Quantitative assessments for transient voltage security

Transient voltage security means that the system is both transient voltage stable and transient voltage dips acceptable. The definitions are clarified in this paper. Self start technique for computing transient-voltage-stability-related limits is proposed. Based on a margin for transient voltage dip acceptability, a criterion for early termination of the simulation is put forward. Moreover, the procedure of calculating critical clearing time for transient voltage security is extended to that of calculating the critical load level, the minimum reactive power resources and minimum load shedding for keeping transient voltage security. It is also suggested that transient angle stability and transient voltage stability and transient voltage dip acceptability be quantitatively assessed along the same simulation trajectory. The most critical one among the three kinds of limits is regarded as the global transient security limit. The effectiveness and robustness of the proposed approach are demonstrated in this paper with statistic information resulting from 47987 test cases on two practical power systems     

A new trajectory sensitivity approach for computations of critical parameters

An approach is proposed to assess critical parameters in power system through an evaluation of trajectory sensitivity factors, such as fault critical clearing time (CCT), stability limit generation of generator. Firstly, new formulations for analysis of trajectory sensitivity with respect to fault clearing time are developed. And then, an approach to map the trajectory sensitivity to a sensitivity factor of minimum corrected kinetic energy to fault clearing time is introduced. Directed by the sensitivity factor, CCTs of contingencies are evaluated through an iterative process. It is the advantage that the CCT approach can be used for power systems represented by complex models. Combined with α sensitivity, similar technique can be used to compute generation limit of generators. Case studies for both CCT and generation limit assessments are performed on the 10-generator New England test system to verify the effectiveness and accuracy of the approach.     

Dynamic single machine equivalent techniques for on-line transient stability assessment

According to the post-fault trajectory duration characteristics, power system disturbances, which may cause transient stability problems, are classified into three types: short, long and extremely long duration ones. An improved method using dynamic single machine equivalent system (SMES) model for on-line first swing critical clearing time (CCT) estimation for both short and long duration disturbances on multi-machine power systems is developed in this paper. This dynamic SMES model substitutes for a large power system to provide fast, on-line transient stability assessment (TSA). Techniques such as assessment of energy margin, identification of a group of machines called the ‘dominant critical machines’ and an interpolation formula for CCT evaluation are proposed in this method to achieve high speed and accuracy in TSA. Test results on real size power systems are reported to show that the method is reliable for CCT assessment of both short and long post-fault duration disturbances.     

含构网型MMC的受端电网暂态稳定解析分析方法

针对新型电力系统中,构网型非同步机电源和同步机电源之间可能发生的暂态失稳现象,提出了适用于含构网型模块化多电平换流器（MMC）的受端电网暂态稳定解析分析方法。在故障期间和故障清除后系统中分别采用电流源和电压源对构网型MMC进行建模,并据此模型提出了临界切除角和临界切除时间的解析计算方法。基于所提解析分析方法,研究了MMC故障期间注入电流幅值和相角、故障位置、同步机和MMC对负荷的供电占比等关键因素对系统暂态稳定的影响机理。基于PSCAD/EMTDC搭建的电磁暂态仿真模型验证了所提解析分析方法的有效性、准确性和鲁棒性。     

考虑感应电动机故障中电磁转矩变化的节点暂态电压评估方法

暂态电压稳定与负荷动态特性之间关系紧密,而感应电动机负荷特性是引起暂态电压稳定的重要原因。利用极限切除时间来评估负荷节点暂态电压稳定状况已有研究,但相关研究都忽略了故障中感应电动机电磁转矩的变化对极限切除时间的影响。为进一步准确求得极限切除时间,对计及故障中感应电动机电磁转矩的变化的极限切除时间进行了研究,建立了感应电动机电磁转矩的数学模型,求得了极限切除时间。极限切除时间反映了负荷节点暂态电压稳定状况,在综合程序(PSASP)中对EPRI36节点系统进行了仿真和对比,仿真结果验证了所述方法的有效性。     

电力系统参数空间暂态稳定边界构建及在线快速更新方法

为适应在线暂态稳定分析与控制,提出了一种电力系统参数空间中的暂态稳定边界构建及快速更新方法.对于给定的关键故障和既定故障前后的网络拓扑结构,首先,基于横向可扩展的宽度学习系统,构建了极限切除时间与电力系统参数之间的映射关系.为提高实际故障切除时间阈值附近的预测准确率,通过构建二次比例因子对临界误差进行修正.然后,结合预设故障切除时间阈值确定相应暂态稳定边界,并评估当前系统的稳定裕度.最后,在保证暂态稳定评估准确性的基础上,基于增量学习方法提出了无须重新训练全部网络的在线快速更新策略.通过对IEEE 39节点测试系统和中国南方电网实例系统仿真分析发现,所构建模型能够对系统暂态稳定性进行准确评估,并具有良好的泛化性能.同时,快速更新策略可在保证预测准确率的情况下,大幅减少模型更新时间,为在线暂态稳定评估提供了支撑.     

