电力系统频率动态与功角振荡的耦合特性分析

为探究频率动态与功角振荡间的耦合特性，文中以双机系统为例推导扰动后系统稳定电网频率动态特性和功角振荡机理，基于扩展等面积准则(extended equal area criterion,EEAC)扩展至多机系统，提出了基于Pearson系数的耦合强度量化评估指标，根据频率动态特征和功角振荡特征对耦合关系进行量化。文中分析了功角振荡对频率动态特征指标的影响，量化评估了不同频率动态指标与功角振荡指标的耦合强度。理论分析和算例结果表明构建的指标体系具有合理性，电力系统的频率动态与功角振荡相互耦合，为频率和功角的优化控制措施提供了参考。     

南方电网直流暂态稳定控制策略的设计与实现

针对交直流大电网暂态功角稳定控制问题,基于控制直流功率加快耗散系统暂态能量的机理,研究提出了有效的直流暂态稳定控制策略并进行了工程应用探索。提出了直流功率作用系数指标,并通过系统暂态能量函数分析,论证了直流功率作用系数在广域频率信号集成和直流稳定控制设计中的关键作用。围绕南方电网云广特高压直流暂态稳定控制器的设计和实施,详细介绍了广域量测信号的选择和直流功率控制幅度的设置过程。在南方电网的大规模RTDS数模混合仿真平台上进行的控制装置实测试验表明,所设计的暂态稳定控制器可以明显抑制系统大扰动后的功角振荡,有效提高云广交流断面的暂态稳定极限输电能力。     

“交直流大电网稳定控制技术”专刊征稿启事

正各有关单位、专家:高压直流输电以其在长距离大容量输电、海底电缆输电和非同步联网等领域的独特优势而得到了广泛的应用,同时也带来了交直流相互影响和相关稳定问题。围绕交直流大电网的功角稳定、频率稳定、电压稳定、振荡问题及控制措施,学术界和工程界开展了广泛的研究,取得了丰富的成果,国内的南方电网和国家电网也正在采取异步联网、建设特高压电网、采用柔性直流输电等措施,化解交直流大电网的安全稳     

计及负荷特性的电力系统暂态受扰轨迹预测

针对电网规模的扩大,系统受扰后更易产生功角摇摆和振荡,负荷特性对电网动态的影响更为敏感,提出一种计及负荷特性的发电机暂态功角曲线预测方法。采用IEEE-9节点系统进行仿真验证,结果表明了所提算法的有效性。     

负荷模型对交直流混合输电系统稳定的影响

为了研究负荷模型对交直流系统动态稳定的影响,利用电力系统仿真软件BPA对WSCC36节点输电系统进行了动态仿真,比较了不同的直流控制方式下目前电网分析中经常使用的几种负荷模型对暂态稳定的影响.仿真结果表明:负荷特性对交直流混合输电系统的动态稳定有明显的影响,受端使用考虑配网支路的综合模型最容易造成功角失稳和电压失稳,恒阻抗静态模型最有利于功角稳定和电压稳定.由于不同模型的仿真结果差别较大,并且不存在对所有故障都保守的负荷模型.因此采用最反映实际情况的负荷模型才能有效保证仿真结果的可信度.     

双馈风机下垂控制对系统小扰动功角稳定的影响机理分析

附加下垂控制可以改善双馈风机响应系统频率变化的特性,但同时将改变其与系统同步机动态特性间的耦合关系,进而影响系统小扰动功角稳定特性。针对该问题,文章用阻尼转矩分析法研究了双馈风机下垂控制对系统小扰动功角稳定的影响机理。首先从双馈风机下垂控制的基本原理出发,针对扩展两机系统,分析了风电接入点频率与系统同步机频率间的关系,进而采用阻尼转矩分析法揭示了双馈风机下垂控制影响系统小扰动功角稳定的机理。在此基础上,分析了下垂控制增益对系统小扰动功角振荡模式阻尼的影响特性及其与风机接入位置、同步机惯性时间常数的关系。最后,利用模态分析法验证了理论分析的正确性。分析结果表明,双馈风机附加下垂控制对系统振荡模式阻尼的影响性质和程度与双馈风机接入位置和系统同步机惯性时间常数的分布相关。     

电网大扰动动态稳定的机理和仿真研究

介绍电网直流大规模发展导致送端电源输送网架薄弱,大扰动动态稳定突出的问题。建立了两机等值系统,分析了系统大扰动动态稳定的机理,指出电网经受大扰动后会降低稳定裕度,恶化系统动态性能,而自并励励磁系统会进一步削弱系统阻尼,引发系统振荡。通过实际电网的仿真分析,指出PSS参数的正确配置能极大地提高大扰动条件下系统的动态稳定水平。     

功角作正弦大振荡时同步电机的整步转矩和阻尼转矩系数

本文在sin(△_msinδ)的级数展开的基础上,导出了功角作正弦大振荡时,同步电机的动态电磁转矩、整步转矩系数和阻尼转矩系数的解析表达式;并以一台3200kW的低速同步电动机为例,算出了它在大振荡情况下的动态功角特性.最后给出了一组用计算机算出的、在常用的参数范围内,整步转矩和阻尼转矩系数随振荡频率、参数、工作点和振荡幅值的不同而变化的曲线,供设计、研究和实际运行使用.     

