老化方式对交流交联聚乙烯电缆空间电荷分布的影响

为了研究高压交流交联聚乙烯(XLPE)电缆老化状态与绝缘空间电荷特征的关系,通过测量高压交流交联聚乙烯(XLPE)电缆不同位置绝缘的空间电荷特性,分析了老化方式对XLPE电缆空间电荷分布规律的影响。采用电声脉冲(PEA)法测量XLPE内空间电荷分布规律,发现未老化电缆铝电极附近积累同极性电荷,而老化后电缆的铝电极附近积累异极性电荷。沿电缆径向由内向外,未老化电缆及实际运行22a电缆电荷量增高,加速老化1a电缆电荷量降低。分析认为,加速老化电缆的老化可能起始于电缆绝缘内侧,实际运行电缆老化可能起始于电缆绝缘外侧。结果表明不同老化状态下交流XLPE电缆绝缘空间电荷行为明显不同,空间电荷测量可以作为评价交流XLPE电缆老化状态的有效手段。     

XLPE电缆绝缘老化修复技术的工程应用研究

通过水针电极老化法加速XLPE电缆绝缘产生明显水树,采用一种硅氧烷修复液对水树老化XLPE电缆绝缘进行修复,比较了修复前后老化XLPE电缆绝缘的介损和直流泄漏电流,并通过显微镜和扫描电镜（SEM）对水树及其内部的填充物进行了观察。结果表明：修复液能扩散到水树内消耗水分,生成绝缘性能良好的填充物填充水树空洞,使介损和泄漏电流明显下降,绝缘性能逐渐恢复到接近老化前水平。利用修复液对老化样本绝缘进行修复,对现场运行老化电缆进行了绝缘修复实验表明,修复后电缆的介损和直流泄漏电流下降一半以下,显著提高了水树老化运行电缆的绝缘性能。     

交联聚乙烯电缆老化、诊断及修复研究进展

交联聚乙烯(XLPE)电缆的绝缘状态关系到输电系统的安全运行,因此,研究电缆绝缘的老化方式、状态监测和诊断方法意义重大。本文首先介绍了XLPE电缆绝缘的老化方式和老化机理;随后总结了电缆绝缘的状态监测方法,包括利用绝缘材料的理化性质和特征响应性实现电缆绝缘的状态监测;最后讨论了电缆绝缘老化的修复方法和预防措施。     

交流电场下XLPE绝缘空间电荷研究综述

XLPE电缆目前广泛地应用于电力系统中,如何评估和预测现场运行电缆的老化及早期劣化的程度,是电缆绝缘状态评估的重要内容,然而这项研究在国内仍是空白。XLPE电缆的制造工艺过程、运行中的过电压和温升以及耐压试验过程都可能造成XLPE电缆绝缘特性的改变,导致绝缘性能下降,形成陷阱,特别是空间电荷的形成,畸变原有电场分布,直接影响XLPE电缆的绝缘特性。大量研究表明,在直流电场下空间电荷危害XLPE电缆绝缘,关于交流电压下空间电荷对XLPE电缆绝缘影响的探索较少。综述了交流电场下空间电荷效应对XLPE电缆绝缘影响的相关研究成果,并介绍了测量固体介质空间电荷分布的电声脉冲法,为从空间电荷测量角度研究XLPE电缆绝缘老化程度和状态评估提供了参考。     

XLPE电缆的热–振动联合老化试验测试与分析

在桥梁、桥架等振动条件下运行的交联聚乙烯(XLPE)电缆线路,击穿故障多发生在支架附近的XLPE绝缘上,这可能是由于振动导致的XLPE绝缘劣化进一步加剧所导致。而目前没有对XLPE电缆绝缘在热–振动条件下的老化失效机理和运行状态评价的研究。因此,在分析电缆线路运行特点及电缆故障的基础上,通过构建XLPE电缆的热–振动联合老化试验平台,在试验平台上对XLPE电缆施加负荷电流和机械振动,同步开展热–振动联合老化和单一热老化试验。通过对1 440 h老化时间下的XLPE电缆绝缘取样分析,获得热–振动联合老化、单一热老化及未老化电缆的XLPE绝缘材料的力学性能、介电性能及微观结构的差异性,以分析振动对XLPE绝缘性能及电缆运行特性的影响。试验结果表明:热–振动联合作用下XLPE材料的氧化速率和程度均大于单一热老化条件下的数值,机械振动加速了XLPE绝缘层的老化。该研究成果可为振动运行条件下XLPE电缆线路的运行状态评估提供技术支持,具有实际工程应用价值。     

