CF4/CO2混合气体工频击穿特性的试验研究

SF₆是目前电气设备中广泛使用的气体绝缘介质,但其产生的温室效应对环境影响极大,因此,研究能替代SF₆的环保型气体绝缘介质具有重要的意义。CF₄是一种具有低温室效应指数（global warming potential, GWP）和低液化温度的强电负性气体。通过工频击穿试验,研究了CF₄/CO₂混合气体的工频击穿特性,并对其协同效应和GWP值进行分析。结果表明：CF₄混合比为50%的CF₄/CO₂混合气体的绝缘强度能达到纯CF₄的90%左右,同时GWP值低,具有用于气体绝缘的潜力;CF₄/CO₂混合气体的协同效应值在0.12~0.38,表现出明显的协同效应。     

Effects of Temperature, Voltage Properties, and Initial Gas Composition on the Plasma Reforming of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons With $hbox{CO}_{{bf 2}}$

CO₂ reforming of methane, propane, and neopentane was investigated with a ferroelectric packed-bed and silent discharge plasma reactors in N₂ at temperature from 303 to 433 K. The conversions of the substrate hydrocarbons and CO₂, and the yields of H₂ and CO were expressed as functions of reactor energy density irrespective of voltage waveform. The positive temperature effect on the hydrocarbon conversions and the product yields can be ascribed to the promotion of secondary decomposition of the hydrocarbons induced by radicals formed in situ because reactor power consumption was not affected by reaction temperature at the same frequencies and peak-to-peak voltages. At 303 K, the reactivity of the hydrocarbon decreased in the following order: neopentane > propane > methane. At 433 K, propane and neopentane showed the same reactivities. The molar ratio of H₂ to CO was affected by hydrocarbon structure and the initial concentration ratio of CO₂ to the carbon atom in hydrocarbon, but not by reaction temperature. Better carbon balances were obtained for all the hydrocarbons at 433 K than at 303 K, suggesting higher reaction efficiencies at 433 K. Carbon balance was also affected by initial gas composition, and the carbon atoms in reacted neopentane were quantitatively recovered as CO, CO₂ and lighter hydrocarbons at 10 of [CO₂]/[neopentane].     

Comparison of SF6/N2 and SF6/CO2 gas mixtures as alternatives to SF6 gas

The interest in SF₆ gas mixtures has been re-ignited in recent years by the issue of the greenhouse effect of the SF₆ gas, and most research work is now focused on a SF₆/N₂ gas mixture, which is suitable for application in electrical apparatus with slightly non-uniform fields. This paper presents a comparison of SF₆/N₂ and SF₆/CO₂ gas mixtures with a viewpoint of their possible applications to gas-insulated transformers, where both highly non-uniform field problems and partial discharges in gas/film insulation are inevitable. It is shown that in this case the dielectric strength of SF₆/CO₂ is superior to that of SF₆/N ₂ with a minor disadvantage related to the gas decomposition in SF₆/CO₂. However, this may not be a problem for the SF₆/CO₂ gas mixture to be used in gas-insulated transformers, where internal breakdown is not allowed     

非运行状态电容式电压互感器绝缘体系生物降解分析

探究非运行状态电容式电压互感器（CVT）油-纸绝缘体系中CH₄、H₂和CO₂等气体含量增高的原因,对提高CVT运行安全很有必要。采取自然污染、人工接种及高温杀菌方式对CVT油-纸绝缘体系进行微生物生长试验,用气相色谱仪、微水仪等仪器测定生物降解绝缘油-纸的产物及含量,并采用生物学鉴定微生物种属,分析油-纸绝缘体系生物降解特性。试验结果表明：CVT油-纸绝缘体系在微生物降解作用下产生了H₂O、酸、CH₄、H₂和CO₂等,其与非运行状态下CVT内绝缘油中气体组分相同;各组分气体含量在增加过程中出现一减小的拐点;显微镜观察和生物学鉴定出4种球状厌氧微生物。结合生物降解产物及变化趋势和微生物种属分析,CVT油-纸绝缘体系生物降解分为2个阶段,即多种微生物降解和厌氧微生物沼气发酵阶段,CH₄、H₂和CO₂等气体是生物降解的特征气体。     

Decomposition of benzene using a nonthermal plasma reactor packedwith ferroelectric pellets

