Charge accumulation mechanism in oil/pressboard composite insulation system based on optical measurement of electric field

It is important to investigate electrostatic charging phenomena in insulating oil pressboard (PB) composite system in electrical insulation design of oil-immersed power transformers. Our research aim was to clarify the charge accumulation mechanism at the oil/PB interface under static and flowing oil. In this paper, we directly measured the time variation of the electric field in the insulation system using a Kerr electro-optic technique. Results show the time decaying characteristics of an electric field in oil by charge accumulation. The results are influenced by oil flow conditions. Based on the measurement results, we propose a theoretical model for charge accumulation to clarify the process quantitatively. In the model we took the oil volume contributing to the charge accumulation into account, and analyzed the charge behavior. Finally, we clarified the charge accumulation mechanism at the oil/PB interface under oil flow conditions both with and without charging.     

Fundamental property of electric field in rapeseed ester oil based on Kerr electro-optic measurement

In the future, environmentally friendly insulating oil such as rapeseed ester oil is expected to be utilized as a substitute for mineral oil for power transformers. In addition, electrical insulation design for transformers becomes more important regarding size reduction and enhancement of electric field stress. The fundamental property of the electric field distribution in the rapeseed ester oil and in the oil/solid dielectrics composite insulation system should be clarified. In this paper, we have directly measured the electric field in the rapeseed ester oil with parallel-plane electrode and the rapeseed ester oil/pressboard (PB) composite insulation systems under DC voltage application using the Kerr electro-optic technique. From the results, we compared measurements of electric field and charge behavior for the rapeseed ester oil and the mineral oil and confirmed the applicability of the rapeseed ester oil for use in transformers.     

DC field measurement in Oil/Pressboard composite insulation system by electro-optic Kerr effect

An insulating oil/pressboard (PB) composite insulation is generally utilized in oil-immersed power transformers. In such a transformer, charges accumulate at oil/PB interface which changes the electric field distribution depending on time and oil condition. In this paper, we report on directly measured dc electric field in oil/PB composite insulation system using the Kerr electro-optic field measurement technique. From measurement results, we propose a physical model for the charge behavior. We have calculated an electric field distribution using finite element method (FEM) based on the charge movement. We compared the results of measurements and calculations and confirmed that the proposed charge behavior model explains well the experimental results in the case of the polarity reversals as well. As a result, a significant validity of the charge behavior model was confirmed.     

Development and calibration of a streaming electrification modelfor a cellulose duct

Streaming electrification occurs in large power transformers where insulating oil circulated for cooling purposes acts to separate charge from the interfacial double layer present on a multitude of cellulose insulation surfaces. In this paper, the electrification phenomenon is addressed from a microscopic viewpoint. An empirically calibrated analytical model is provided for calculating the amount of charge separated in a core-form transformer duct. The model incorporates a boundary layer approach in approximating the wall charge distribution which provides a critical length scale for the analysis. This length scale is used to specify the appropriate model for charge development under turbulent flow conditions. The duct model considers both laminar and turbulent flows subject to ac electric fields and varying temperature. This concept forms the elemental building block of a network-based methodology for examining electrification in a complete transformer geometry     

Motion characteristics of a charged metal particle in insulating oil under flow state

Problems due to discharge by charged metal particles in insulating oil under flow state are examined in this study. The motion characteristics of a charged metal particle in a horizontal transformer oil tract are investigated, and a mechanical model of a charged metal particle under flowing oil and an AC field is proposed. The particle's equations of motion are numerically solved using the fourth‐order Runge–Kutta computational algorithm. The trajectory of a spherical iron particle in typical motion state under flowing oil and AC field is simulated. The influence on the motion characteristics of a charged metal particle in terms of the oil flow rate, electric field strength of the oil tract, particle scale, initial state, and particle rotation is analyzed. Results reveal that when a charged metal particle is moving fast along the direction of oil tract flow, reciprocating oscillation simultaneously occurs in the vertical direction. Its trajectory is significantly affected by the oil flow rate, the electric field strength of the oil tract, particle scale, initial state, and particle rotation. Moreover, the degree of oscillation of the charged metal particle may be the main cause of degradation of the insulating oil under flow state. © 2017 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

