基于相关型图像传感器的3D AAMs人脸特征自动定位

在基于相关型图像传感器（corre lation image sensor,CIS）三维人脸成像的基础上,利用由CIS得到的深度信息和与之对应的亮度信息,提出一种建立三维人脸模型的方法,将二维AAMs扩展为三维AAMs,融合人脸的形状,纹理和深度信息来构建三维人脸模型。同时,采用三维曲率对人脸特征进行初步定位来解决AAMs初始姿态参数选择问题。人脸面部定位实验证明此方法在不同人脸姿态,表情和光照条件下定位效果要优于传统的2DAAMs。     

基于三维人脸成像系统的复数域人脸识别方法

三维人脸识别是模式识别和人工智能领域的研究热点。提出了一种利用人脸图像的二维灰度信息和三维深度信息进行人脸识别的算法。首先利用相关型图像传感器构成三维实时人脸成像系统,并将获得的三维人脸物理数据用复数形式表达。再将特征脸（Eigenface）方法和Fisherface方法拓展到复数域,提出了复数域特征脸方法和复数域Fisherface方法。改进的复数域人脸识别方法在三维实时成像系统的人脸数据库中进行的人脸识别实验表明,复数域的三维人脸识别方法明显优于传统的人脸识别方法。     

基于二维Renyi交叉熵的刀具磨损图像分割

为了快速准确地完成刀具磨损检测系统中刀具磨损图像的分割,提出了分解的二维Renyi交叉熵刀具磨损图像阈值分割方法。首先引入Renyi交叉熵的定义,给出一维Renyi交叉熵阈值选取公式。然后推导出二维Renyi交叉熵阈值选取公式,并采用快速递推公式来降低阈值选取准则函数的计算复杂度。最后提出了二维Renyi交叉熵的分解算法,将二维Renyi交叉熵的运算转化为两个一维Renyi交叉熵的运算,使算法的运算量从O(L4)降为O(L)。针对不同类型的刀具磨损图像的实验表明,所提出的方法与基于粒子群优化的二维最大Shannon交叉熵法、基于粒子群优化的二维Renyi熵法、二维最小Tsallis交叉熵法相比,在分割效果和运行速度上均具有很大优势。     

利用分段式二维有限元法设计盘式永磁电机

提出了一种分段式二维有限元的方法来计算盘式电机的磁场分布和电机的反电势,以代替三维有限元方法,提高电机设计的效率.分别对扇形磁钢、圆形磁钢无定子铁心结构的盘式电机进行分析、计算,并对二维有限元法计算结果与三维有限元法进行对比分析,并设计研制了一台扇形磁钢的样机,以验证分段式二维法有限元法的正确性.     

双层Halbach永磁电机解析建模与优化

提出双层Halbach永磁电机的二维解析模型,模型中转子永磁包括内外两层,每层每极均由两块永磁构成,且每层中间磁块均为径向磁化。通过分区域求解标量磁位的微分方程,解析得到双层Halbach无槽电机的气隙磁场。利用卡特系数考虑齿槽作用,解析获得双层Halbach有槽电机的气隙磁场。接着,为优化气隙磁场波形,分别解析获得外层径向磁化磁块的最优极弧比和内层径向磁化磁块的最优极弧比,从而获得双层Halbach电机气隙磁场的优化解。计算结果表明,双层Halbach电机不仅气隙磁场和反电势的波形正弦度都优于单层Halbach电机,而且电磁转矩的波动更小,因此具有更好的电磁性能。二维有限元法与二维解析法计算结果一致性较好,验证了二维解析模型的正确性。     

Cellular neural networks with opposite‐sign templates for image thinning

This paper presents image thinning algorithms using cellular neural networks (CNNs) with one‐ or two‐dimensional opposite‐sign templates (OSTs) as well as non‐unity gain output functions. Two four‐layer CNN systems with one‐dimensional (1‐D) OSTs are proposed for image thinning with 4‐ or 8‐connectivity, respectively. A CNN system, which consists of an eight‐layer CNN with two‐dimensional (2‐D) OSTs followed by another four‐layer CNN with 2‐D OSTs, is constructed for image thinning with 8‐connectivity, in which designs of B‐ and I‐templates are simpler than in CNNs with 1‐D OSTs. In the aforementioned designs, parameter values of 1‐D OSTs are chosen to make CNNs operate with thinning‐like property 1 (TL‐1), and those of 2‐D OSTs with 2‐D thinning‐like property (2‐DTL). Simulation studies show that these CNN systems have a good image thinning performance. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

