using the analytical module of fluid-structure interaction in the FLAC software and the corre- sponding risks of a water-burst are analyzed. The results indicate that the water-insulating ability of the key strata is related to the arrangement of soft and hard rocks. The water-insulating ability of the compound water-resisting key strata （CWKS） with a hard-hard-soft-hard-soft compounding order is the best under the five given simulated conditions.     

A novel experimental system for performance evaluation of water powered percussive rock drill

A set of water powered excavation test system was developed for the comprehensive performance testing and evaluation of water powered percussive rock drill indoors. The whole system contains hydraulic power section, electronic control system, test and data acquisition system, and assistant devices, such as guideway and drilling bench. Parameters of the water powered percussive rock drill can be obtained by analyzing testing data, which contain impact energy, front and back cavity pressure, pressure and flow in each working part, drilling velocity, frequency and energy efficiency etc. The system is applied to test the self-designed water powered percussive rock drill SYYG65. The parameters of water powered percussive rock drill with impact pressure of about 8.9 MPa are 58.93 J for impact energy, and 8.97% for energy efficiency, which prove the effectiveness of system.     

Theoretical analysis on water-inrush mechanism of concealed collapse pillars in floor

In order to study the water-inrush mechanism of concealed collapse pillars from the mechanical view,a mechanical model for water-inrush of collapse pillars has been established based on thick plate theory of elastic mechanics in this paper. By solving this model the deformation of water-resistant rock strata under the action of water pressure and the expression of critical water pressure for collapse pillar waterinrush have been obtained The research results indicate that: the boundary conditions and strength of water-resistant strata play important roles in influencing water-inrush of collapse pillars. The critical water-inrush pressure is determined by both relative thickness and absolute thickness of water-resistant strata.     

巨厚砾岩层下综放采场矿压显现规律

巨厚砾岩层下综放采场矿压显现规律研究对于采场围岩控制和安全生产具有重要的现实意义.采用理论分析和义马矿区千秋煤矿矿压观测方法进行研究,得出结论为:综放工作面围岩可控程度属于难控围岩,即采场顶底板围岩控制困难.选出了ZF7000-18/28型放顶煤基本支架及其综放面合理配套设备;现场观测研究了综放面矿压显现规律,得出了采场顶板来压步距、来压强度等参数.采场矿压显现明显,不同区域来压具有不一致性.顶板周期来压时支架循环末工作阻力最大值为4 307.70 kN,为支架额定工作阻力的61.54%.因此,采场支架可靠性能较高,现场应用试验效果显著,矿井实现了"一井一面"生产模式,推动了安全高效矿井建设.     

采动覆岩破断裂隙的贯通度研究

为了判定采场隔水关键层和计算导水裂隙带高度,进行了覆岩采动导水裂隙分布特征的相似模拟实验和力学分析.提出了破断裂隙贯通度的概念和计算公式.试验结果表明,采场覆岩裂隙带上位岩层的回转变形空间较小,且由于岩层刚度和厚度的差异,薄岩层会完全破断;但坚硬厚岩层破断裂隙未贯通,没有形成竖向"导水、导气"裂隙.为了描述岩层的破断程度及破断裂隙导水能力的强弱岩层破断裂隙的贯通度随其下自由空间的增大而增大,且存在自由空间阀值,大于其阀值时则增加缓慢并趋于1;随岩层厚度增大,起裂时岩层破断裂缝的张开角度减小;岩层破断裂隙的贯通度随裂纹尖端临界张开位移的增大而呈线性减小,随岩层周期破断距的增大也呈近似线性减小.     