A parametric study of streaming electrification in a full-scalecore-form transformer winding using a network-based model

Streaming electrification remains a problem for large power transformers which require forced-oil cooling. Oil flowing against cellulose insulation surfaces results in the separation of charges from the electrical double layer at the interface. This process can generate hazardous static potentials and volume charge densities in the transformer dielectric system. While streaming electrification has been studied in great detail using small-scale laboratory models, extension of these results to full-scale transformers is rather difficult. This issue has been addressed through the development of a network-based analytical approach which is calibrated against empirical data at the elemental duct level. The model has been utilized to perform a parametric study of streaming electrification in the full-scale high-voltage winding of a core-form transformer. Volume charge densities exiting from each duct in the structure and the local surface potentials are predicted as a function of influent charge, oil volume flow rate, temperature and applied voltage     

变压器油道内冲流电流的一种计算方法

对紊流态下变压器油道内冲流电流的计算进行了研究。描述油内电荷分布的输运方程是一个非线性方程,不存在精确的解析解。应用文中所给定的绝缘油/纸板界面的边界条件并经过合理的简化,推出了该方程的近似解析解和冲流电流的计算公式。公式能描述油流速度、电导率、油温和外加交流电场对变压器油流带电的影响,所引入的修正量可通过实验数据确定。实验证明,计算公式可以用于预测冲流电流的大小,从而避免了繁重的数值计算,为变压器油流带电的计算提供了一种方便的手段。     

Kerr electro-optic field mapping and charge dynamics inimpurity-doped transformer oil

We measured dc electric field distribution in transformer oil mixed with different impurities and additives so as to simulate practical degradation conditions of transformer oil. The electric field in the oil doped with asphalt was reduced near the cathode and enhanced near the anode. On the other hand, electric field in oil with copper oleate was enhanced near both electrodes and reduced at the center between the electrodes. The space charge density was estimated from the measured electric field profile using a 1-dimensional form of Gauss law; negative ions occurred more than positive ions by 5 to 40 pC/cm³ in the oil with asphalt from 10 to 30 ppm. It was also found that heterocharges with 100 to 300 pC/cm³ existed near both electrodes in the oil with copper oleate. Consequently, the electric field and the charge distribution in the oil proved to change depending on the kind and content of impurities or additives and thus depending on the degradation of the oil     

Kerr electro-optic field measurement and charge dynamics intransformer-oil/solid composite insulation systems

We measured the electric field in transformer oil/solid composite insulation system under dc voltage application using a Kerr electro-optic measurement system. When a pressboard was inserted at the center between two parallel-plane electrodes, the electric field at the mid-point between the pressboard and the cathode decreased with time. On the other hand, the electric field at the mid-point between the pressboard and the anode increased initially with time, reached a maximum value and then fell down. We measured also the electric field before and after polarity reversal of the dc voltage. The results revealed that the electric field after polarity reversal reached a magnitude 2.7× as much as the average dc applied field. We interpreted the above results on the time transition of the electric field in terms of a charge dynamic model, considering the difference in charge accumulation speed on the pressboard between positive and negative charges. This model was verified to be applicable to the time transition of the electric field in oil/solid composite system and BTA added oil/solid composite system as well     

大型换流变压器油流带电问题的分析

油流带电可能破坏换流变压器的油道绝缘性能，成为威胁超高压变压器甚至影响电网安全、稳定运行的重要因素之一，在特殊的绝缘结构和油冷却方式下，换流变压器中可能存在较多的油流带电问题。通过分析油流带电的产生机理、影响因素、抑制措施和换流变压器的结构特点，研究了换流变压器的油流带电问题。研究表明，降低油速和改善绝缘(特别是油道)设计是减少油流带电问题的最重要措施。开展全电压空载试验等可检验、监测换流变压器的油流带电问题是否严重，此外，向绝缘油中添加电导率调节剂或电荷抑制剂也可降低油流带电的倾向。     

