Fabrication and fundamental characteristics of a superconducting air-core autotransformer

With the recent advent of high-performance ac superconductors with very small ac loss and large current-carrying capacity, the possibility of an air-core superconducting transformer is being studied. Although the exciting current is very large, the air-core transformer has the following merits: (1) no iron loss; (2) no insulation care of the core; (3) no harmonics, and no in rush current induced by iron saturation, etc. Thus, the authors fabricated and tested a small experimental transformer (2.5 kVA, 330/150 V). As easily predicted, the exciting current becomes very large. It occupies about 45 percent of the rated current. Meanwhile, the leakage reactance increase considerably. The %IX becomes about 28 percent. These experimental results show good agreement with the theoretical analysis based on an equivalent circuit.     

双向全桥DC-DC变换器中大容量高频变压器绕组与磁心损耗计算

精确预估非正弦波激励下高频变压器绕组与磁心损耗、研究不同模态下变压器损耗的变化趋势,对于电力电子变压器(PET)精细化设计至关重要。在对PET中间级——隔离式双向全桥DC-DC变换器工作原理进行分析的基础上,建立变换器的近似等效电路模型,得到一种适用于隔离式双向全桥DC-DC变换器中高频变压器绕组损耗计算方法。在计算方波、梯形波电压激励下的磁心损耗时,推导出修正的Steinmetz经验公式简化解析计算式,引入仅与占空比和上升时间有关的修正系数,据此可直接利用正弦波激励下的损耗系数,快速获取典型工作模态下磁心损耗。设计制作一台1.2k V/0.3k V/5k V·A非晶合金磁心高频变压器试验模型,将所提方法的计算结果与有限元仿真和试验测量结果对比,验证了所提方法的有效性。     

Effects of direct currents in power transformers Part I. A general theoretical approach

The DC component of current circulating in power transformers produces a certain degree of core saturation. The waveshape of the excitation current displays a pulse of high magnitude at each cycle. The width of the pulse depends on the period of the cycle under saturation. This excitation current induces a drop of potential across the primary winding impedance thus reducing the magnetizing voltage and injecting harmonics into the network. Moreover, it is demonstrated that this condition of operation will increase copper and stray losses but will tend to decrease iron losses.In order to study the detrimental effect of direct current, the equivalent circuit of a power transformer has been reviewed to confirm its applicability under partial saturation of the core. For single-phase transformers, the mathematical model developed allows calculation of rms and crest values of magnetizing current, core flux and magnetizing voltage, along with copper and core losses.     

空心超导变压器参数设计对可控阻抗型限流器性能的影响

介绍了可控阻抗型超导限流器的电路结构和工作原理,该限流器由空心超导变压器及PWM变流器组成.故障发生后,通过变流器控制变压器二次侧注入电流的相位和幅值,进而调节限流器的等效阻抗,从而实现抑制短路电流的目的.针对空心超导变压器参数设计对限流器工作性能的影响,以初始补偿电流、不同工作模式下的限流阻抗以及变流器的功率传输为指标,进行了理论研究;以该型限流器在一个三相接地系统的应用为例,利用Matlab建立仿真模型,分析了不同变压器参数下限流器工作性能的差别.仿真结果与理论分析相符,得出如下结论:增大变压器一次侧自感有利于加强限流能力;增加变比会导致初始补偿电流的上升;提高耦合系数有助于降低变流器的无功功率输出.     

Electromagnetic processes in power transformers with vector control

One possible circuit of a power transformer with vector control is considered. Initial statements of the electromagnetic analysis of transformers are given. An algorithm for determining the voltage and current time dependences, as well as characteristics ones, is described. The dependences between the power transformer characteristics with vector control and the control parameters are shown by the example of the transformer with a nominal power of 16 MV A and nominal supply voltage of 110 kV. The conclusion is drawn that minimum power losses are present at a certain combination of control parameters. The time dependences of current and voltage power keys involved in the transformer of active converters, which result from the mathematical simulation in MATLAB and Simulink, are presented. The effectiveness of the proposed model is evaluated.     

The Circuit Analysis and Performance Evaluation of an Hc Type Magnetic Coupling Contactless Power Transformer that is Compatible with Both Solenoid and Circular Type Transformers

There are two types of the transformers in a contactless power transfer system: solenoid type (H‐shaped) and circular type transformers. These two types of transformers are not compatible because their magnetic field structures are different. An Hc type transformer that is compatible with both transformer types has been proposed. The Hc type receiver adds a central magnetic pole by dividing the winding coil of the H‐shaped receiver. The Hc type receiver can change the magnetic field structure by changing the connections of the divided windings and can receive power from both types of transmitters. In this study, we conducted a circuit analysis and evaluated the performance of the Hc type transformer.     

