交直流系统可靠性评估

直流系统传输容量大、元件多、故障率高,对电力系统的可靠性影响较大.随着实际系统中直流输电工程的陆续投运,迫切需要研究如何定量考虑直流系统对系统可靠性的影响.文章根据双极直流系统的结构和特点,采用故障树分析法,将直流故障结果分为单极停运、双极停运和容量降低;然后应用频率和持续时间法计算得出直流系统的多状态模型嵌入发输电系统可靠性评估软件中;并在系统状态分析中考虑了直流控制措施的影响.建立了交直流混合系统可靠性评估的模型、算法及指标体系,并开发了相应软件.对南方电网2005年规划方案的500kV交直流系统的评估结果验证了所提出的算法和软件的可行性和有效性.     

电力系统可靠性评估的共模故障模型研究

共模故障是电力系统可靠性评估中常见的一种故障模式。针对传统共模故障模型的不足,提出了2种新的共模故障模型,即独立模型和容量模型。利用这2种模型,可分别公式化求得系统各个状态和各个容量水平的可靠性指标,结果准确,求解速度快。最后,对3种模型各自的优缺点进行分析和比较,由所提2种模型求得的可靠性指标是准确的,两者在理论上也是等价的,所得结果对电力系统可靠性评估有一定的指导意义。     

配电网可靠性分层评估算法

针对故障产生的三种模式,分析了故障的三种模式对配电网可靠性的影响,提出了一种基于故障扩散的电网可靠性评估算法。该算法可快速计算电网各馈线、变电站和电网的可靠性指标,并可找出影响供电可靠率的薄弱环节,为配电系统规划和管理及城乡电网改造提供了有力的分析工具。同时对算例进行了验证,计算结果表明了算法的有效性。     

Component Reliability Modeling of Distribution Systems Based on the Evaluation of Failure Statistics

The procedures of asset-management have been developed into a central element of network operation and planning in liberalised electric markets of power supply for the present. The method of asset management considers all relevant life cycle cost related to the network equipment and provides strategies for reinvestment, maintenance and fault elimination. However, the method requires practical information about the available failure statistic from distribution networks, as well as about the reliability evaluation of equipment installed in distribution network. For the quantitative evaluation we collect failure record data of distribution networks in the special failure statistic. Furthermore, this paper represents the first attempt at modeling the component reliability for representative electrical components due to electrical stress, mechanical stress, temperature and time, which takes general aging mechanisms of insulating materials into consideration. Thus the proposed models provide reliability estimates, e.g. failure probability and failure rate for distribution systems. These models can be not only parameterized with a great deal of statistical data but also determined by aging tests and breakdown tests being available for the probabilistic assessment. Our results imply that the assessment approach for component reliability will motivate a need for reasonable and accurate data at an early decision-making stage in future deregulation of electric power market.     

Reliability/cost evaluation of a wind power delivery system

When the geographical locations with good wind resources are not close to the main load centers, it becomes extremely important to assess adequate transmission facility to deliver wind power to the power grid. A probabilistic method is presented to evaluate the contribution of a wind power delivery system to the overall system reliability. The basic model incorporates transmission line connecting a remotely located large wind farm to a conventional grid system. The classical generation system adequacy evaluation model is extended to incorporate limited transmission system. The mean Capacity Outage Probability Table (mean-COPT) concept is used to increase the computational efficiency as it allows determination of EUE (expected unserved energy) and LOLE (loss of load expectation) simultaneously in calculation of reliability indices of the generating system. The wind farm generation model is obtained by superimposing simulated wind speed, obtained from developed ARMA time series model, on power curve of WTG. An apportioning method has been used to reduce the number of states in the resulting model, obtaining an equivalent reduced 5-state model. Applying transmission line constraints result in wind generation model ranging from 2- to 5-state models. The study recognizes benefits from fuel offset by wind power, reliability worth and environmental improvement and determines appropriate transmission line capacity based on its contribution to the overall system risk and associated transmission system cost. The paper illustrates results using a real wind farm. The presented methods and discussions should be useful to power system planners and policy makers.     

特高压双12脉波直流换流站系统可靠性评估

全国电网互联的趋势加快了对特高压直流输电技术的研究.特高压换流站系统输送容量大,电压等级高,考虑运行及设备制造原因,通常采用的都是双12脉波接线.由于特高压相对超高压而言,具有更多的元件设备数和运行状态模式,针对特高压双12脉波直流换流站系统的可靠性评估将变得更加困难.基于Markov过程基本原理和累积状态之间转移频率的性质,建立了特高压双12脉波直流换流站系统的数学模型.通过将特高压换流站系统划分为若干个子系统,建立各子系统的状态空间图和等效容量模型,并加以层层组合,最终建立起能表征整个特高压换流站系统运行状态及其转移关系的等效容量模型.建立了完整的针对双12脉波接线方式行之有效的可靠性评估方法,通过对特高压双12脉波和超高压单12脉波换流站系统可靠性评估的计算分析比较,证明了该方法的可行性,分析了双12脉波换流站特定结构对系统可靠性产生的影响.     