XLPE电缆绝缘加速热老化特性

为探究长期运行环境下XLPE电缆绝缘的老化特性,在实验室条件下对电缆绝缘材料进行加速热老化实验,通过红外光谱、氧化诱导时间及频域介电响应测试,比较分析老化前后XLPE电缆绝缘的理化特性、电气特性变化规律。结果表明:红外光谱中的羰基峰值可用于定性分析XLPE绝缘材料的老化程度;XLPE绝缘高温下的降解随着老化时间的延长愈加严重,氧化诱导时间不断缩短;XPLE材料介质损耗因数频谱曲线的最小值tanδ_(min)与材料老化程度相关且与测试温度无关,因此tanδ_(min)可作为评估XLPE绝缘老化情况的特征量。     

XLPE电缆等温松驰电流老化因子与寿命指数对应关系研究

交联聚乙烯(XLPE)绝缘电缆的老化是影响其可靠性的重要因素。XLPE电缆绝缘的寿命指数是评估XLPE电缆老化状态的有效参数,寿命指数的确定需要对大量的样品进行测试,并不适用于评估运行中的XLPE电缆的老化状态。通过对高压XLPE电缆绝缘等温松驰电流的测试,可以得到反应不同极化类型的时间常数及系数,并得到与其老化状态相关的老化因子。本文通过对经过不同老化时间的XLPE电缆样品的等温松驰电流及逐级击穿试验得到了相应的老化因子和寿命指数。试验结果表明,未老化XLPE电缆的松驰电流老化因子为1.98~2.14,半年老化后的老化因子为2.47~2.79,而一年老化后的老化因子约2.99~3.15,相对应的寿命指数分别为15.6、14.3及9.3。因此等温松驰电流老化因子与寿命指数有相关的对应关系,可以对运行中的XLPE电缆等温松驰电流进行测试,按对应的寿命指数对其老化状态进行评估。     

基于水树枝现象XLPE电缆在线监测系统的研究与设计

基于交联聚乙烯(XLPE)电缆水树状老化的原理,直流分量法和交流叠加法是两种有效的XLPE电缆在线监测方法。设计了综合上述两种方法的在线监测系统,其中包括设计方案、系统构成、关键技术等。结果表明:设计的XLPE电缆在线监测系统能够反映运行中电缆绝缘的老化程度,实现了XLPE电缆的在线监测。     

用电磁波速诊断XLPE电缆绝缘

XLPE电缆绝缘诊断的研究对于掌握电缆的绝缘老化状态,保证电力传输系统的安全可靠运行有着十分重要的意义。针对工程实际中大规模应用的诊断方法不多见的现状,提出了一种XLPE电缆状态检测的新方法,即用电磁波在一段XLPE电缆中的传播速度作为诊断这段电缆是否发生老化的依据。在阐明了该方法的原理和理论依据后介绍了所搭建的实验平...     

含水树枝的XLPE电力电缆损耗电流建模仿真计算

水树枝老化被认为是影响交联聚乙烯(XLPE)电力电缆绝缘性能最主要的原因。随着水树枝老化的加剧,XLPE电力电缆损耗电流波形会产生畸变,损耗电流三次谐波分量的相位和幅值会产生明显变化,因此损耗电流的监测可以用来诊断XLPE电缆水树枝老化。笔者基于半导体二极管的非线性特性,建立了XLPE电缆水树枝非线性模型,提出了一种损耗电流数值计算的方法。仿真计算的损耗电流波形与试验测得波形误差较小,建模仿真计算方法的正确性得到了验证。     

The Canadian Electrical Association: a leader in cable research

The history and cable research efforts of the Canadian Electrical Association (CEA) are reviewed. Since the inception of the first cable research project in 1977, the CEA and its cosponsors have funded 409 research programs. Research topics have included detectors for underground faults, water tree inhibitors, cable identification methods, ageing of cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) cables, rural underground distribution, the effects of switching surges on cable ageing, ampacity of power cable, maximum temperature operation, and final breakdown mechanism of XLPE cables. Current cable research projects are listed     

高压XLPE电缆绝缘V t特性研究综述

交联聚乙烯（cross linked polyethylene,XLPE）绝缘电力电缆是输电线路的重要电 力设备。针对高压交流和直流电缆系统的运行现状,介绍了运用V t特性（击穿电压与击穿时间的关系）曲线描述XLPE电缆绝缘的电老化寿命模型,分析了国内外高压交、直流XLPE电缆绝缘V t特性的研究方法及相关结果。已有的研究结果表明,交流XLPE电缆绝缘的电老化寿命指数n值在9~25之间,直流XLPE电缆绝缘的电老化寿命指数n值在13~20之间。国内目前尚未见有关直流电缆绝缘V t特性研究的文献报道。     

