国家电网公司直流输电系统可靠性统计与分析

直流输电系统的可靠性水平已成为影响整个电力系统可靠性的重要因素。文章从强迫停运次数、强迫能量不可用率、计划能量不可用率、能量利用率这4个方面,分析了2003年以来国家电网公司直流输电系统的可靠性。直流输电系统的各个可靠性指标相互影响,建立科学合理的可靠性评价体系,可实现电网资产效益最大化。对比国内外直流输电系统的可靠性指标,分析得出国家电网公司直流输电系统可靠性水平位居世界前列。     

并联换流器特高压直流输电系统可靠性研究

特高压直流输电工程输送容量大、送电距离远,其安全、可靠运行具有重要的现实意义。该文建立了并联换流器特高压直流输电系统的"故障树"模型,可以有效计算特高压直流输电系统的强迫能量不可用率和单、双极停运次数等可靠性指标;然后,提出了一种新的反映设备影响系统可靠性的灵敏度指标,可以有效发现钳制系统可靠运行的薄弱环节。最后,基于国家电网公司近10年的直流工程可靠性运行统计数据,对3种并联换流器特高压直流输电系统主接线方案,进行了可靠性指标计算和对比分析,并完成了设备影响系统可靠性指标的灵敏度分析,确定了影响系统强迫能量不可用率和单、双极停运次数的关键环节。结果表明,本研究能够确定可靠性高的并联换流器特高压直流输电系统拓扑结构,可以为提高特高压直流工程的可靠性提供重要的参考信息。     

2006—2012年国家电网公司直流输电系统强迫停运统计分析

在中国经济发展和能源分布不平衡的情况下,直流输电在实现节能减排和资源优化配置中发挥着越来越重要的作用。为不断提高直流输电系统的运行可靠性,全面掌握国家电网公司直流输电系统运行情况,以国家电网公司经营区域内的特高压直流、高压直流及背靠背直流输电系统为研究对象,以直流输电系统实际运行数据为基础,对强迫停运情况进行统计分析。并从极端天气、设备故障、外力破坏等角度展开讨论,结合典型故障案例说明国家电网公司直流输电系统面临的安全形势,分析现有系统的薄弱环节并提出相关建议。     

直流输电系统的可靠性有哪些具体的指标

<正>直流输电系统的可靠性指标总计超过10项,这里只介绍停运次数、降额等效停运小时、能量可用率、能量利用率四项主要可靠性指标。停运次数:包括由于系统或设备故障引起的强迫停运次数。对于常用的双极直流输电系统,可分为单极停运,以及由于同一原因引起的两个极同时停运的双极停运。对于每个极有多个独立换流器的直流输电系统,停运次数还可以统计到换流器停     

《防止电力生产事故的二十五项重点要求》编制说明第11讲

21 防止直流输电系统设备损坏和单双极强迫停运事故编制说明 21.1 总体说明 本项反措为新增内容,本部分参考了国家电网公司（（十八项反措》相关内容.直流输电系统输送容量大,停运后对两侧电网影响很大,因此在本反措中除了防止直流设备损坏外,还要防止单双极强迫停运.在编制“防止直流输电系统设备损坏和单双极强迫停运事故”反措过程中,根据近年来有关直流输电系统事故情况,提出了相关重点反措要求.     

高压直流输电系统可靠性影响因素分析

为保证直流输电系统安全可靠运行,根据中国电力企业联合会发布的全国直流输电系统运行可靠性指标的统计数据,通过研究直流系统可靠性指标,发现停运次数和停运小时数为影响系统能量可用率的重要因素。并将影响直流输电系统可靠性指标因素按停运部件原因进一步分类分析。在此基础上,初步确定"其他"、交流及其辅助设备和直流线路为可靠性指标三大影响因素。最后提出提高直流输电系统可靠性的措施,为直流输电系统进一步提高运行管理水平提供了信息和依据。     

兴安直流2012年度运行情况分析

总结了兴安直流输电系统2012年度的运行情况,统计了能量可用率、强迫能量不可用率、传输电量等主要运行指标。分析了直流闭锁、直流紧急停运、直流临时停运等影响直流可靠性的基础事件。对兴安直流2012年度直流保护不正确动作事件和典型事件进行分析,详细介绍了事件原因、暴露问题、现场处理、反措落实等。针对事件暴露出的问题集中在二次回路上,且在过去的检修维护工作中,有“重装置、轻回路”的思想,提出今后的检修工作中要有“重回路、轻逻辑”的思路,并重视备用回路的检查。这些经验不但为直流输电系统的运行、检修提供有益的参考,还有助于提高直流输电系统的运行维护水平,确保系统的稳定运行。     

