Analysis of Rotor Core Eddy-Current Losses in Interior Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Machines

This paper presents the results of an investigation focused on the rotor core eddy-current losses of interior permanent-magnet (IPM) synchronous machines. First, analytical insight into the rotor core eddy-current losses of IPM machines is developed. Next, major design parameters that have the most significant impact on the rotor core eddy-current losses of IPM machines are identified. Finite-element analysis results are then presented to compare the predicted eddy-current losses in the machine core of IPM machines with one- and two-layer rotors coupled with concentrated- and distributed-winding stators. It is shown that the lowest total eddy-current losses in the machine core are achieved using a combination of distributed stator windings and two magnet layers per rotor pole, whereas minimizing only the rotor core eddy-current losses favors replacement of the rotor with a single-layer configuration.      

Proposal and Feasibility Study of the Integrated Diode Synchronous Motor

This paper presents a new type of magnet‐free motor that has concentrated stator windings and rotor coils with a pair of diodes. The most important feature of this motor is that currents in the rotor coils can be generated by utilizing the changes in the spatial second harmonic of the magnetic fields due to the concentrated stator windings, which normally increase motor losses. A prototype of the motor was designed and fabricated, and its basic performance was evaluated. First, using simplified analytic models, we explain the mechanism of inducing currents in the rotor coils by the changes in the spatial second harmonic of the magnetic fields. Second, we compare the torque performance of the proposed motor and that of other types of motors including a magnet motor through finite‐element analyses. The analyzed data show that the proposed motor can possess greater torque/volume ratio than that of the other motors. Finally, using the measured data, we validate the mechanism of inducing currents in the rotor coils, and examine the torque and power characteristics of the motor.     

Loss Investigation of Interior Permanent-Magnet Motors Considering Carrier Harmonics and Magnet Eddy Currents

In this paper, we investigate losses of interior permanent-magnet motors driven by pulsewidth-modulated inverters using 3-D finite-element analysis, which can estimate the eddy-current loss in the permanent magnet accurately. The calculated losses are compared with the measured results and the theoretical solution to verify the validity of the analysis. The variation of the magnet eddy-current loss due to the division of the magnet is also investigated. It is clarified that the eddy-current loss in the permanent magnet is mainly produced by the carrier harmonics of the inverter and that the axial length of the divided magnet should be smaller than the skin depth of the eddy currents produced by the major harmonics for the loss reduction.      

大功率高速永磁电机的电磁设计与损耗分析

大功率高速永磁电机的损耗与温升等影响电机功率密度的提高。以500 kW、12 000 r/min高速永磁电机为例,分析了电机极对数、定子绕组形式、转子结构、永磁体等对电机性能特别是损耗的影响。采用电机的有限元仿真模型,对电机的转子结构强度、输出性能、损耗进行了分析计算。试制了样机并对相关性能进行试验验证,分析计算与试验结果均表明,电机达到了较高的技术指标要求,为高速永磁电机的优化设计提供了参考。     

基于博弈论的电动汽车轮毂电机热源损耗优化

为降低具有高功率、高转矩密度等特点的电动汽车轮毂电机热源损耗,提出了基于博弈论的外转子式永磁同步轮毂电机的多目标优化设计方法。首先应用磁路法推导了电机各项损耗的解析表达式;其次以定子槽形的尺寸为设计变量,以定子铁耗、绕组铜耗、永磁体涡流损耗和电机效率为优化目标,建立电机优化设计数学模型;最后应用基于博弈论的多目标优化算法(Game Theory Optimization Algorithm,GTO),同时结合改进粒子群算法(Advanced Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm,APSO)对电机定子槽型进行优化设计,并借助有限元仿真软件进行了辅助计算。研究结果表明：相较于原设计方案,优化后电机功率损耗减少32.6%,效率提高6.12%。     