The decomposition of benzene in air was carried out using a nonthermal plasma discharge reactor packed with ferroelectric materials. It was found that ferroelectric materials of 1-2 mm in diameter with a relative dielectric constant of ϵ_r>1100 decomposed benzene with greatest energy efficiency. Benzene at low concentrations (below 50 ppm) was completely decomposed to CO and CO₂ with no formation of other hydrocarbons. The ratio of CO to CO₂ produced from benzene was minimized under an atmosphere containing more than 5% O₂     

Mechanisms for formation of inorganic byproducts in plasma chemicalprocessing of hazardous air pollutants

Plasma chemical behavior of hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) (Cl ₂C=CCl₂, Cl₂C=CHCl, Cl₃C-CH ₃, Cl₂CH-CH₂Cl, CH₃Cl, CH ₃Br and benzene), their molecular probes (CH₄, CH ₃-CH₃, and CH₂=CH₂), and carbon oxides (CO_x) was investigated with a ferroelectric packed-bed plasma reactor to obtain information on the formation of CO _x and N₂O. It has been shown that the oxidation of CO to CO₂ is a slow reaction in plasma, and that CO and CO ₂ mainly result from different precursors. Simultaneous achievement of complete oxidative decomposition of HAPs in plasma and recovery of CO as a chemical feedstock could be favorable. The process of N₂O formation is affected by HAP structures and oxygen concentration. In the decomposition of olefinic HAPs, such as Cl₂ C=CCl₂ and Cl₂C=CHCl, high-power short-residence-time operations are effective in suppressing N₂ O formation. In the cases of CH₃Cl and CH₃Br, low specific energy density operations could be necessary to reduce N₂O concentrations. The yields and selectivities of CO, CO₂ and N₂O change drastically by adding only 2% of oxygen to N₂, and oxygen concentration is not a good factor to control these inorganic oxides     

Fundamental insulation characteristic of high-pressure CO/sub 2/ gas under actual equipment conditions

SF₆ gas has been widely used in electrical power equipment such as circuit breakers and transformers due to its superior insulation and interruption characteristics. However since 1997, SF₆ gas has been designated a greenhouse gas subject to emission restrictions at COP3 (The 3rd session of the Conference Of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) so a new insulating gas is needed as a substitute for SF₆ gas. This research considers the use of high-pressure CO₂ gas as an insulator while stressing the environment aspects. Fundamental insulation data for the insulating gas acquired supposing gas insulated switchgears (GIS) consists of; (1) insulation breakdown characteristics under clean conditions and, (2) insulation breakdown characteristics with metallic particle contamination. The parameters in this case were assumed from an actual apparatus viewpoint, to be a high gas pressure up to 2.0 MPa, an electrode size capable of determining the surface area effect, the electrode surface roughness, and metallic particle length, etc. at the base electrode of the 72 kV GIS. As a result, experiments using these parameters revealed insulation characteristics for high-pressure CO₂ gas and that negative lightning impulse decided the insulation design, as well as the present SF₆ GIS. The need for taking measures to suppress PD under AC voltage and also the need for restricting metallic foreign particles around the central conductor and insulating spacer were recognized     

富氧燃烧模拟烟气石灰石-石膏湿法脱硫试验研究

为了研究富氧燃烧情况下烟气石灰石-石膏湿法脱硫系统的效率,在自行搭建的富氧燃烧烟气石灰石-石膏湿法脱硫实验台上进行脱硫试验,通过控制脱硫系统中的CO₂浓度（体积分数14%、60%、70%、80%和90%）,研究富氧燃烧气氛下不同烟气流速、液气比、入口SO₂浓度以及浆液pH值对SO₂脱除特性的影响。发现随着烟气流速和入口SO₂浓度的增加,液气比和浆液pH值的减小,脱硫效率逐渐减小,系统中CO₂浓度越大,脱硫效率越小;对不同CO₂浓度气氛和浆液pH下的石膏晶体进行粒度分析和SEM电镜扫描,发现浆液pH值和CO₂对石膏的结晶并不会产生明显的影响。     

Numerical Investigation for CF4 Decomposition Using RF Low-Pressure Plasma

Among perfluorocompounds, is considered to be one of the most stable and difficult-to-decompose gases. We investigated the decomposition of CF₄ using the inductively coupled plasma (ICP) reactor with radio frequency (RF) power supply, which was used for semiconductor cleaning process as well as decomposition. This technology was confirmed to achieve an extremely high efficiency and more economical system in comparison with the conventional system. The purpose of this paper is to perform numerical simulation of CF₄ decomposition using RF low-pressure plasma. The experimental investigation of CF₄ the decomposition was performed to validate the computed results, and the reaction products such as CO, CO₂, and COF₂ upon the CF₄ decomposition were measured CO₂ using a analyzer and a Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer. Then, the numerical simulations of the CF₄ decomposition using commercially available code were performed to obtain the gas temperature, electron temperature, electron number density, gas velocity, and chemical species number density distribution to cope with CF₄ the decomposition in the ICP reactor.     