直流输电系统强迫停运探讨

直流输电系统中设置了大量的保护、监视功能,但在确保设备安全的同时,也带来了容易误动的隐患.以天广直流输电系统为例,首先介绍了直流输电系统的强迫停运及可能引起强迫停运的保护监视功能,接着讨论了多年来运行中发生的强迫停运故障原因及故障时对设备的影响,最后综合考虑设备的安全和电网的稳定,对直流输电系统的保护、监视功能提出了改进建议.     

直流输电系统强迫停运探讨

直流输电系统中设置了大量的保护、监视功能,但在确保设备安全的同时,也带来了容易误动的隐患。以天广直流输电系统为例,首先介绍了直流输电系统的强迫停运及可能引起强迫停运的保护监视功能,接着讨论了多年来运行中发生的强迫停运故障原因及故障时对设备的影响,最后综合考虑设备的安全和电网的稳定,对直流输电系统的保护、监视功能提出了改进建议。     

特高压直流输电换流变系统运行特点及备用最优切换研究

超高压直流输电系统中,换流变系统是影响直流输电系统能量可用率和可靠性的重要因素.详细阐述了特高压直流输电换流变系统的元件组停运模型、换流站单侧整体备用模式及换流变压器的两种故障模式等运行特点;研究了换流变系统备用最优切换模型,给出了停运换流单元备用启用最优组合的求解方法,算例结果表明按照备用启用最优组合对停运换流单元启...     

基于逾渗理论的CaO吸收CO2动力学模型研究

石灰石循环吸收技术被认为是一种高效、经济的减排烟气中CO2技术。但这种方法循环效率降低较快,吸收剂利用率也较低。为了对这一过程有很好的认识,改善吸收剂的利用率,针对颗粒典型气固反应模型的缺点,将逾渗理论应用于CaO与CO2反应模型中,对CaO颗粒吸收烟气中CO2的过程进行描述。实验数据与模型数据相结合,表明新的模型可以很好地对吸收过程进行描述,并得出:烟气中CO2体积分数对CaO转化率的影响主要是在反应初期的化学反应阶段;小粒径CaO颗粒在一定程度上可以提高CaO的钙转化率。这为实际过程提高循环吸收效率提供理论指导。     

Developing a legal framework for energy storage technologies in the U.S: The case of pumped underground storage hydro

The Energy Act of 2020 authorizes $1 billion over five years from 2021 to 2025 to support energy storage development in the United States. In addition, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Orders 841 and 2222 opened the wholesale energy markets for distributed energy resources, including energy storage. The statute and orders pave the way for novel energy storage technologies to participate in electricity markets as the qualifying facilities, thereby expanding opportunities for energy storage development. However, the existing policy, legal, and regulatory regime, including these much-welcomed newcomers, fails to recognize and support the entire spectrum of benefits that some forms of energy storage create. In this paper, we focus on Pumped Underground Storage Hydro (PUSH), a variant of pumped hydro storage (PHS), which currently provides over 90% of the world's energy storage capacity. PUSH operates with the same principle as PHS; however, it is an entirely underground variant of PHS. In addition to becoming competitive in the wholesale electricity market, PUSH facilities can be developed as community infrastructure in the postindustrial landscape, particularly in abandoned underground mines. Given federal energy law and policy development, this paper identifies how communities with abandoned mines, technically feasible for PUSH facilities and operating as municipal-owned utilities or cooperatives, can participate and take advantage of federal legislation. We further look into the implications through the lens of technical, economic, and social aspects of energy justice. We consider energy justice as a conceptual framework that seeks to explain the occurrence of injustice within energy system decisions and outcomes and how policymakers can respond to these injustices. We use it as a conceptual tool for understanding policy formulation and detailing the energy system's missing ethical and justice dimension. We argue that as a technically mature technology, PUSH facilities can act as a potential means to speed up the energy transition in the United States. The federal and state law along with utility market structures are vital in shaping the potential opportunities and barriers for energy storage facilities like PUSH. We show that although it supports PUSH development, there are gaps in the current market structure, specifically in the regulatory framework, when seen through the lens of justice and valuation of just energy services. These gaps limit the realization of utility-scale energy storage technology's potential to fully contribute to a decarbonized energy system that is more resilient and more just than the incumbent system.     