Systematic principles of surrounding rock control in longwall mining within thick coal seams

Effective surrounding rock control is a prerequisite for realizing safe mining in underground coal mines.In the past three decades, longwall top-coal caving mining(LTCC) and single pass large height longwall mining(SPLL) found expanded usage in extracting thick coal seams in China. The two mining methods lead to large void space left behind the working face, which increases the difficulty in ground control.Longwall face failure is a common problem in both LTCC and SPLL mining. Such failure is conventionally attributed to low strength and high fracture intensity of the coal seam. However, the stiffness of main components included in the surrounding rock system also greatly influences longwall face stability.Correspondingly, surrounding rock system is developed for LTCC and SPLL faces in this paper. The conditions for simultaneous balance of roof structure and longwall face are put forward by taking the stiffness of coal seam, roof strata and hydraulic support into account. The safety factor of the longwall face is defined as the ratio between the ultimate bearing capacity and actual load imposed on the coal wall.The influences provided by coal strength, coal stiffness, roof stiffness, and hydraulic support stiffness,as well as the movement of roof structure are analyzed. Finally, the key elements dominating longwall face stability are identified for improving surrounding rock control effectiveness in LTCC and SPLL faces.     

厚煤层分层开采再生顶板和设备配套问题研究

研究了分层综采采空区注浆工艺和下分层开采再生顶板岩层结构,据分层综采工作面设备配套特征,提出了工作面液压支架设备选型的要求,进而对我国高产高效矿井建设模式进行分类,总结了分层综采工作面设备配套方案.     

A model to determine hole spacing in the rock fracture process by non-explosive expansion material

The application of the non-explosive expansion material(NEEM)is widely used as the controlled fiactrre method in quarry mining,especially in hard rocks.The pressure of NEEM is an important parameter in causing rock fracture.An empirical model based on hole spacing was developed to determine the pressure of NEEM in the rock fracture process.Primarily,the empirical model was developed by the mathematical method,utilizing dimensional analysis.Then,the Phase2 code,which is based on the finite element method,was utilized to predict crack growth in rocks.The results of numerical analysis show slight deviations fiom the empirical model.Hence,the polynomial regression analysis was used to modify the model.Finally,the modified model shows a good agreement with the results gained from numerical modeling.     

坚硬顶板型冲击矿压灾害防治研究

针对兖州矿区济三煤矿6303工作面的冲击矿压问题，分析了冲击矿压发生的主要原因及影响因素．根据现场条件和数值模拟分析，提出了采用顶板爆破解除冲击矿压危险的技术措施，并确定了爆破参数．采用矿用钻孔窥视仪并配合电磁辐射法和钻屑法对爆破进行了效果检验．结果表明，通过顶板爆破措施可以破坏工作面上方坚硬厚层砂岩顶板的完整性，提前释放顶板聚集的弹性能，减弱和消除了工作面的冲击矿压危险，胜，保证了工作面的安全生产．现场实践证明，该项技术对具有坚硬顶板型冲击矿压的防治效果明显．     

覆岩关键层位置的判别方法

建立了判别覆岩中关键层位置的实用方法,并编制了相应的计算机软件ＫＳＰＢ。首次 相邻两层硬岩同步破断的理论判别式,并就相邻两层破断顺序的影响因素进行分析,结果表明,两硬岩层厚度、间距以及上层硬岩所承受的载荷大小是影响相邻层硬岩民支破断顺序的主要因素。     

采场覆岩中复合关键层的形成条件与判别方法

在采场覆岩运动中起主要控制作用的岩层为关键层，而有时关键层是由2层或2层以上岩层形成的复合岩层所组成，我们称其为复合关键层．本文在深入揭示复合岩层形成机理的基础上，给出了形成复合岩层的力学条件与数学表达式，进而建立了采场覆岩中复合关键层的判别方法，并编写了复合关键层的判别程序．实例分析表明，复合关键层在岩层运动中是客观存在的，比同组岩层分开后的单一岩层的控制作用的线性叠加要大得多．本项研究是岩层控制的关键层理论研究的深入和发展，将有力促进岩层控制理论和技术的发展．     

巨厚松散层下条带开采地表沉陷机理及岩层移动模型的探讨

通过研究认为目前的岩层移动模型不能很好地分析巨厚松散层下条带开采岩土层的移动机理,对地表沉陷的主控因素和机理进行了理论分析和模拟试验,探讨了巨厚松散层下条带开采岩土层移动的复合介质模型.     