高压直流输电系统保护装置冗余配置的可靠性分析

根据高压直流输电保护系统的可靠性要求,基于不可修复系统串并联结构的可靠性分析原理,建立了几种典型冗余配置方式的可靠性模型,比较了各种冗余方式的可靠性。主要分析了工程上常用的三取二和完全双重化保护配置方式,综合考虑可靠性和经济性等因素,得出结论：三取二配置是直流输电系统保护冗余方式的较好选择。文章同时建议采用3套测量回路和输出回路,以便与三取二冗余方式相配合,提高整体的可靠性。     

龙政直流2005年运行情况

龙政直流是三峡输电主通道及华中、华东直流联网线路,在跨区输电中发挥着极为重要的作用。引用客观的统计数据,总结了2005年度龙政直流的运行情况。重点分析了直流的经济性、可靠性指标,并与2004年数据进行比较,对直流跳闸事件、重要直流设备检修情况等作了阐述,指出了运行中存在的问题,提出加强换流站用电保障、控制及保护系统维护技术国产化等整改意见。     

基于交流等值法的交直流系统可靠性评估

基于双极直流系统的可靠性模型,用两条交流线路来等效一条直流线路,将交直流系统等效为纯交流系统,利用交流线路的故障来模拟直流系统的单极停运和双极停运,然后可基于适合于交流输电网可靠性评估的软件来对交直流系统进行可靠性评估。利用这一方法,采用TPLAN软件对2009年丰大方式下的云南电网交直流系统进行了可靠性评估。     

抽蓄机组调相运行对宾金直流无功电压支撑的仿真研究

特高压直流馈入电网的无功电压支撑能力对降低直流换相失败及闭锁概率、提升直流运行的稳定可靠性有重要作用。在论证抽水蓄能机组调相运行模式的关键技术和可行性的基础上,提出采用临近抽蓄机组调相运行为特高压直流提供无功电压支撑的运行方式。以浙江电网宾金直流和邻近的抽蓄机组为例,仿真分析了抽蓄机组采用调相运行方式后在交流系统短路等典型故障下对宾金直流的支撑作用,验证了特定工况下可以采用抽蓄机组调相运行来提升直流运行的可靠性进而提升多馈入直流的浙江电网安全、可靠运行水平。     

南方电网连锁故障大扰动及应对措施

南方电网大容量、远距离、交直流并联送电,结构性稳定问题十分突出。基于南方电网的特点和运行经验,分析了南方电网目前主要面临的4类连锁故障风险:特高压、高压直流双极闭锁扰动引发的连锁故障风险,极端天气导致的多重线路故障风险,主设备故障叠加继电保护隐性障碍引发的多元件跳闸风险和低频振荡引发的连锁故障风险;提出了三道防线协同配合防御策略,以及在线安全稳定控制技术、基于WAMS的稳定控制技术、RTDS大规模电网仿真技术和直流孤岛运行技术等新技术研发方向。     

HVDC和UPS供电系统在通信行业中的应用与分析

本文通过对传统UPS(Uninterruptible Power Supply,不间断电源)供电模式与HVDC(high-voltage directcurrent,高压直流)模式的对比分析,指出采用HVDC供电可以有效地改善机房供电质量,并以低投资、高可靠性、低运营成本等优势逐步成为运营商机房一种新的供电模式。     

Multi objective optimal allocation of fault current limiters in power system

Transmission systems, connection of distributed generation to the grid are increased due to increase in power demands. This fact causes the increase in short circuit level of power networks. The occurrence of fault in such networks leads to large short circuit currents throughout the system, which may exceed the rating of existing circuit breakers and can damage system equipment. There are some approaches to reduce this fault current such as power network reinforcement and utilization of fault current limiter (FCLs) in power systems. Power system reinforcement is too difficult if not impractical. Therefore, the utilization of FCLs can provide an effective way to suppress fault currents. The effectiveness of FCL depends on the number of FCLs and their installation location. In this paper, a novel approach is presented to determine the optimal number and location of FCLs to improve the power network reliability and fault current reduction based on different conflicting objective functions. IEEE 39 BUS system and IEEE 57 BUS system are considered to evaluate the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method. The objective functions considered for the optimal allocation are reliability of power system, economic impact and short circuit current reduction. Unlike what has been previously done in literature, in this paper Pareto based optimization algorithms, namely non-dominated sorting algorithm, multiobjective particle swarm optimization and multiobjective evolutionary algorithm based on decomposition, are utilized to deal with this problem. The use of these methods made it possible to obtain the Pareto optimal front in which these objective functions are optimized simultaneously.     