数字模拟技术分析及微机通道的设计

Ａ／Ｄ和Ｄ／Ａ技术是计算机实时控制系统中的重要组成部分．外界的模拟量（如电压、电流等），只有经过Ａ／Ｄ转换为数字量计算机才能接受，加工、处理；同时，只有经过Ｄ／Ａ转换才能使计算机控制各类伺服系统（如调压、调温等）以达到实时控制之目的．根据实际系统的要求和Ｄ／Ａ、Ａ／Ｄ芯片建立微机通道，在特定接口的基础上用软件支持这种转换的完成，同时，给出了一种用Ａ／Ｄ，Ｄ／Ａ进行正道变换的实用系统．系统的设计方法对建立各自模拟系统的读者有一定的借鉴和启迪作用．     

Intersegment mismatch mitigation with multidimensional dynamic element matching digital to analog converters

In this paper, a two‐dimensional dynamic element matching digital to analog converter (2D DEM DAC) is proposed having less design complexity compared to the conventional 2D DEM DAC. A novel unit element selection algorithm is presented in order to alleviate the need for consecutive elements selection that is mandatory in the conventional 2D DEM DAC. The flexibility of this algorithm leads to the introduction of a generalized multidimensional DEM DAC applicable to any resolutions. The multidimensional structure mitigates intersegment mismatch error and improves the spurious‐free dynamic range (SFDR) and intermodulation distortion (IMD). A 12‐bit 2D DEM DAC is simulated in 65‐nm CMOS process using the digital return‐to‐zero (DRZ) technique with 1.2 V of supply voltage and power dissipation of 26 mW. The simulation results show 63.4‐ and 60.71‐dB SFDR at near DC and Nyquist frequency, respectively, and <?61‐dB IMD with 1.25‐GHz sampling frequency.     

基于多种群遗传算法的D2D通信终端数量的优化

端到端的直连通信(device to device,D2D)能有效提高网络容量.针对D2D通信所能容纳的终端数量问题,提出一种基于多种群遗传算法的容量优化方法.由于传统蜂窝网移动终端对D2D用户的干扰,以及复用同一频率的D2D终端之间的同频干扰,严重影响了可接入D2D终端的数量.本文提出的基于多种群遗传算法能快速调整资源分配方案,有效减少同频干扰,显著提高网络所能容纳的终端数量.仿真结果表明,相比于标准遗传算法和随机分配算法,基于多种群遗传算法的资源分配方案能通过快速分配合理信道资源降低系统中总的干扰,有效提高终端的接入数量,显著提升了系统的总吞吐量.     

Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging with radial scanning: a post-acquisition keyhole approach

A method—PA-keyhole—for 2D/3D dynamic magnetic resonance imaging with radial scanning is proposed. PA-keyhole exploits the inherent strong oversampling in the center of k-space, which contains crucial temporal information regarding contrast evolution. The method is based on: (1) a rearrangement of the temporal order of 2D/3D isotropic distributions of trajectories during the scan into subdistributions according to the desired time resolution, (2) a new post-acquisition keyhole approach based on the replacement of the central disk/sphere in k-space using data solely from a subdistribution, and (3) reconstruction of 2D/3D dynamic (time-resolved) images using 2D/3D-gridding with Pipe's approach to the sampling density compensation and 2D/3D-IFFT. The scan time is not increased with respect to a conventional 2D/3D radial scan of the same spatial resolution; in addition, one benefits from the dynamic information. The abilities of PA-keyhole and the sliding window techniques to restore simulated dynamic contrast changes are compared. Results are shown both for 2D and 3D dynamic imaging using experimental data. An application to in-vivo ventilation of rat lungs using hyperpolarized helium is demonstrated. Electronic Publication     