发电机无功功率与系统稳定运行

首先阐述了发电机无功功率的产生, 接着从原理上详细分析发电机无功功率对电力系统的静态功角稳定、静态电压稳定、低频振荡和动态电压稳定的影响, 指出发电机少发无功功率不利于系统的静态功角稳定, 发电机全相或进相运行不利于系统的静态电压稳定; 两台电气距离较近的发电机运行方式相差较大, 可能引起系统低频振荡;发电机进相运行将引起系统动态电压稳定的不稳定, 并通过试验系统进行了验证。结果表明, 发电机无功功率对系统的静态功角稳定、静态电压稳定、低频振荡和动态电压稳定具有重要的影响, 因此系统在实际运行中应该合理调整发电机无功功率, 以保证系统的安全经济运行。     

双馈风机与同步机小扰动功角互作用机理分析

研究风机与同步机动态间的交互作用机理对于揭示风电并网对电力系统小扰动功角稳定特性的影响,指导含大规模风电的电力系统稳定控制具有重要的理论价值和现实意义。该文针对单双馈风机单同步机无穷大系统,从动态响应互作用的角度分析双馈风机与同步机的交互作用机理。首先建立了同步机功角与双馈风机锁相环输出动态的小扰动分析模型。其次,基于小扰动分析模型解的特性,分析了不同锁相环输出动态对同步机功角动态响应的影响,以及同步机功角振荡对双馈风机锁相环输出动态的影响,揭示了双馈风机锁相环动态与同步机功角动态间的交互作用机理。研究结果表明,双馈风机锁相环和同步机动态间的交互影响与锁相环模态和同步机功角模态有关,当两模态振荡频率接近时,两模态阻尼特性将发生变化。最后,通过仿真与模态分析验证了该机理研究的正确性。     

Stabilization of power systems using a variable structure stabilizer

A new technique for improving the dynamic stability of power systems is presented. This new technique makes use of the variable structure system theory and employs the generator speed to obtain a stabilizing signal to increase the damping torque of the synchronous machine.Although modern voltage regulator and excitation systems with fast response and high ceiling voltage can improve the transient stability by increasing the synchronizing torque, their effect on the damping torque is rather small. Under certain operating conditions, when the system exhibits negative damping characteristics, the voltage regulator usually aggravates the situation by increasing the negative damping. Hence, instability may result. In order to reduce this undesirable effect, it is useful to introduce supplementary stabilizing signals to increase the damping torque of the synchronous machine.This paper proposes a variable structure stabilizer for generating the required stabilizing signal. Simulation results indicate that the proposed stabilizer yields better system dynamic performance than that obtained by using the conventional and linear optimal stabilizers in that the step responses have less overshoot and a shorter settling time.It is concluded that the new stabilizer can be used as an effective means of increasing the damping torque and hence improving the dynamic stability of the power system.     

Two separate continually online-trained neurocontrollers for a unified power flow controller

The crucial factor affecting the modern power systems today is load flow control. The Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) provides an effective means for controlling the power flow and improving the transient stability in a power network. The UPFC has fast complex dynamics and its conventional control is based on a linearized model of the power system. This paper presents the design of neurocontrollers to provide better damping during transient and dynamic control. Two separate neurocontrollers are used for controlling the UPFC, one neurocontroller for the shunt inverter and the other for the series inverter. Simulation studies carried out in the PSCAD/EMTDC environment is described and results show the successful control of the UPFC and the power system with two neurocontrollers. Performances of the neurocontrollers are compared with the conventional proportional plus integral controllers for system oscillation damping under different operating conditions for large disturbances.     

STATCOM versus SSSC for power system stabilization

Flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTS ) are gaining more attention in power utilities because of their advantages of controllability, reliability, and operation over a wide range. Static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and static series synchronous compensator (SSSC ) are prominent FACTS topologies; they have the ability to instantaneously regulate active/reactive powers and stabilize the power system following severe disturbances. In this paper, STATCOM and SSSC are compared with regard to their damping action on power system oscillations. The comparison is extended to the controller design strategies. Two distinct meta‐heuristic optimization approaches, namely chaos (CO) and simulated annealing (SA), are recommended for the optimal design of the SSSC and STATCOM damping controller. To assess the promising FACTS topology, a single‐machine infinite bus system is subjected to several disturbances while operating at different loading levels. MATLAB/Simulink is used as a platform to investigate the dynamic performance of the system under consideration with STATCOM and SSSC . Simulation results reveal the superiority of SSSC in damping power system oscillations in terms of response speed and stability margin. Moreover, the CO optimization scheme seems to outperform the SA algorithm in terms of computation requirements and global optimal convergence. © 2017 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

基于不同失稳机理的动态无功补偿装置的配置

从输电网功角失稳和配电网电压失稳的不同机理出发,对动态无功补偿装置在输、配电网络中不同配置进行了探索性的分析.对于输电网,根据系统失稳时临界割集处电压降低幅度大的特点,提出在输电网的临界割集或附近安装STATCOM装置,其原因在于STATCOM装置受端电压变化影响小,在功角失稳前电压降得很低时仍能提供较大感性无功功率;...     

