A hybrid expert system for faulted section identification, faulttype classification and selection of fault location algorithms

The authors present an expert system developed in Turbo PROLOG to identify faulted sections and interpret protective apparatus operation in large interconnected power systems. This expert system is capable of identifying bus faults, line fault sections, and fault sections in the common area of a specific bus and line. Also, the expert system identifies relays or breaker malfunctions. The expert system is expanded to include real-time measurements of current and voltage phasors to classify the type of fault that the faulted section has experienced. When the faulted section is a transmission line, the expert system then selects an appropriate fault location algorithm to compute the fault location in miles. The importance of using a combination of numeric and database algorithms is emphasized     

Analysis of even harmonics generation in an isolated electric power system

Harmonics bred from loads are mainly odd order because the current waveforms have half‐wave symmetry. Since the even harmonics are negligibly small, they generally are not measured in electric power systems. However, even harmonics were measured at a 500/275/154 kV substation in Hokuriku Electric Power Company after a transmission line fault was corrected. The even harmonics caused malfunctions of protective digital relays because the relays used 4th harmonics at the input filter as the automatic supervisory signal. This paper describes mechanisms of generation of the even harmonics by comparing the measured waveforms with the ATP‐EMTP simulation results. Analysis of these results has clearly shown that there are three different mechanisms of generation of even harmonics. The first mechanism is the appearance of a magnetizing current in transformers due to flux deviation by the DC component of the fault current. The second mechanism is harmonic conversion of a synchronous machine which generates even harmonics when the DC component or the even harmonic current flow into the machine. The third mechanism is an increase of harmonic impedance due to an isolated power system, thus producing the harmonic voltages. The design of the input filter of protective digital relays should take into account even harmonics generation in an isolated power system. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 167(2): 56–63, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20592     

A new fault location technique for two- and three-terminal lines

A method for the computation of fault location in two- and three-terminal high voltage lines is presented. It is based on digital computation of the three-phase current and voltage 60/50 Hz phasors at the line terminals. The method is independent of fault type and insensitive to source impedance variation or fault resistance. Furthermore, it considers the synchronization errors in sampling the current and voltage waveforms at the different line terminals. The method can be used online following the operation of digital relays or offline using data transferred to a central processor from digital transient recording apparatus. The authors start with a two-terminal line to explain the principles and then present the technique for a three-terminal line. The technique was first tested using data obtained from a steady-state fault analysis program to evaluate the convergence, observability, and uniqueness of the solution. The technique was then tested using EMPT-generated transient data. The test results show the high accuracy of the technique     

粗糙集理论在电力系统中的应用

粗糙集理论是一种较新的软计算方法,可以有效地分析和处理不完备信息。近几年来,该理论日益受到国际学术界的重视,已在模式识别、预测建模、医疗诊断、决策分析等许多领域得到成功的应用。粗糙集理论在电力系统中的研究起步较晚,目前尚鲜见实际应用的报道。为了进一步推动粗糙集理论在电力系统广泛和深入地应用,文中综述了近年来粗糙集理论在电力系统设备故障诊断、配电网故障诊断、暂态稳定评估、电压无功控制、数据挖掘等方面应用研究的主要成果与方法。探讨了粗糙集理论在电力市场数据挖掘中的巨大潜力,以及与专家系统、人工神经网络、模糊理论和多代理系统等其他人工智能技术的相互结合问题,并提出了若干需要进一步研究的问题。     

Power system phase rotation and polarized protective relays

Many common protective relays used in protection of power equipment are sensitive to phase sequence rotation of the utility supply. A method of analyzing the relay response to the respective phase rotation and other possible variables is described. It is demonstrated that phase rotation usually does not affect zero-sequence polarized relays. The technique is an exercise in voltage and current phasors, maximum torque lines of polarized relays, and the possible effect of system power factor. The following relays are discussed: directional power relay (IEEE Protective Device No.32) as used to protect prime movers on induction and synchronous generators from being motored by the generator due to loss of mechanical power; directional VAr relay (IEEE Protective Device No.55) as used to protect synchronous motors and synchronous generators from receiving VArs from the external power system due to loss of field excitation; directional current phase relay (IEEE Protective Device No.67) as used to detect reverse current flow into a power system from another source due to a system phase fault; and directional current ground relay (IEEE Protective Device No.67N) as used to detect reverse ground current flow into a power system from another source due to a system ground fault     

Characteristics and classification of high-current fault arcs on distribution systems

When a fault occurs on transmission or distribution systems due to lightning or overvoltage, often an arc discharge occurs at the fault point. The arc discharge, which is caused by a fault current, has a high current, high temperature, strong light emission, etc., thus it sometimes causes heavy damages to electric power equipment. The arc discharge is influenced by the conditions around the arcs, i.e., gas, insulation materials, gap length, weather, etc. Also, the arc voltage along the arc column indicates the characteristics of the arc. If the voltage waveforms of the arcs caused by the fault on transmission or distribution systems are classified, it is possible to find the location and the equipment where the fault occurred. In this paper, the arc voltage data in 6-kV class XLPE cables and 6-kV class overhead lines are analyzed and an artificial neural network method is applied to classify the arc voltage waveforms. The results obtained from the six artificial neural networks developed show that the artificial neural network method is effective for classification of arc voltage waveforms if adequate input parameters are selected.     