虚拟气隙在轴向磁通永磁电机三维有限元计算中的应用研究

轴向磁通电机的结构特点导致其难以进行二维有限元建模和计算,三维有限元计算又较为耗时。该文提出虚拟气隙,并将其应用于轴向磁通电机三维有限元模型中,通过改变气隙材料的相对磁导率,实现在有限元模型中任意改变气隙长度,进而更灵活地控制网格剖分。对比采用实际气隙和虚拟气隙的电机气隙磁密和反电势,结果表明采用虚拟气隙可以实现在保证计算精度的同时,缩短计算时间。虚拟气隙的引入为轴向磁通电机三维有限元计算提供了新思路。     

有限解析单元法求解运动导体涡流场

使用线性有限元法求解运动导体涡流场,当单元Ｐｅｃｌｅｃ数大于１时数值解产生伪振荡。为克服这一困难,提出一处新的“有限解析单元法”,其基本思想是：在单元内构造满足节点条件 局部解析解或局部近似解析解作为形状函数,使用加权九法建立有限元方程。利用此方法研究了一维和二维运动导体时谐涡流问题,得到了很好的效果,初步验证了该方法的有效性。     

多极横向磁场电机三维有限元模型与分析

横向磁场电机 (TFM)是一种新型电机,具有输出力密度大、电磁负荷解耦、设计灵活等特点。但是该种电机磁路比较复杂,无法用二维方法对磁场进行精确分析,而需采用三维方法。文章推导了应用标量磁位对含有电流的区域进行三维分析的方法,并基于该方法利用软件对一台多极TFM样机进行分析。针对样机的结构特点,对电机模型作较大简化,从而大大降低了建模和计算的时间,提高了分析效率。     

Numerical analysis on thermal characteristics for chip scale package by integrating 2D/3D models

The objective of this paper is to investigate stress and strain of a special scale package‐substrate on chip for reliability evaluation or manufacture strategy in deep‐seated situation. A two‐dimensional model with one‐half of cross‐section (2D model) and a three‐dimensional model with one‐fourth of whole package (3D model) were built, respectively, to simulate the thermal stress and strain of CSP‐SOC under the condition of the standard industry thermal cycling temperature −40 to125°C. The different locations can be processed by using the two models, respectively, based on different modeling simplified modes. By using 2D model, the numerical simulation shows that the maximum deformation of the prototype occurs in printed circuit board (PCB), the maximum stress and strain occurs in the outer solder balls. In the meantime, by the results of 3D model, the simulation shows that the maximum elastic strain occurs in the interface between the solder balls and PCB, the minimum strain occurs in the underfill tape, the maximum packaging stress occurs in the edge area of the chip. The result from 3D model maybe more impersonal to reflect the stress and strain characteristics because the third direction is considered in modeling. The analysis by integrating the 2D model and 3D model can get a more comprehensive profile for the thermal investigation of chip scale package (CSP) than by using any single model. The investigation built a basis for improving reliability in engineering design of CSP product. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Theoretical characterization of multilayer photonic crystals having a 2D periodicity

We present a new, very accurate and fast model of photonic bandgap (PBG) structure characterized by a two‐dimensional (2D) periodic change of the refractive index and finite height, therefore named quasi 3D PBG. The new model is based on the Floquet–Bloch formalism and allows to find all the propagation characteristics including the space harmonics and the total field distribution, the propagation constants, the guided and radiated power and modal loss induced by the 2D grating. A clear explanation of the physical phenomena occurring when a wave propagates inside the 2D periodic structure is presented, including the photonic bandgap formation and the radiation effects. The approach does not require any theoretical approximation, and can be applied to study rigorously any PBG‐based multilayer structures. We have applied the model to investigate several structures for both optical and microwave applications. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Two-dimensional MR spectroscopy of healthy and cancerous prostates in vivo