直流系统可靠性故障树评估模型及应用

直流系统可靠性评估已变得日益重要。利用故障树分析的相关理论,根据直流输电的基本原理,从引起直流系统故障的原因入手,建立了高压直流输电系统的故障树结构,所建立的故障树结构,考虑了引起系统失效的所有事件和换流站内元件存在备用的情况,是一种有效的可靠性评估算法。     

含风电场的多直流送出电网电磁暂态仿真建模

为准确分析含风电场的多直流送出的新型电网继电保护和谐波特性问题,针对宁夏电网宁东-浙江特高压直流输电投运后的2016年冬大运行方式,给出了基于PSCAD/EMTDC建立其电磁暂态仿真模型的方法。根据宁夏电网的特点,将仿真模型进行模块划分和接口定义,将整个电网划分为交流电网、风力发电和直流输电三大独立模块,定义了各模块之间的接口。分别对三大模块进行详细建模,给出了交流电网建模的分层分块原则。通过模块之间的接口将模块连接,构成宁夏电网全网的电磁暂态仿真模型。将仿真模型的稳态运行以及短路电流仿真结果与PSASP的计算结果比较,验证了模型的正确性。仿真结果表明,电磁暂态仿真模型能详细分析风电场和多回直流输电系统的暂态响应特性,能准确反映含风电场的多直流送出电网运行特性和故障特性,对研究该类型新型电网的继电保护和谐波传递问题具有重要意义。     

Optimal load shedding study of naval-ship power system using the Everett optimization technique

This paper reports an application of the Everett optimization technique for value-based load shedding in naval-ship power system with network constraints and application of reliability constraints. A new congestion analysis index—expected contingency margin (ECM), which considers the probability of disturbance, and reliability indices loss of load probability (LOLP) and expected unserved energy (EUE) are presented to filter the critical outage and congestion cases. The optimal load shedding scheme carried out using the Everett optimization technique uses a utility function, which addresses the cost of allocating pay-off while satisfying the network and reliability constraints and generation capacity limits. The algorithm search for the optimal λ to form a fair pricing mechanism, which produces maximum pay-off and minimum load shedding while, satisfying system constraints. The proposed approach is examined on naval-ship power system and detailed results are shown.     

基于SDH光网络的分层区域式保护通信系统的可靠性研究

为了满足电力系统广域保护的通信要求,并为电力系统广域保护网络的工程设计及通信系统的评估计算提供参考和理论依据,提出了基于SDH光网络的分层区域式保护通信系统的可靠性研究。根据SDH光网络通信原理和自愈环网的可靠性评价方法,运用状态空间法量化分析了传输链路区段的故障概率和可用度等指标,阐述了分层区域式保护通信主干网和区域网的可靠性研究方法,包括SDH自愈环网和星型网的可靠性模型及可用度评估、网络冗余和过程层设备组网结构等。例证分析表明,采用SDH自愈环网的通道保护功能可以减小光纤故障对整个环网可靠性的影响,而提高接口的可靠性则是保证SDH环网可靠性的关键。     

模型组合及其在直流输电系统可靠性评估中的应用

"西电东送"及全国电网互联的趋势加快了对直流输电问题的研究.高压直流输电系统的建模是研究直流输电问题的重点,若模型过于复杂,则不利于问题的研究.文章建立了高压直流输电系统中各子系统的数学模型,通过寻找子系统之间的微弱联系,将各子系统的模型进行层层组合,得到整个高压直流输电系统的等效模型,进而进行可靠性评估.文章还提出了模型组合及化解状态空间"维数灾"的方法,所得结论对高压直流输电、交直流输电及多馈入交直流输电系统的可靠性评估有一定指导意义.     

大电力系统可靠性评估的解析计算模型

该文导出了失负荷概率LOLP、失负荷频率LOLF和电力不足期望EDNS对元件可靠性参数的解析表达式,详细阐述了解析表达式中的系数K1~K4和D1、D2的实际物理意义。基于这些解析表达式,论文建立了一套完整的大电力系统可靠性指标对元件可靠性参数的灵敏度计算公式。利用可靠性指标的解析表达式不但可以高效精确地求取元件可靠性参数改变后的系统可靠性指标,而且可以得到系统可靠性指标对元件可靠性参数的函数曲线,开拓了通过解析方式计算大电力系统可靠性指标的新思路,在缓解计算灾方面取得了较大进展。应用可靠性指标的灵敏度公式则能有效地找到钳制系统可靠性的薄弱环节,可为电力系统规划和运行提供重要的指导意见。     

混合法在高压直流输电系统可靠性评估中的应用

在高压直流输电系统可靠性评估中，根据设备功能对高压直流输电系统的设备进行划分的方法虽然简单，但分类过于粗糙，对设备的失效模式进行了过多的简化。根据直流系统设备的功能和失效模式对直流系统子系统进行重新划分，在此基础上，提出了以系统状态转移抽样模拟法为基础并结合解析法，对高压直流输电系统进行可靠性评估的混合法。该方法先用解析法将含有备用相关性的设备简化为等效子系统，然后再对简化后的整个直流系统可靠性模型利用模拟法得到系统的可靠性指标。仿真计算了伊尔河直流系统的可靠性指标，验证了该算法的正确性和有效性。