湖南省节能工作会议概要

湖南省最近召开了节能工作会议,本文主要介绍会议有关精神。     

Pursuing innovative finance models to enable beneficial energy and water infrastructure and systems

This paper explores how large-expenditure financing programs and other funding resources can be utilized to enable effective investment in projects with energy and water co-benefits that otherwise may not be done. It identifies current and potential practices, partnerships, and arrangements that could enable various aspects of the project development process to be more effective, leading to better individual projects and more beneficial overall investment in the energy-water sector.     

Advancing the state of energy equity metrics

Multiple stakeholders—ranging from regulators and developers to customer and community advocates—have roles to play in the transition to an equitable energy system. Metrics are an emerging area of importance for the operationalization of energy equity as they may guide investment and policy decisions that shape the energy system along this transition. This paper aims to advance energy equity metrics for use in regulation, planning, and operations of the electricity system within the United States. Metrics were surveyed from the literature and distilled to a set that identifies which stakeholders may be associated with which metrics. Established tenets of energy justice—distributive, procedural, recognition, restorative—were also identified for each metric, providing a link between energy equity in study and in practice. This means of organization is intended to enable discussion and collaboration among stakeholders, as the objectives embodied in energy equity metrics are often beyond the control of individual stakeholders. Further stakeholder discussion is necessary to determine which metrics are practicable, who will use them, and how they will be used to support energy equity.     

Development of a real time energy monitoring platform

This study introduces development of a user-friendly and quite effectual energy monitoring system which has been installed in Electrical Education Department of Gazi University in Turkey and in use since November 2007. The system developed monitors data in real time using a powerful energy analyzer which is capable of measuring many parameters of energy consumed in the building. The real time data measured by the power analyzer are transferred to a host computer via RS485 serial communication protocol and then collected in a database continuously. Thus, parameters of energy measured are successfully followed, archived, and presented as graphical forms.The monitoring system presented in the study integrates to quite visual and quite user friendly interface with powerful and flexible hardware. Therefore, several functions can be performed easily and safely by simple actions. On the other hand, the system presented in our paper is developed in a university, so it can be used by students to learn energy systems and parameters.     

合同能源管理在中国的发展及待解决的问题

介绍合同能源管理（EMC）这种节能的新机制,结合近期EMC在上海和江苏开展的工作,介绍了EMC的中国进一步发展的情况,并着重分析了一些较为成功的企业和案例。说明EMC这种节能改造方式在中国是可行的。同时分析EMC在实施过程中出现的问题,指明若EMC要在中国进一步发展必须首先解决这些问题。     

节约能源,合理用能的新观念——节

利用和能更科学地揭示能量的本质涵义,更具体地描述能量转换规律;分析法比能量平衡法更准确地反映了能量的利用情况,更明确地指出了合理用能的方向和条件;“节”与“节能”相比,提法更严谨,含义更深刻,应用起来更科学,更具有可操作性。     

The role of international institutions in fostering sub-Saharan Africa’s electrification

International institutions, such as multilateral development banks and national development agencies, are crucial in funding the provision of electricity services in sub-Saharan Africa. This article discusses the role of these institutions in bringing electricity to the region. The article shows that the scale and focus of global initiatives is wide and eclectic, and coordination between large and smaller funders remains critical. It highlights how over the past decade, 92 percent of international financial support to SSA’s electrification came from World Bank Group (WBG), the African Development Bank (AfDB) and the European Union (EU). The EU’s actions in the field appear to be particularly fragmented. The WBG, the AfDB and the US have streamlined their actions largely by focusing resources on a few initiatives. The article concludes with recommendations to help get more large-scale projects funded, and increase technical assistance and capacity building. Better coordination and information-sharing mechanisms to track the rapidly-changing landscape will be critical to achieve the energy access goals in sub-Saharan Africa.     

干式串联铁心电抗器设计中应注意的一些问题

串联铁心电抗器实际运行时经常出现故障,给电网运行的稳定性和用电质量造成了一定程度影响。笔者分析了串联铁心电抗器设计中导致产品故障的常见原因,例如绕组烧坏、匝间短路、噪音和温升过高等,同时为防范运行故障的发生,提出了设计中应合理选择电抗率、电密磁密、散热面积,以及重视绝缘结构的设计等具体措施。实践证明这些措施是行之有效的,对串联铁心电抗器的设计、制造和运行维护具有一定的借鉴意义。