基于XGBOOST-PSO提高受端电网电压暂态稳定的发电机无功优化方法

考虑发电机稳态输出无功对其支撑暂态电压恢复稳定能力的影响,基于机器学习研究优化发电机稳态输出无功提高电压对故障扰动保持暂态稳定能力的预防控制方法。该方法采用加权多二元表暂态稳定裕度指标量化母线暂态电压对不同预想故障扰动的综合稳定裕度,并基于指标排序确定稳定裕度薄弱母线。同时基于发电机无功调节对预想故障下各薄弱母线电压暂态稳定裕度综合作用灵敏度排序,选择作用灵敏发电机。在利用XGBoost建立根据系统稳态特征向量预测薄弱母线暂态电压稳定的分类模型基础上,以系统对预想故障扰动保持暂态电压稳定为约束、以减小发电机稳态无功调节对网损产生影响为目标,基于潮流计算寻优灵敏发电机稳态输出无功,以提高薄弱母线的暂态电压稳定性。最后采用雅湖直流接入江西电网的PSASP计算模型验证了所提方法的有效性。     

具有综合负荷模拟的暂态稳定裕度灵敏度分析

负荷的模拟对暂态稳定分析结果有十分重要的影响。常用的负荷模拟方法是恒定阻抗模拟和综合负荷模拟。结合时域仿真，提出了具有综合负荷模拟的暂态过程中发电机加速面积、减速面积、减速功率（稳定裕度）对网络节点有功无功及变压器变化的灵敏度分析方法，提出的灵敏度分析方法能够得出大扰动下非线性微分方程组状态变量解在任意时刻的灵敏度，当变量不是很大时，一阶灵敏度具有较好的精度，暂态稳定裕度灵敏度能用于暂稳控制装置地点选择、安全校正再调度中系统稳定裕度约束和在线稳定监示。     

Impact of Postfault Active Power Recovery of Photovoltaic Power Generation on Transient Stability

Currently, Japanese grid codes require photovoltaic (PV) power generation systems to continue supplying power to the grid as soon as possible even if the systems temporarily stop their operation. Although the fault ride‐through capability was originally proposed for preventing a cascading frequency drop in the power system, the capability has the impact on other instability phenomena such as transient stability. In this study, we focus on the postfault active power recovery of the PV systems. The impact of the recovery speed on the transient stability is investigated under different load conditions, in particular static/dynamic load condition. Numerical examples are carried out for the one‐machine one‐load infinite‐bus system, and the effects of the recovery speed are evaluated by equal area criterion and critical clearing time. As a result, we have found both desirable and undesirable effects on the transient stability depending on the load condition.     

A coherency based rescheduling method for dynamic security

For on-line dynamic security analysis, the preventive control or remedial action should be an integral part of the function if instability for a contingency is detected. Research done so far in on-line remedial action has been in rescheduling generation and most of the suggested methods for determining such preventive control use the sensitivities of the stability energy margin to the generator power injections. In this paper, a new coherency based sensitivity method is proposed for generation rescheduling. Different coherency indices have been defined and then compared by ranking the contingencies according to these indices as well as the energy margin index. Since the coherency indices are always functions of the rotor angles, the sensitivity trajectories of a coherency index, such as the most critical rotor angle, with respect to changes of generation can be calculated at every time step of the integration process. This paper suggests that these sensitivities calculated shortly after fault clearing be used for rescheduling the generation. The calculation of these sensitivities are obviously faster than the calculation of the energy margin sensitivities. This paper also shows, with test results using several different systems, that the rescheduling achieved by this method provides the necessary remedial action. It is also noted that this method is intuitively more direct as it uses the sensitivities of the worst affected generator angles for rescheduling     

Development of an on-line stabilization method for local power systems with large-capacity generation plants

This paper presents an on-line stabilization control method developed with the aim of maintaining transient stability in a local power system which includes large-capacity generation plants. The characteristics of this method are that the power/angle curve is estimated from the on line active and reactive power measured at the generator terminal, and the optimum generation shedding for stabilization is determined by applying the equal area method to this curve. Simulation tests using detailed models of the power system confirmed that the optimum generation shedding for stabilization could be computed for various fault conditions, both symmetrical or asymmetrical. It was also determined that the on-line data could be sampled for several tens of milliseconds after clearing the fault. Thus, this method provides effective control logic for practical stabilizing systems.     