老化中压XLPE电缆修复新技术研究

简要介绍了我国早期运行XLPE电缆的现状,介绍了XLPE电缆发生水树劣化的原因和抑制、消除水树的基本原理,详细介绍了修复水树老化电缆的工作机理和现场实施方案。     

XLPE电缆绝缘老化临界时间现象及其动力学仿真

为深入探究交联聚乙烯(cross-linked polyethylene,XLPE)电缆绝缘的老化特性,评判XLPE电缆绝缘的老化程度,文中对110kV XLPE电缆绝缘在135℃进行加速老化实验,采用拉伸试验表征XLPE断裂伸长率的变化规律,采用傅里叶变换红外光谱表征XLPE中羰基浓度与抗氧剂含量的变化规律。结果表明,XLPE电缆绝缘老化存在临界时间现象,即随着老化时间的增长,XLPE断裂伸长率由缓慢下降转变为快速下降,羰基浓度由缓慢增大转变为快速增大,临界时间均为2016h;而抗氧剂含量则随老化时间逐渐下降,不存在拐点。基于链式自由基理论,建立考虑抗氧剂反应过程的XLPE热老化动力学模型,进一步仿真计算XLPE电缆绝缘热老化过程中抗氧剂含量和羰基浓度的变化过程,仿真计算结果能够很好地吻合实验结果。研究结果表明抗氧剂含量可用于表征XLPE电缆绝缘的老化程度。     

The effect of water treeing on the electric field distribution ofXLPE. Consequences for the dielectric strength

This paper describes the influence of water trees on dielectric properties of flat samples cut from a HV crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) cable insulation. In order to obtain experimental results in a short period of time, we used accelerated aging conditions of voltage and frequency as well as different techniques for producing a multitude of artificial water tree inception points. The average value of the water tree permittivity and a law for the time-dependence of permittivity inside the treed degraded areas were deduced from measurements of capacitance and water tree lengths. On the basis of the experimental knowledge of permittivity and water tree length, we determined with analytical numerical methods, the distribution of the electric field for different shapes of treed regions. Because of the increase in length and permittivity of the water tree, the electric field in front of the degraded area is amplified, which is an important factor of risk leading to the electric breakdown     

The chemical composition of water trees in EPR cable insulation

The earlier observation of carboxylate ions in vented water trees in service-aged XLPE cable insulation is extended to bow-tie trees in lab-aged XLPE cable insulation, and to bow-tie and vented trees in EPR cable and slab specimens. Carboxylate anions were the major carbonyl-containing functionality in the treed regions, except for cases where ester functionalities (from antioxidants or shield materials) or aromatic carbonyl species (curative residues) had accumulated. Ketonic oxidation products were detected, but at a lower level than carboxylates. The experimental difficulty of detecting carboxylate ions in the presence of interfering absorptions from methylene blue dye and clay filler was circumvented by the use of a derivatization technique involving sulfur tetrafluoride and with hydrogen chloride, which converted carboxylate ions to acid fluorides and carboxylic acids respectively. Some examples of initiation sites for water tree formation in EPR are provided. When a particulate initiation site of bow-tie trees in EPR could be identified, a common feature was the presence of transition metal ions     

Investigation of water effects on degradation of crosslinkedpolyethylene (XLPE) insulation

This paper presents the results of the study of the influence of moisture on the electrical characteristics of XLPE power cable insulation under various service conditions. Tap water was put into the cable conductors and the ends were properly closed by terminal boxes in the first case, and opened in the second case. The samples of cables were subjected to electric stress and heating. Results from the accelerated aging tests of XLPE cables in these conditions are reported with reference to the changing of the XLPE's electrical characteristics. On the basis of the compared performances of XLPE cables given by this investigation, the lifetime of XLPE cables was estimated in the case of service under these conditions. Results of testing indicate that the combined effects of pressure of water or water vapour, electric field and temperature will greatly accelerate the deterioration of XLPE insulation     

高压交联聚乙烯电缆绝缘老化检测技术调研

概述了国内外高压交联聚乙烯(XLPE)电缆线路在运行中绝缘损坏的统计情况和主要事例，就XLPE电缆及其附件的绝缘老化现象进行了剖析，对电缆绝缘老化检测方法作了扼要叙述，并就现场用局部放电测试的部分方法及其特点作了简要评述。对于一般高压XLPE电缆，迄今未发现因水树生成延展而导致绝缘损坏的现象。包括预制式在内的接头和终端。往往是绝缘老化的薄弱环节，因而应重视对其进行现场的局部放电检测。     

电力电缆运行、故障及试验综述

章简述了电力电缆百年发展历程，对电力电缆附件进行了概述，分析和讨论了我国电力电缆运行故障类型，认为外力破坏和绝缘老化是导致电力电缆运行故障的重要原因。最后，介绍了我国XLPE电力电缆试验技术的发展现状。     

Development of a new type insulation diagnostic method for hot-lineXLPE cables

The authors developed an insulation diagnostic system that makes automatic measurements of the dielectric dissipation factor and DC component in a hot-line XLPE (cross-linked polyethylene) insulated power cable and makes an overall judgement of cable insulation deterioration. This system was tested on XLPE cables in hot-line conditions, the criteria for judgement of insulation deterioration were established based on the results of measurements