冲击电压下不同温度油中空间电荷迁移对电场分布影响

冲击电压下油中空间电场分布对于变压器内部绝缘优化设计至关重要,现有设计方法没有考虑温度和空间电荷迁移对电场的影响。为了研究温度对空间电荷迁移特性的影响,搭建温度可控的冲击电压下油中电场测量平台,测量雷电冲击电压下25℃、50℃、60℃均匀电场的油中空间电场分布,分析空间电荷对油中电场的影响。实验结果表明:随着温度的增加,60℃时油中场强峰值比25℃时下降了5.2%;50℃时油中场强分布在0.60μs时提前达到稳定阶段。温度升高后,电子漂移速度最大是25℃下的1.8倍,迁移率最大是25℃下的2.0倍,温度升高引起电子迁移率、漂移速度的增加导致了上述现象。该文研究结果为变压器绝缘优化设计提供了实验依据。     

变压器油流带电现象

为了抑制油流带电造成的危害同时最大程度地减少热效应对绝缘的影响,延长变压器的使用寿命,通过对变压器油流带电现象的分析,得出变压器内的绝缘击穿通常发生在上油箱内,因此变压器设计时,应采取有效措施降低上游带电油流对上油箱内局部放电的影响;同时提出应对冷却油泵进行智能控制,使其在流速和温度最佳点运行。在对现有变压器简单油道内油流计算分析的基础上,提出芯式变压器复杂油道内油流带电的计算可通过以下方式实现,即将油道近似等效为简单直管连接而成的管网,然后利用基尔霍夫电流定律和简单直管内的油流带电计算模型求得油道内任意一点的油流带电情况,这为实际变压器油道内的油流带电计算提供了一种新方法。     

Influence of oil aging on the space charge dynamics of oil‐immersed paper insulation under a DC electric field

The formation of space charge in oil/paper insulation system can lead to material degradation in the region of high electric field. Therefore, it is important to understand the factors that affect space charge formation in oil/paper insulation system. In this paper, the effect of oil aging on space charge dynamics in oil/paper insulation system is investigated using the pulsed electroacoustic (PEA) technique under a DC electric field at room temperature. The ultraviolet/visible (UV/vis) spectrum of the oil shifts to longer wavelengths, and the oil acidity increases as the aging time increases. It has been found that the oil property has a significant effect on the space charge distribution in the oil/paper insulation sample. The more the deterioration of the oil, the larger amount of negative and positive charges accumulated in the bulk of the oil/paper insulation sample. The total amount of slow moving charges, the surface trap energy density, and the electric field distortion of the oil/paper insulation sample increased with the degree of deterioration due to oil aging. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

换流变压器电荷赋值型直流电场外推计算方法

直流电场计算校核是换流变压器设计的重要环节。研究表明直流电压下油纸界面电荷积聚分布与传统阻容模型计算结果之间存在很大差异,基于理想模型的电场校核方法失效。该文提出一种基于油纸界面电荷特性、直接在换流变压器实际结构中进行电荷分段赋值的外推方法。首先,对于均匀场区域,用离子迁移模型计算出各个油纸界面的电荷密度,进行均一化赋值。其次,对于非均匀场区域,从均匀场区域向非均匀场区域推算,根据具体赋值部位的界面电荷分布曲线,划分区间并分段赋值。最后,将电荷场与外施电场叠加合成,获得全域内直流电场分布情况。在换流变压器阀侧出线结构模型中的实测验证表明,电荷分段映射叠加外推方法得到的电场计算值与电场实测值之间偏差较小。该方法解决了传统方法依赖材料宏观参数、无法准确计算和反映大尺寸油纸绝缘系统电场分布真实情况的问题。     

温度梯度下双层油纸绝缘系统的空间电荷分布特性

换流变压器为直流高压输电系统中的重要设备,但因其运行工况的特殊性,其内部油纸等绝缘材料往往承受较大的内外温度差异作用。针对换流变压器中双层油纸绝缘系统存在的内外温度不同的温度梯度效应对油纸绝缘中空间电荷分布的影响,利用电声脉冲法测量了不同温度梯度下（Δθ=0、20、40°C）,电压分别为-3.4、-10.2、-20.4kV（即平均电场强度分别为10、30、60MV/m）时双层油纸中空间电荷在20min内随时间变化规律及电场分布。实验结果表明：在低场强下,上下电极均有明显的同极性电荷注入;温度梯度使低温侧出现异极性电荷,并且随着温度梯度的增大、电压的升高,低温侧异极性电荷越来越多,从而使低温侧的场强畸变越来越大;加压后,2层油纸界面处开始积累与上电极相同极性的电荷,并且界面处电荷量随温度梯度及电压的增大而增大,但电荷密度出现饱和现象。经分析可知,油纸界面起到阻挡正负电荷通过的作用,而温度对电极注入特性及试样电导特性的影响为温度梯度影响空间电荷分布的主要原因。     