巷道底板承压水突水评价方法研究

华北石炭二叠纪聚煤区是中国最重要的煤炭生产基地,区内众多煤矿皆受煤系底部奥陶系灰岩承压水威胁。针对当前煤矿巷道底板承压水突水评价方法存在的局限和不足,探索研究巷道底板承压水突水评价方法。现行评价方法岩梁法的理论计算前提主要包括：底板隔水层简化为两端固支梁;在岩梁弯矩最大处,底板隔水岩层承受的拉应力超过抗拉强度,岩层拉裂破坏;忽略孔隙水压力对岩石破坏的影响,计算隔水层厚度时抗拉强度取底板隔水层的平均值。事故数据及研究分析表明岩梁法计算假设存在不合理之处,与实际工况有较大偏差。基于对常见矩形巷道围岩应力分布特征的分析,结合巷道实际工况,摒弃底板隔水岩层弯拉破坏模式,提出隔水岩层剪切破坏模式,建立巷道底板承压水突水破坏岩柱模型;基于所建立的岩柱模型,利用极限平衡理论,综合考虑孔隙水压力对岩石破坏的影响,推导底板隔水层承受最大水压的计算评价方法。结果表明：最大水压与隔水层厚度、隔水层平均容重、抗剪强度参数、孔隙水压力系数和巷道宽度直接相关,最大水压与隔水层厚度呈指数函数关系。文中所提评价方法的计算结果与实测吻合,证明该方法合理有效。所提方法也能为地下工程其他专业领域类似的承压水突水问题研究提供借鉴。     

Hydraulic support crushed mechanism for the shallow seam mining face under the roadway pillars of room mining goaf

While the fully-mechanized longwall mining technology was employed in a shallow seam under a room mining goaf and overlained by thin bedrock and thick loose sands, the roadway pillars in the abandoned room mining goaf were in a stress-concentrated state, which may cause abnormal roof weighting, violent ground pressure behaviours, even roof fall and hydraulic support crushed(HSC) accidents. In this case,longwall mining safety and efficiency were seriously challenged. Based on the HSC accidents occurred during the longwall mining of 3-1-2 seam, which locates under the intersection zone of roadway pillars in the room mining goaf of 3-1-1 seam, this paper employed ground rock mechanics to analyse the overlying strata structure movement rules and presented the main influence factors and determination methods for the hydraulic support working resistance. The FLAC3 D software was used to simulate the overlying strata stress and plastic zone distribution characteristics. Field observation was implemented to contrastively analyse the hydraulic support working resistance distribution rules under the roadway pillars in strike direction, normal room mining goaf, roadway pillars in dip direction and intersection zone of roadway pillars. The results indicate that the key strata break along with rotations and reactions of the coal pillars deliver a larger concentrated load to the hydraulic support under intersection zone of roadway pillars than other conditions. The ‘‘overburden strata-key strata-roadway pillars-immediate roof" integrated load has exceeded the yield load that leads to HSC accidents. Findings in HSC mechanism provide a reasonable basis for shallow seam mining, and have important significance for the implementation of safe and efficient mining.     

Weakening effects of hydraulic fracture in hard roof under the influence of stress arch

For the problem of hydraulic fracture propagation when weakening the hard roof in fully mechanized top-coal caving stope of ultra-thick coal seam, based on the stress arch theory and the fracture mechanics, a two-dimensional model for hydraulic fracture of the roof in the stope was established to investigate the propagation laws of hydraulic fracture. The result shows that, after mining, the principal stress direction of overlaying rock deflects to form the stress arch, whose arrow height and arch thickness increase with the increase of the mining width and the side pressure coefficient. Within the influence range of stress arch, the hydraulic fracture in hard roof deflects towards the stope direction in the course of propagation and forms the ‘‘arch" fracture, which cuts off the roof below the fracture in a laminated way. The deflection angle of hydraulic fracture increases with the increase of the mining width, but decreases with the increase of the side pressure coefficient and the fractured horizon. This research can provide theoretical basis for the application of hydraulic fracturing method in the stope roof weakening.