分数槽集中绕组表贴式永磁同步电机转子损耗

针对损耗模型很难准确地计算转子损耗且三维有限元方法占用大量时间的问题,基于二维运动瞬态有限元法,研究了1台36槽42极单层分数槽集中绕组永磁同步电机在恒转矩区和弱磁区以最大转矩运行时的转子损耗,并且研究了高速工况下永磁体轴向分段数量、槽口宽度以及气隙厚度对永磁体损耗的影响。研究发现,在整个转速区间永磁体损耗占转子总损耗的90%以上;转速低于1 500 r/min时,转子铁心磁滞损耗高于涡流损耗,高于1 500 r/min时涡流损耗明显高于磁滞损耗。永磁体分段能明显降低永磁体涡流损耗;负载工况下改变槽口宽度,永磁体涡流损耗几乎没有变化;增大气隙厚度虽然能降低永磁体损耗,但是效果并不明显;同时,更改槽口和气隙厚度会使电感发生变化,并进而影响电机的运行性能。     

Sensorless vector control of PMSM with non-sinusoidal flux using observer based on FEM

Back electromotive force method has been widely used in the position and speed sensorless control of permanent magnet synchronous motors. In this method, it is supposed that the back electromotive forces induced on the stator windings by the rotor permanent magnets are sinusoidal. This assumption causes errors in the estimation of speed and position. In this paper, an observer using the stator winding linkage flux model obtained by using finite element method for position and speed sensorless field-oriented control of permanent magnet motor is proposed. The validity of the proposed method is demonstrated using DS 1104.     

考虑旋转磁通的PMSM铁心损耗数值计算

为了准确计算交流永磁同步电机(PMSM)铁心损耗,采用二维有限元法对PMSM定子与磁极区域电磁场进行了分析研究,阐述了定子铁心不同区域磁场的变化规律及磁极区域涡流场的分布规律.在此基础上,借助谐波分析的方法,综合考虑电机中交变与旋转磁场的影响,给出了一种较准确求解定子铁心损耗和PMSM转子涡流损耗的计算方法,并与传统的计算方法进行了比较.结果表明,考虑旋转磁场及谐波磁通密度影响时的定子铁心损耗计算值与传统的仅考虑交变基波磁通密度时的损耗计算值相比有显著增加,更接近于实际测量值,磁极涡流损耗值与定子槽口大小密切相关,占电机总损耗的比重较大,是不可忽略的.     

Basic Design Method for SPMSM Based on Air‐Gap Magnetic Flux Density Distribution Focusing on Image Magnetic Pole

This paper presents a basic design method for the surface‐mounted permanent magnet synchronous motor (SPMSM) for both distributed and concentrated windings. The design is based on the air‐gap magnetic flux density distribution focusing on the image magnetic pole. The calculus equation of the air‐gap magnetic flux density distribution is analytically derived by supposing the magnetic pole is located on the magnet surface and image planes. In this study, a three‐phase and double‐layer stator winding SPMSM that has a linear demagnetizing characteristic magnet, such as a ferrite or rare‐earth magnet is considered. From the required specifications and design conditions, the design target values of the parameters that appear in the voltages equations of the d–q axis coordinate system are calculated. Then, the relational equations for the torque constant, d‐axis inductance, copper loss, and the maximum current density are presented as a function of three design parameters under i_d = 0 control. They are the stator stack length, the number of coil turns in series in a phase, and the slot bottom length. Hence, this approach reduces the SPMSM basic design to the problem with these design parameters has to be solved. The proposed method makes it possible to address the concentrated winding as a special case of the distributed winding. The FEA results confirm the validity of the proposed basic design method for both distributed and concentrated windings.     