Dynamic model of direct matrix converter and its experimental validation

Power electronics is a major candidate in the ongoing research of electrical power grids because they can provide better control with more information (voltage ratio, efficiency, power flow direction, etc.) than the all‐passive solutions such as transformers and so forth. Power electronic transformer has the possibility to replace the conventional one by ac/ac matrix converter with high‐frequency compact electronic transformers. In this work, a dynamic model of matrix converter is studied and issues such as efficiency, voltage ratio limitation, and transient behavior are discussed and the equivalent numerical calculations are presented. Moreover, an experimental converter is built to validate the numerical results and also to describe the switching frequency impact on the operation. It is concluded that the control creates voltage ratio saturation and high‐switching frequency results in lower efficiency values. On the other hand, efficiency can be increased by using resonances of the circuit, which can also provide higher operating frequencies. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

多绕组电力变压器内部短路稳态分析:（一）建模与仿真

电力变压器线圈之间的耦合特性使其内部短路故障的外部特性具有复杂性.为了正确设计和整定变压器内部故障的继电保护方案,必须逐个地针对每种变压器内部短路故障分布情况找到外部故障特征.文中提出了一种分析电力变压器内部短路故障的电路模型和分析方法,并以一台双绕组变压器为例,对线圈内部对地短路、匝间短路、相间短路分别进行了仿真计算,给出了外特性随故障类型和故障位置变化的规律.     

油纸绝缘变压器老化特征分析

目前,国内外学者对回复电压法做了大量的研究,但是还没有一个明确评估变压器油纸绝缘老化状态的方法。在理解介质极化特性的前提下,以变压器油纸绝缘极化等效电路模型为基础,仿真分析了回复电压特征量随极化等效电路参数(极化电阻、极化电容以及支路数)变化的规律。仿真结果表明,回复电压峰值的最大值、回复电压初始斜率最大值及主时间常数等可用来评估变压器绝缘状况。同时,等效电路模型的支路数也可辅助评估变压器的绝缘状况。最后对多台实际变压器进行测试分析,验证了上述特征量用于评估变压器绝缘状态是可行的。     

Transient model and simulation in three-phase three-limbtransformers

When a three-phase three-limb power transformer, whose primary windings are Y-connected with isolated neutral, is energized or reclosed by asynchronous closure of the circuit breaker poles, the transient voltage at the still disconnected transformer terminal and the transient current flowing from the connected windings may reach considerably high values. This can cause serious damage to equipment connected to the transformer. This transient phenomenon is closely related to the switching sequence of the circuit breaker poles, switching-on angles, remanent flux and the magnetic saturation characteristics of the transformer's iron core. This paper presents a simple and effective method to predict the transient phenomenon of power transformers. The proposed method formulates a model to represent the transient under various operating conditions. Simulations and experiments are both demonstrated to support the proposed method     

大容量多重化逆变器的输出电压谐波分析

针对目前缺乏对大容量多重化逆变器的输出电压谐波进行全面分析和比较的现状,根据多重化变压器的不同结构,将现有的典型多重化逆变器分为3类并从理论上推导出了它们的输出电压及谐波电压幅值表达式;给出了电压谐波畸变系数与重数和脉冲控制参数间的变化关系;对比分析了它们的电压谐波畸变率。理论和仿真分析结果的一致性表明由三电平逆变桥构成的多重化逆变器不仅能以较低的重数实现高压大容量输出,还可获得满意的电压谐波畸变率,且可有效减小变压器体积、重量和损耗,因而更适用于高压大容量电力电子装置。     

变压器油纸绝缘介质响应等值的电路建模研究

回复电压诊断方法是一种无损诊断变压器绝缘状态的方法。目前的研究主要基于试验获得的极化谱分析变压器的绝缘状态,利用等值电路更易于分析其极化机理,但现有的电路模型尚不完善,文中系统地给出了油纸绝缘变压器的基于扩展德拜等值电路建模的详细过程,在此基础上,给出了从等值电路模型求解回复电压特征量的思路,并使用一台变压器油处理前后的数据计算了其回复电压极化谱,计算结果表明基于扩展德拜模型等值电路和回复电压计算方法是可行的,利用计算获得的极化谱可以有效分析变压器的绝缘状态,为准确评估变压器老化提供了新的思路,并为分析相关影响因素奠定了基础。     

Amorphous Alloys for Distribution Transformers: Design Considerations and Economic Impact

The use of amorphous ferromagnetic materials for the magnetic circuits of distribution transformers could reduce the losses associated with iron cores and result in substantial economic savings to utilities. The value of such savings obviously depends on the loss evaluation. Optimization calculations show that this value varies according to the transformer design. A comparative performance evaluation revealed the advantages and shortcomings of four different transformer designs and of different types of steel used to build the magnetic circuits. The paper finally gives a few design details of a pre-prototype distribution transformer, developed at IREQ, which has an amorphous-alloy magnetic circuit.     