Robust STATCOM voltage controller design using loop-shaping technique

Static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) is a shunt-connected converter, which can affect rapid control of reactive flow in the transmission line by controlling the generated a.c. voltage. This article presents a robust STATCOM voltage controller design for power system damping. The method of multiplicative uncertainty has been employed to model the variations of the operating points. The design is carried out applying robustness criteria for stability and performance. A loop-shaping technique has been employed to select a suitable open-loop transfer function, from which the robust controller function is constructed. The controller was tested for a number of disturbances including three-phase fault. The damping provided by the robust controller was compared with a fixed-parameter PID controller, whose gains were calculated through a pole-placement technique. It has been observed that the PID control is ineffective at operating points other than nominal. The robust design has been demonstrated to provide extremely good damping characteristics over a range of operating conditions.     

Online detection of loss of synchronism using energy function criterion

Maintaining dynamic security of a power system subjected to large disturbances is of utmost importance. Fast and accurate online detection of instability is essential in initiating certain emergency control measures. The techniques reported in the literature involve mainly the application of global phasor measurements and heuristic algorithms. In this paper, an accurate technique for the online detection of loss of synchronism based on voltage and current measurements in a line is presented. The technique makes use of the concept of potential energy in a line. The conditions for the system instability are derived from energy function analysis. However, no assumptions are made regarding the power-angle relationship in a line, nor are any data on the system equivalents necessary in implementing the detection scheme.     

Application of subsynchronous damping controller (SSDC) to STATCOM

In this paper a novel supplementary subsynchronous damping controller (SSDC) is proposed for the STATic synchronous COMpensator (STATCOM) which is capable of damping out subsynchronous oscillations in power system with series compensated transmission lines. An auxiliary subsynchronous damping controller (SSDC) for a STATCOM using the generator rotor speed deviation signal as the stabilizing signal has been designed to damp subsynchronous oscillations. Eigenvalue analysis and transient simulations of detailed nonlinear system are considered to investigate the performance of the controller. Robustness of the controller has been analyzed by facing the system with disturbances leading to significant changes in generator operating point. This paper deals with a cascaded multilevel converter model, which is a 48-pulse (three levels) source converter. The IEEE Second Benchmark (SBM) model is considered for the analysis and the complete digital simulation of the STATCOM within the power system is performed in the MATLAB/Simulink environment.     

Enhancement of power system dynamic performance through an on-line self-tuning adaptive SVC controller

Static VAr compensators (SVC) are used for voltage control of long distance bulk power transmission lines. By using a supplemental control loop an SVC can also be used to improve the dynamic and transient stability of a power system. Use of a self-tuning adaptive control algorithm as a supplementary controller for the SVC is presented in this article. The control derived is based on a pole-shifting technique employing a predicted plant model. Simulation studies on a simple power system model showed rapid convergence of the estimated plant parameters with an extremely good damping profile. The controller has been tested for ranges of operating conditions and for various disturbances. The effectiveness of the adaptive damping controller was also evaluated through an ‘optimized’ PI controller.     

基于相图法的水电二阶切换系统动力学特性与振荡分析

高比例水电系统在大扰动下出现了死区、限幅作用的超低频频率振荡,其所对应的切换系统仍缺乏动力学特性分析。鉴于此,基于二阶切换系统动力学特性,结合相图法分析系统参数对其动力学特性的影响,揭示系统在不同扰动、阻尼下发生频率振荡的动力学机理。首先给出水电二阶切换系统描述,分析了系统的平衡点存在性。其次结合相图法分析不同运行条件下系统的动力学特性,证明了相关极限环的存在性。最后分析了系统的非光滑分岔特性。结果表明：当平衡点正阻尼、系统调节区域负阻尼时存在1个稳定极限环,对应严重大扰动下的频率振荡;当平衡点负阻尼、系统有限幅时存在2个稳定极限环,分别对应一般、严重大扰动下的频率振荡,且二者振荡频率较为接近。     

氧化锌避雷器式故障限流器对电力系统暂态稳定的影响

介绍了氧化锌避雷器式故障限流器的工作原理和分析模型,针对安装该种故障限流器的单机-无穷大系统,研究了不同工况下发电机的功角特性曲线,利用等面积定则详细分析了其暂态物理过程。在此基础上定义了一系列定量描述暂态稳定的指标,分别针对有无故障限流器2种情况,应用Matlab构建了单机和多机系统的仿真模型,分析了不同限流比、故障类型和故障切除时间下的系统暂态稳定特性。理论分析和仿真结果都表明:安装氧化锌避雷器式故障限流器,可有效抑制摇摆曲线的振荡幅度并缩短衰减周期,延长系统的极限切除时间,提高系统的暂态稳定能力。