富氧燃烧气氛石灰石溶解特性研究

在实验室小型试验台上研究富氧燃烧气氛下湿法脱硫用石灰石溶解特性,研究结果表明：较高的CO₂浓度对石灰石的溶解有促进作用,CO₂体积分数在80%时,石灰石的溶解速率明显增大;在相同的pH值情况下,CO₂浓度越高,石灰石的溶解速率越快。在pH=4.5时,低浓度CO₂气氛比高浓度CO₂气氛下溶解时间增加70 min,CO₂浓度对溶解速率的影响比较明显。     

Breakdown Characteristics of N2O Gas Mixtures for Quasiuniform Electric Field under Lightning Impulse Voltage

From the viewpoint of mitigating global warming by SF₆ gas, this paper discusses breakdown (BD) characteristics of different electronegative gas mixtures with N₂O gas as SF₆ gas substitutes for quasi-uniform electric field under lightning impulse voltage applications. Experimental results revealed the positive synergism in breakdown strength of binary N₂O / CO₂ and ternary N₂O / CO₂ / O₂ gas mixtures, respectively. Furthermore, N₂ gas as a retardant gas was also mixed with the electronegative gas mixtures in order to reduce the electron energy into the effective levels of electron attachment ability by the electronegative gas mixtures. As the result, ternary N₂O / CO₂ / N₂ and quaternary N₂O / CO₂ / O₂ / N₂ gas mixtures could exhibit the significant synergistic effect in breakdown strength. The optimum mixture rate of quaternary N₂O / CO₂ / O₂ / N₂ gas mixtures was consistent with that estimated by assuming the independent contribution of component gases to the improvement of impulse BD characteristics.     

膜法二氧化碳分离技术研究进展及展望

二氧化碳的排放导致了严重的环境和生态问题,而碳捕集、利用和封存技术(carbon capture,utilization and storage,CCUS)是减缓CO₂排放的有效途径。在众多的CCUS方法中,膜分离因其能效高、成本低、投资少、维护运行简单等优点引起了广泛关注。综述了燃烧前捕集、燃烧后捕集和天然气脱碳中的膜材料及其膜分离性能,分析影响CO₂捕集效率的关键膜结构因素和调控规律,膜组件开发关键问题及产业化情况,膜分离系统集成及经济性规律。结合研究现状和CO₂捕集需求,提出未来膜法CO₂捕集的研究方向。     

浸渍法制备的固态胺CO2吸附剂吸附性能

控制和减缓化石燃料电厂的CO₂排放对于缓解大气中CO₂浓度的持续上升具有重要意义。作为一种燃烧后CO₂ 捕集技术,固体CO₂吸附剂具有低能耗、弱腐蚀性、易再生等优点,在CO₂减排领域有着广泛的应用前景。介绍浸渍法制备的固态有机胺吸附剂对CO₂的吸附性能,着重介绍载体性质、有机胺负载量、温度和烟气含水量等因素对固态胺吸附剂吸附性能的影响,并对其机理进行了分析。此外,对比了不同固态胺吸附剂在75 ℃下对CO₂的吸附能力。分析认为,相对于其他类型的CO₂固体吸附剂,固态胺吸附剂较适用于从高温湿烟气中捕集CO₂。     

Recovery of SF6 from N2/SF6 gasmixtures by using a polymer membrane

The investigation of gas recovery from N₂/SF₆ gas mixtures using a polymer membrane has been reported. It has been shown that the purity of recovered gas, the recovery loss, and the gas handling speed depend on various parameters such as original gas mixing ratio, gas feeding pressure, gas flow rate, and temperature of the membrane. A gas recovering system with two membrane separators connected in cascade has proved to be very efficient in attaining high purity in a recovered gas, with negligibly small recovery loss and high handling speed for practical use. Furthermore, this system could be applied for CO₂/SF₆, He/SF ₆ and even for ternary mixtures such as N₂/CO₂/SF₆ without any modification in the system, where we expect much better performance in comparison with N ₂/SF₆     