A study of rotor configuration for IPMSM with concentrated winding considering the iron loss

This paper reports an IPMSM rotor configuration with a concentrated‐winding stator. The inductance of the concentrated winding is greater than that of the distributed winding and the flux density of the concentrated winding contains higher harmonic components. The result is higher winding losses than in the IPMSM with a distributed‐winding stator. We discuss three types of interior magnetic rotor with different saliency ratios. In the lower speed range, the highest‐saliency rotor is effective in decreasing the load current and copper losses. On the other hand, in the higher speed range, the higher‐saliency rotors result in greater iron losses and lower motor efficiency; in this range, the lower‐saliency rotor is effective in decreasing iron losses and increasing motor efficiency. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 139(4): 71–78, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10005     

基于定子磁障的分数槽集中绕组永磁同步电机应用设计与分析

分数槽集中式绕组（FSCW）存在谐波含量大的缺点,易引起定转子铁心损耗和振动噪声问题,限制了其在高端领域的应用。以采用FSCW的12槽14极永磁同步电机(PMSM)为研究对象,使用有限元软件进行仿真,分析定子非绕线齿中的磁障对磁动势谐波、电磁转矩、铁心损耗及径向电磁力的影响,并与传统永磁电机进行对比。仿真结果表明,采用定子磁障的电机能够有效降低绕组磁动势低次谐波,1、3、5次谐波分别下降了87%、84%和30%,铁心损耗减小了21.1%,低阶径向电磁力减小了20%以上,实现了对噪声和振动的有效抑制。     

分数槽集中绕组永磁交流伺服电机定子磁动势及绕组系数分析

本文根据绕组电流产生磁动势的基本原理,使用Matlab软件对典型常用的几种分数槽集中绕组单元电机的定子磁势进行傅里叶级数展开,得到分数槽集中绕组磁势各次谐波的频谱图。通过对频谱的分析,得到分数槽集中绕组永磁交流伺服电机定子磁势的谐波分布规律。在磁势谐波频谱的基础上分析了分数槽集中绕组的绕组系数,得到了绕组系数分布规律及绕组系数表。为分析解决分数槽集中绕组永磁交流伺服电机其它问题打下基础,为电机的设计提供依据。     

储能飞轮用大功率高速永磁同步电机电磁设计

储能飞轮用高速电机的工作状态包括电动机、发电机及空载三种。提高储能飞轮的能量转换效率、降低电机在各种运行状态的损耗成为其电磁设计的主要任务。从工程应用的角度,对储能飞轮用大功率高速永磁同步电机的绕组损耗、铁心损耗及涡流损耗进行了分析,重点分析了定转子间隙对转子构件涡流损耗的影响,同时提出了一种阶梯式转子永磁体结构,可满足永磁同步电机(PMSM)对空载反电动势的低谐波要求,并提出了转子护套材料的选取原则。最后通过一个算例介绍了电机的设计分析及性能参数的计算。     

分数槽集中绕组定子磁动势的分解

介绍了单元电机的基本概念。以12槽双层的分数槽集中绕组为例,给出绕线原则,并在不确定单元电机极对数的情况下,用交流电机绕组理论、函数的傅里叶级数展开两种方法,从一个线圈、一组线圈、一相绕组到三相绕组详细推导了分数槽集中绕组各次谐波的绕组因数和磁动势,得出了分数槽集中绕组的一般特点和普遍规律。最后指出转子极对数接近但不等于定子槽数的一半是采用分数槽集中绕组的永磁电机的最佳选择。     

Loss analysis of permanent magnet synchronous machines by considering circulating currents of armature windings

In this paper, we investigate the losses caused by circulating currents generated in armature windings of permanent magnet synchronous machines by using electromagnetic field analysis. In the analysis, each parallel connected wire in the windings is modeled by finite elements in order to consider the difference in the electromotive forces and the generation of the circulating currents. The calculated losses are compared with experimental results. It is clarified that the armature copper loss in permanent magnet machines with parallel connected wires considerably increases by the circulating currents.     