高阻抗变压器零模涌流特性与动模试验研究

基于“磁通-电感”映射关系,利用研究提出的零模涌流等值电路对高阻抗变压器(含高压内置型、低压串抗型)和普通变压器的零模涌流特性进行了物理机理的阐释。参照实际变压器研制了三种变压器的物理模型,构建了动态模拟试验系统。通过动模试验分析比较了剩磁(分闸角)、合闸角、电压、副方绕组接线方式、变压器类型等因素对零模涌流特性的影响,验证了机理阐释的正确性。为抵御高阻抗变压器零模涌流引起零序保护误动的风险,提出了调压绕组内置、分合闸角度匹配和二次谐波制动等应对方法。     

电压注入式移相器建模研究

根据电压注入式移相器电路结构，基于变压器的基本原理推导得到了其稳态的三序等值电路。结合一个含电压注入式移相器的单机无穷大系统，对得到的等值电路进行了仿真验证，结果证实了所得等值电路的正确性。     

三相多芯柱电力变压器的谐波模型研究

提出了一种基于铁芯拓扑结构的三相多芯柱电力变压器谐波建模的新方法，将三相变压器用一组电路和磁路方程来描述，选用激磁主磁通和磁动势作为联接电路方程和磁路方程的中间变量。将三相变压器的谐波建模问题归结为三相变压器激磁电流的分析和计算，详细阐述了三相三芯柱变压器和五芯柱变压器激磁电流的计算和分析方法。在该模型中用单值磁化曲线来描述变压器铁芯的饱和效应，而涡流、磁滞和杂散损耗用三个等值电阻来模拟的。作者还讨论了建立相坐标下三相变压器谐波模型的基本方法。     

Power Supplies for Electronic High-Voltage Measuring-Current Transformers

A power supply for electronic high-voltage measuring-current transformers with extraction of energy from the measured current that flows through a high-voltage line has been considered. A magnetic core of the supply transformer from the windings of which the necessary power is extracted is mounted on the line for this purpose. When the line current changes over a wide range, the supply transformer should have a quickly saturated magnetic core. It has been shown that, to reduce the losses and decrease the loading of the elements of a power-supply circuit in a wide current range, a ballast load should be introduced in the circuit of a secondary winding. Three variants of the ballast load have been compared: resistive, capacitive, and in the form of a transistor-current limiter. The results of simulations in the VisSim software have been considered for all three variants, as well as for the case of absence of a ballast load in the power-supply circuit. The simulations were carried out for the lowest and highest measured currents, as well as for the line short-circuit mode. The results of simulations have shown the advantages of a power supply based on a saturated transformer with a transistor-current limiter. A variant of a circuit of a transistor-current limiter has been suggested.     

基于模块化多电平换流器的多端口谐振型电力电子变压器

适用于直流配电网的电力电子变压器(PET)需要中压直流端口,而现有基于模块化多电平换流器(MMC)结构的PET拓扑可同时提供中压交流、中压直流、低压直流和低压交流端口,但这类PET需要四级电能变换,使得电路结构复杂,体积和重量较大。文中提出了一种适用于直流配电网的多端口MMC谐振型PET拓扑。该拓扑采用混频调制策略,同时在MMC桥臂支路中并联一组LC谐振支路、中频变压器和全桥电路实现中压直流和低压直流端口的功率解耦输出。该PET拓扑仅使用三级电能变换即可提供所需的多端口特性,具有电路结构简单、体积重量较小等优势。针对该PET拓扑,提供了等效电路分析、控制策略和参数设计方法。最后,通过仿真和实验结果验证了该PET拓扑的可行性。     

基于开关变压器技术的超大功率无触点电力电子开关模块

本文介绍了一种基于开关变压器技术的高电压大功率的式电力电子开关模块(以下简称开关变压器模块),可用于任何等级的高压交流电压调节、电流调节及功率调节。其主要特征是将电力变压器的开路特性、短路特性与可控硅的开路特性、短路特性结合起来,利用二者性能上的结合创造出耐高压的大功率电力电子开关器件。开关变压器模块的发明相当于发明了一种新的大功率无触点电力电子开关器件,成功地解决了电力电子器件串并联的低可靠性问题,可用于任何高电压大功率调节的场合,且具有极高的可靠性。