$hbox{CO}_{bf 2}$ Reforming of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons With Silent Discharge Plasma

CO₂ reforming of methane ( CH₄) and propane (C₃H₈) was performed with a silent discharge reactor (SDR). The reactor performance was evaluated in terms of energy efficiencies for the conversion of the substrates and formation of H₂ and CO. The reactivity of C₃H₈ was 2- to 3-fold higher than that of CH₄, and both of CH₄ and C₃H₈ were reformed in the order of 10¹⁶ molecules/J at 298 K. The energy efficiencies for the conversion of these substrates increased with their initial concentrations, but decreased with an increase in reactor energy density. On the other hand, the energy efficiencies for the conversion of CO₂, which were not affected by the hydrocarbon types, were lower than those for the hydrocarbon substrates. A positive temperature effect was observed in the conversion of the hydrocarbon substrates only at low reactor energy densities from 298 to 433 K.     

Preliminary pilot plant tests of a corona discharge-electron beamhybrid combustion flue gas cleaning system

Pilot power plant tests of a corona discharge-electron beam hybrid combustion flow gas cleaning system have been conducted. Gas flow rate of the test loop is a heavy oil fired boiler flue gas with 1200 Nm³ /h, and one electron beam generator (500 kV×30 mA) is used with a corona discharge ammonia radical injection system (60 kV×5 mA), SO₂, CO, CO₂, NH₃, NO, NO_x and O₂ gases are monitored. The results show that up to 85% of NO_x and 98% of SO_x in flue gases are removed under a corona discharge-electron beam hybrid operations with significant small amount of leaked ammonias from exhaust flue gases     

特高压配套外送电源碳排放水平研究

随着国家清洁低碳、安全高效的现代电力工业体系的构建,远距离、大容量配套新能源电力外送已成为转变能源资源配置的一项重要途径.如何评估此类项目CO2排放水平及节能减排效益,已受到各界关注.以陕北某特高压直流输电工程为例,对其配套外送电源的CO2排放水平进行研究.结果表明:该工程实施火电与新能源打捆外送,不仅扩大送端省份的新...     

供氢体应用于碳捕集与资源化领域的前景分析

二氧化碳（CO₂）的大量排放已显著加剧温室效应和生态环境恶化。催化转移氢化法在CO₂资源化利用领域研究广泛且技术成熟。从以气态氢为主要还原剂催化氢化CO₂工艺的研究现状、供氢体还原特性及其目前应用进展等角度展开综述,并就上述研究中存在的优势和不足提出见解,建议未来供氢体应用于碳捕集与资源化领域可能的研究方向,旨在为推动CO₂资源化利用研究的长足发展提供借鉴。     

基于IGCC的燃烧前CO2捕集技术应用与示范

IGCC和CCS的结合是一种高效性和环保性的先进技术,基于IGCC的燃烧前CO₂捕集技术越来越受到世界各国的广泛关注。介绍了中国首套燃烧前 CO₂捕集系统的工艺流程,对其捕集能耗和成本做了分析。结果表明：该系统的捕集能力为9.46万t/年,捕集率大于88%,捕集CO₂能耗为2.34 GJ/t,捕集成本为281.37元/t。同时指出了今后在降低蒸汽消耗方面的优化方向,该技术与常规电厂燃烧后CO₂捕集技术相比,单位能耗与成本大幅度降低,是未来化石燃料实现低成本捕集CO₂的关键技术。     

富氧燃烧模拟烟气一体化压缩脱硫脱硝试验研究

富氧燃烧是能够大规模商业化捕集CO₂的主流技术之一,为进一步探讨富氧燃烧压缩过程捕集CO₂性能、并同时一体化脱硫脱硝技术的能力,在搭建的50 kg/h规模的试验平台上,通过调整不同的参数,采用液体CO₂洗涤混合气体技术,表明压缩过程可同时脱除NO_x和SO_x等污染物,通过试验进一步研究液气比对NO_x和SO_x脱除的影响。结果表明,整体脱硫率、脱硝率可达98%以上,尾气中SO₂体积分数低于50×10^-6,NO_x体积分数小于30×10^-6,富氧燃烧系统中压缩纯化过程具备实现一体化脱硫脱硝的潜力。