An Expert System for Fault Section Estimation Using Information from Protective Relays and Circuit Breakers

This paper deals with an expert system which can estimate possible fault sections using information from protective relays and circuit breakers. This system is applicable to dispatching centers and can help dispatchers to judge emergency situations as the first step in restoration procedures. When some faults occur, the system makes inferences based on both knowledge about protection systems and information on the operating protective relays and tripped circuit breakers. The system can give possible answers even in the case of multiple faults and false operations of relays and circuit breakers. This expert system is written in Prolog.     

选相及方向元件在风电接入系统中的适应性分析

对传统选相及方向元件在风电接入系统中的适应性进行了研究分析。传统选相和方向元件均基于故障序分量网络分析,故障期间风电系统正负序阻抗相差较大且幅值远大于常规电网的特点使得风电侧正负序电流分支系数具有较大偏差,从而造成了基于正负序电流分支系数近似相等的传统选相和方向元件并不适用于风电接入系统。PSCAD建模仿真和现场故障录波数据验证了适应性分析结论。最后基于适应性分析结论给出了风电接入系统的选相和方向元件建议。     

基于热红外成像技术的绝缘子故障分类研究

针对停电测量绝缘电阻或带电测量分布电压等检零方式在实际操作中,都存在停电范围大、人员安全风险高、检测周期无法保证等问题,本文分析了盘形悬式瓷绝缘子红外精确测温的数据,并通过专家经验总结出利用红外热图的绝缘子故障分类研究。对绝缘子可能出现的故障类型通过绝缘电阻测试、绝缘子电压分布测试、泄漏电流测试、交流耐压测试等试验手段验证最终的热红外成像故障分析结果。     

Distance Relay With Out-of-Step Blocking Function Using Wavelet Transform

Out-of-step blocking function in distance relays is required to distinguish between a power swing and a fault. Speedy and reliable detection of symmetrical faults during power swings presents a challenge. This paper introduces wavelet transform to reliably and quickly detect power swings as well as detect any fault during a power swing. The total number of dyadic wavelet levels of voltage/current waveforms and the choice of particular levels for such detection are carefully studied. A logic block based on the wavelet transform is developed. The output of this block is combined with the output of the conventional digital distance relay to achieve desired performance during power swings. This integrated relay is extensively tested on a simulated system using PSCAD/ EMTDC^reg software.     

An alternative approach to fault location on power distribution feeders with embedded remote-end power generation using artificial neural networks

In this paper, the design and implementation of a feed-forward artificial neural network (ANN)-based fault locator to classify and locate shunt faults on primary overhead power distribution lines with load taps and embedded remote-end power generation is presented. In the ANN algorithm, the standard back-propagation technique with a sigmoid activation function is used. The fault locator utilizes fault voltage and current samples obtained at a single location of a typical radial distribution system. The ANNs are trained with data under a wide variety of fault conditions and used for the fault type classification and fault location on the distribution line. A 34.5?kV distribution system is simulated using electro-magnetic transients program and their results are used to train and test the ANNs. The ANN-based fault locator gives high accuracy for the vast majority of the practically encountered systems and fault conditions, including the presence of load taps and the remote-end in-feed source.     

Identifying the Primary Fault Section After Contingencies in Bulk Power Systems

This paper deals with the problem of fault section estimation in electric power systems, undertaken at a control center level and using information about the operation of protection relays and circuit breakers. The developed methodology should be used after the occurrence of contingencies with definitive disconnections, and before beginning the process of network restoration. Due to the absence of an analytic formulation, the problem calls for the use of artificial-intelligence techniques, such as neural networks and expert systems. Neural networks are employed to model the protection systems, dealing with the uncertainties involved with relay and circuit-breaker operation messages. An expert system is used to complement the results provided by the neural networks, considering the network topology. The results show that the developed methodology is applicable to real large-scale power systems. In addition, it is capable of noise suppression in relay and circuit-breaker trip messages, treats multiple faults naturally, and infers a solution even in cases when remote backup protection action occurs.     

A novel scheme for current-only directional overcurrent relay

Overcurrent relays are widely used as main protection in sub-transmission and distribution systems. In mesh and multi-source networks, application of directional relay is unavoidable. Traditional directional overcurrent relays use the reference voltage phasor as the polarizing quantity to estimate the direction of the fault. Traditional direction distinguishing scheme is unreliable in the case of close-in faults. In this paper, a novel algorithm for directional overcurrent relay is proposed. The new algorithm uses only current signals for determining the fault direction. It uses superimposed component of the current signal and does not require phasor estimation. This new algorithm uses pre-fault current signal as the polarizing quantity. The proposed method is tested on simple power system in different situations. The results show it leads to fast and reliable directional protection.     