Charging characteristics and electric field distribution on alumina as affected by triple junctions in vacuum

This paper describes the dependence of the charging characteristics on the electric field distribution on the alumina (Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/) surface as affected by the triple junction in vacuum. For HV electrical insulation design of vacuum interrupter, surface flashover in vacuum is very important problem to be solved. Attention should be paid to the fact that the insulation characteristics on the dielectric surface are strongly influenced by field emission of electrons from the triple junction and the accumulated charges on the dielectric surface. In order to clarify the charging mechanism, we measured the charging characteristics for various types of triple junctions. In particular, we focused on the influence of the electric field distribution along the solid dielectrics and near the cathode triple junction (CTJ) on the charging characteristics. The results confirmed that the electric field distribution strongly affected the 2-dimensional (2D) distribution of the surface charge on the dielectric sample. Consequently, it was found that positive charging was generated on alumina, when the incident angle of the electric line of force on the alumina surface became >60/spl deg/.     

循环管道式油流带电模型的研制及应用

在对国内外油流带电模型进行研究比较的基础上，研制了一种循环管道式油流带电模型用于模拟大型强迫油循环电力变压器油道中的电荷分离情况，并进行了常温及加温条件下的流速特性试验，探讨了表征油流带电大小的泄漏电流同油流速及温度的关系，对变压器油流设计及油流带电问题的解决有一定参考价值。     

Dielectric fluids in motion

The behavior of transformer oil and other dielectric fluids used for the cooling and insulation of power system equipment is significantly influenced by motion enforced by the action of circulating pumps. Two important factors impact the situation. First, charges generated by streaming electrification in critical parts of the hydraulic circuit having high velocity and/or turbulence can accumulate to distort the electric field in positions where dielectric integrity is prejudiced. However, the dielectric strength of the fluid is also altered per se by the actions of the flow in a complex, but predictable, manner. Both of these aspects need to be understood to permit informed design, operation and monitoring of forced-cooled equipment     

Influence of dc and dc/ac composite fields on the flow electrification characteristics of transformer oil

Flow electrification characteristics of transformer oil were investigated by applying dc and dc/ac composite fields to both bare and covered coaxial cylinder electrode systems. For the bare electrode system, flow electrification characteristics were almost the same between positive and negative dc voltage applications and negative charges were generated for both dc and dc/ac composite voltage applications at high dc fields. For the covered electrode system, the apparent flow electrification characteristics differed between positive and negative dc voltage applications. For the former, negative charges were generated at high dc fields for both dc and dc/ac composite voltage applications, and for the latter, positive charges were always generated for both voltage applications. However, negative charge generation for the positive voltage application was attributed to the influence of negative charge generation at the bare part of the covered electrode end; the fundamental charge generation characteristics of the covered electrode showed an increase of positive charge generation by dc voltage application, and positive charge generation was accelerated by a composite ac field. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 130(2): 10‐17     

油纸绝缘内部合成电场数值模拟方法

油纸绝缘作为换流变压器的主绝缘介质,其内部电场的分布受外加电压以及空间电荷的影响,而传统的数值方法无法准确计算空间电荷的影响。提出一种基于电极肖特基发射理论和瞬态上流元法(TUFEM)求解载流子输运方程的方法,计算了考虑注入势垒、载流子迁移率、陷阱捕获系数以及载流子复合系数等参数影响下的单层油纸绝缘介质内部空间电荷运动分布特性。与试验结果对比表明瞬态上流元法的有效性。研究典型油纸绝缘介质结构内部合成电场强度畸变程度随温度梯度变化的特性。同时,计算得到极性反转电压下不同时刻的电荷运动和电场分布规律。该方法可推广在(特)高压直流换流变压器内绝缘电场计算和优化设计。