基于PEBS法的暂态能量裕度灵敏度快速计算

提出了一种基于PEBS法暂态稳定分析的能量裕度灵敏度计算方法。该方法以系统故障前稳定平衡点作为暂态势能参考点,沿持续故障轨迹采用数值方法计算暂态势能。在系统持续故障仿真和灵敏度动态方程计算过程中,引入高阶Taylor级数展开技术,可以在保持计算精度的前提下提高计算步长,显著提高计算速度。将到达临界势能点的判据展开以时间为自变量的多项式形式,通过解方程求得到达临界势能点的时间,从而快速确定临界势能点的位置。提出的能量裕度灵敏度分析方法包括两方面:计算故障前机组机械注入功率变化对能量裕度的灵敏度,用于指导预防控制;计算故障切除后的控制措施对稳定裕度的影响,用于指导紧急控制。New England 10机系统算例验证了该方法的有效性。     

电力系统暂态稳定混合分析法的研究

本文从两个方面对传统暂态稳定混合分析法进行了改进：一是提出一种根据仿真结果快速确定系统临界切除时间的方法,再根据临界切除时间下的故障清除后轨迹确定系统势能峰值点;二是引入修正势能和修正势能界面的概念。本算法所有分析都建立在仿真结果基础上,具有较高的可靠性。     

感应电动机模型和机械转矩参数对暂态电压稳定评估的影响

基于三阶感应电动机模型,同时考虑机械转矩参数,给出了快速评估法下极限切除时间的计算方法,分析了转子绕组电磁暂态特性和机械转矩参数对极限切除时间的影响。该方法提高了感应电动机模型精度,同时计算更加简便,可用于动态安全评估系统的计算。IEEE30系统仿真结果表明较高的机械转矩次数有利于负荷节点暂态电压稳定,而转子绕组的电磁暂态特性不利于负荷节点的暂态电压稳定,模型精度对极限切除时间的影响小于机械转矩参数的影响。     

基于广域量测信息的负荷裕度灵敏度计算新方法

提出一种基于广域量测信息的电力系统负荷裕度灵敏度(LMS)分析方法。根据电力系统的广域量测信息,在线计算电力系统中各负荷节点的负荷裕度;依据所得的负荷裕度,提出一种基于广域量测信息的节点负荷裕度对有功、无功及机端电压的灵敏度分析方法;针对所提的LMS方法,进一步提出了改善系统电压稳定性的相关控制策略;最后将所提方法应用到New England 39节点系统和IEEE 118节点系统中,仿真结果验证了所提方法的正确性和有效性。     

基于稳定裕度指标的暂态电压稳定分析

基于稳定域边界二次近似,提出了暂态电压稳定裕度指标,并分析了计及感应电动机机电暂态过程的单负荷无穷大系统的暂态电压稳定性.仿真表明:该指标具有准确度高及易于计算机实现等特点,具有较好的工程实用性,并可应用于判断系统暂态电压稳定裕度和估计暂态电压稳定的临界切除时间以及故障排序.     

Transient stability assessment using artificial neural networks

This paper presents a study of the feasibility of using artificial neural networks (ANNs) in transient stability assessment for power systems. In the study ANNs have been developed to synthesize the complex mapping that carries the power system operating variables and fault locations into the Critical Clearing Times. The training of the ANNs was achieved through the method of backpropagation. The critical fault clearing time values were obtained by the Extended Equal Area Criterion method and used for training. In this work, an attempt was made to avoid the restrictions on load and topology variations. The parameters of the ANNs consist of the generation and loading levels. None of these inputs require any computation. This feature is desirable for on-line transient stability assessment purposes.Training of the ANNs was achieved using a combined production learning phase. The training patterns were not limited to a given collection of samples. This scheme eliminates the problem that an ANN may be influenced by the regions of attraction of a specific category.     

电力系统暂态稳定性实时预测与控制

利用外部实时同步测量的思想和能量原理，提出一种电力系统暂态稳定性实时预测方法，并在此基础上提出了暂态稳定紧急控制的方法。该预测和控制方法简单．概念清楚，无需要预先知道系统的网络结构和参数，计算速度快，能准确反映系统的真实运行情况，适于在线应用。     

Neuro-fuzzy approach to real-time transient stability prediction based on synchronized phasor measurements

With new systems capable of making synchronized phasor measurements there are possibilities for real-time assessment of the stability of a transient swing in power systems. In the future, on-line control will be necessary as operating points are pushed closer toward the margin and fast reaction time becomes critical to the survival of the system. In this paper we develop a novel class of fuzzy hyperrectangular composite neural networks which utilize real-time phasor angle measurements to provide fast transient stability prediction for use with high-speed control. From simulation tests on a sample power system, it reveals that the proposed tool can yield a highly successful prediction rate in real-time.