Classification of power system disturbances using a fuzzy expertsystem and a Fourier linear combiner

This paper presents a hybrid scheme using a Fourier linear combiner and a fuzzy expert system for the classification of transient disturbance waveforms in a power system. The captured voltage or current waveforms are passed through a Fourier linear combiner block to provide normalized peak amplitude and phase at every sampling instant. The normalized peak amplitude and computed slope of the waveforms are then passed on to a diagnostic module that computes the truth value of the signal combination and determines the class to which the waveform belongs. Several numerical tests have been conducted using EMTP programs to validate the disturbance waveform classification with the help of the new hybrid approach which is much simpler than the recently postulated ANN or wavelet based approaches     

Expert system for classification and analysis of power systemevents

This paper presents an expert system that is able to classify different types of power system events to the underlying causes (i.e., events) and offer useful information in terms of power quality. The expert system uses the voltage waveforms and distinguishes the different types of voltage dips (fault-induced, transformer saturation, induction motor starting) as well as interruptions (nonfault, fault-induced). A method for event-based classification is used, where a segmentation algorithm is first applied to divide waveforms into several possible events. The expert system is tested using real measurements and the results show that the system enables fast and accurate analysis of data from power quality monitors     

DYNA-TEST simulator for relay testing. I. Design characteristics

The authors describe a new digital dynamic testing (DYNA-TEST) simulator developed for protection relay applications. This simulator is capable of producing voltage and current transients that correspond to actual fault events in the power systems. Fault transients are generated either by simulating power system faults using an electromagnetic transient program or by replaying records of fault signals captured in substations by digital fault recorders. These signals are used to test protection relays. Such an approach to relay testing represents a major improvement over steady-state testing     

平行双回线路故障分量电流平衡保护研究

传统的平行双回线路电流平衡保护存在灵敏度低、受过渡电阻影响大等缺点,难以满足高压平行双回线路的要求。该文给出了基于故障分量的电流平衡保护启动判据和选线判据。利用叠加原理和六序故障分量法分析了过渡电阻对选线判据的影响,给出了各种故障情况下两回线故障相故障分量电流幅值之比的表达式。给出了相继动作区故障时的电流平衡保护方案。理论分析和EMTP仿真表明,基于故障分量的选线判据几乎不受过渡电阻和负荷电流的影响,灵敏度得到了提高,可直接应用于目前微机保护装置。     

弱电源系统的输电线路保护方案的探讨

输电线路存在弱电源系统，线路发生区内故障，由于弱电源侧系统不能提供足够的短路电流而不能启动保护，导致两侧保护不能快速跳闸甚至拒动。本分析了弱电源系统输电线路故障特征，提出弱馈输电线路保护配置宜采用纵联方向(距离)、光纤电流差动保护，尤其光纤电流差动保护利用两侧电压信息能彻底解决弱馈线路存在的问题。弱电源侧选相问题，光纤电流差动保护能很好解决，纵联方向(距离)保护需采用弱馈识别的逻辑，在弱电源侧选用突变量电压及稳态量序分量电压选相，是保证重合闸合闸成功的关键。     

基于电子式传感器的电力系统故障诊断研究

电子传感器具有频带宽、动态性能好、大电流不饱和等特点,可实时准确测量电力系统运行参数.笔者提出了一种基于电子式传感器的短路故障诊断系统,利用小波变换提取电子式传感器检测到的信号特征,采用神经网络进行故障分类和模式识别,并结合专家系统进行电力系统的短路故障诊断,利用MATLAB和C++对系统进行了仿真验证,结果表明该系统...     

Fault Section Estimation of Power System Using Colored and Timed Petri Nets

A correct and rapid inference is required for practical use of expert system for fault section estimation in power systems. This paper proposes a new model-based expert system for fault section estimation using colored and timed Petri nets. The Petri nets simplify the inference procedure greatly because it can represent the causalities among faults of power system components, protective actions of relays and circuit breakers. They can also represent the operating states of these protective devices explicitly, or, more precisely, whether a relay has been actuated correctly or falsely, etc. In addition, time sequence information on actuated relays and tripped circuit breakers can be handled by using the colored and timed Petri nets. Therefore, the operating states of relays and circuit breakers can be inferred more correctly. Petri nets are suited for parallel processing so well that there is a possibility of reducing the inference time considerably. In the proposed system, the inference is executed by setting the initial states in the Petri nets using the information on the actuated relays and the tripped circuit breakers and then operating the Petri nets. There have been several test cases which used a prototype system on the Macintosh computer employing Object Common Lisp, and good results have been obtained.