空压机用高速永磁电机铁心和磁钢损耗的影响因素

高速电机具有电流频率高、定子铁耗和转子涡流损耗大等特点。针对额定功率10 kW、额定转速100 000 r/min空压机用高速永磁电机,对比分析了平行充磁和径向充磁、脉冲振幅调制(PAM)方波驱动和基于SiC的正弦波驱动时对损耗的影响。分析结果表明,平行充磁气隙磁密谐波小,空载定子铁心损耗比径向充磁低约40%;驱动方式对电机损耗尤其是转子损耗影响较大,正弦波驱动时转子损耗几乎可忽略,方波驱动时转子损耗占比可达总损耗的20%。针对方波驱动转子损耗大的问题,在转子表面增加一层铜屏蔽层,分析结果表明可以有效降低转子涡流损耗。对同一台带压缩机负载的高速电机对比测试了2种驱动器控制下的母线输入的有功功率,验证了驱动方式对电机损耗的影响。     

考虑铁心饱和的内置式永磁同步电机气隙磁场解析计算

准确分析电机结构以及磁饱和等因素对气隙磁场分布的影响是永磁电机设计、优化的关键。以分数槽集中绕组内置式永磁同步电机(FSCW-IPMSM)为研究对象,根据磁路分析方法和FSCW的分布规律,分别得到了考虑转子磁桥漏磁的空载永磁磁场解析模型和电枢反应磁场的解析表达式。考虑到定子齿槽结构以及转子内部永磁体分布,利用相对气隙磁导,将定子开槽和转子凸极对气隙磁场的影响考虑在内。重点结合定子铁心材料的B-H磁化曲线、定子铁心局部磁饱和特性引入铁心等效磁阻与动态磁导率来考虑定子铁心磁饱和对负载气隙磁场的影响。最后,有限元仿真和样机试验结果验证了理论分析的准确性,为该类电机的电磁设计和性能分析提供了理论基础。     

Influence of PWM on the Proximity Loss in Permanent-Magnet Brushless AC Machines

A winding copper loss can be significantly increased due to skin and proximity eddy-current effects. The skin and proximity losses due to fundamental frequency current have been investigated in literature, but the influence of pulsewidth modulation (PWM) on the skin and proximity losses has not been reported. In this paper, a 2-D finite element method is employed to analyze the skin and proximity losses in a permanent magnet brushless ac machine, in which significant proximity loss exists due to high frequency current ripples induced by the PWM, as confirmed by both theoretical calculation and experiment. The analyses should be generally applicable to other machines.     

双电压复合励磁稀土永磁同步发电机设计研究

文章研究了一种新型双电压输出的复合励磁稀土永磁同步发电机。该发电机的定子采用双绕组结构，转子采用永磁体和辅助电励磁相结合的复合励磁结构，兼顾了永磁同步发电机和电励磁同步发电机的优点。文章对这种电机结构原理、电磁计算进行了详细分析，通过对双绕组电枢反应的d-q轴电磁解耦，推导出其电磁计算的数学模型，得出各绕组输出电压的数学公式。样机的试验结果与设计结果进行了比较，证明了其推导的正确性。     

定子无铁心轴向磁场永磁轮毂电机损耗分析及效率优化

减速装置的引入使得轮毂电机分布式驱动系统对电机本体的效率提出了更高的要求。为了实现定子无铁心轴向磁场永磁轮毂电机在其常用工况下的高效率,该文分析了利兹线和扁线对定子槽满率的影响规律,建立了不同线型绕组的交流损耗计算模型,对不同线型绕组电机的交直流铜损进行了计算与对比分析,并基于损耗产生机理提出扁线绕组分股和换位的交流损耗抑制方法。在此基础上,针对轮毂电机驱动系统的常用工况,对不同线型绕组电机的损耗和效率进行全面对比。结果表明,采用该文提出的效率优化方法可以实现扁线绕组的低损耗及电机的高效率,使用改进型扁线绕组的定子无铁心轴向磁场永磁电机适合作为减速驱动轮毂电机应用,尤其是对转矩需求较高的轮毂电机。试验结果验证了理论和仿真分析方法的正确性。