Objectives  A major goal of this article is to summarize the current status of evaluating prostate metabolites non-invasively using spatially resolved two-dimensional (2D) MR Spectroscopy (MRS). Materials and Methods  Due to various technical challenges, the spatially resolved versions of 2D MRS techniques are currently going through the developmental stage. During the last decade, four different versions of 2D MRS sequences have been successfully implemented on 3T and 1.5T MRI scanners manufactured by three different vendors. These sequences include half and maximum echo sampled J-resolved spectroscopy (JPRESS), S-PRESS and L-COSY, which are single volume localizing sequences, and the multi-voxel based JPRESS sequence. Results  Even though greater than 1ml voxels have been used, preliminary evaluations of 2D JPRESS, S-PRESS and L-COSY sequences have demonstrated unambiguous detection of citrate, creatine, choline, spermine and more metabolites in human prostates. ProFIT-based quantitation of JPRESS and L-COSY data clearly shows the superiority of 2D MRS over conventional one-dimensional (1D) MRS and more than six metabolites have been successfully quantified. These sequences have been evaluated in a small group of prostate pathologies and pilot investigations using these sequences show promising results in prostate pathologies. Conclusion  Implementation of the state-of-the-art 2D MRS techniques and preliminary evaluation in prostate pathologies are discussed in this review. Even though these techniques are going through developmental and early testing phases, it is evident that 2D MRS can be easily added on to any clinical Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) protocol to non-invasively record the biochemical contents of the prostate.     

融合相机与激光雷达的目标检测与尺寸测量

针对三维场景下的目标检测与尺寸测量任务,设计了一种融合激光雷达和相机传感器的三维目标检测和尺寸测量算 法。 使用基于卷积神经网络的二维目标检测器提取目标的二维检测框,结合图像中的二维检测框和几何投影关系获取包含物 体的三维视锥点云,由欧氏聚类方法获得物体的聚类点云,实现了物体的三维目标检测。 提出了基于目标二维检测框的改进尺 寸测量方案以替代原有点云聚类后得到的三维框信息,提高了物体尺寸测量的精度。 在现有数据集上评估测试了目标检测与 尺寸测量的精度,实验结果表明,二维目标检测器 YOLOv7 在检测数据集上的平均检测精度达到了 81%,改进尺寸测量方案在 物体尺寸测量时的测量误差在 5%以内,对于较远物体或较小物体的目标检测和尺寸测量也具有很好的效果。     

基于二次规划的2D FIR滤波器设计

本文提出了一种新型的基于McClenllan变换和二次规划的2D FIR滤波器设计方法.该方法使用McClenllan变换来实现从1D原型滤波器向2D滤波器的频率映射.在设计过程中,使用二次规划方法来求解McClenllan变换的最优系数,通过对二次规划使用一些限制条件,避免了传统的尺度变换问题.与传统的2D FIR滤波器设计方法相比,该方法使映射中1D FIR通带截止频率和阻带截止频率两点误差平方和达到最小,通过实际的扇形滤波器和菱形滤波器设计证明,本文的基于二次规划的方法是一种有效的2D FIR滤波器设计方法.     

A new two-dimensional analytical subthreshold behavior model for submicron Triple Material Gate (TM) GaN MESFET

A new two-dimensional (2D) analytical model for a Triple Material Gate (TM) GaN MESFET has been proposed and modeled to suppress the short channel effects and improve the subthreshold behavior. The analytical model is based on a two-dimensional analysis of the channel potential, threshold voltage and subthreshold swing factor for TM GaN MESFET is developed. The aim of this work is to demonstrate the improved subthreshold electrical performances exhibited by TM GaN MESFET over dual material gate and conventional single material gate MESFET. The results so obtained are verified and validated by the good agreement found with the 2D numerical simulations using the ATLAS device simulation software. The models developed in this paper will be very helpful to understand the device behavior in subthreshold regime for future circuit applications.     

A method for measuring the 3‐D shape of objects with nonuniformly reflective surfaces

A method has been developed for measuring the shapes of 3‐D objects whose surfaces have regions of different reflectance. The 3‐D coordinates of the object sections are obtained by triangulation with a light‐section method, using a slit light source and a CCD camera. A CCD camera with an expanded dynamic range is employed to reduce the influence of reflection from uneven surfaces. The CCD camera expands the dynamic range by combining multiple images captured at different shutter speeds. A trial 3‐D shape measurement system has been produced using our method. The effectiveness of the method was confirmed experimentally. © 1998 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng. Jpn, 126(2): 40–47, 1999