Winding Capacitance Dividing Method for Powerformer

It presents a method which can equivalently arrange the capacitance distribution along with the winding of the generator on the terminal and neutral respectively in a reasonable partition,particularly for a type of high-voltage graded insulated cable wound generator,Powerformer.The winding of the Powerformer adopts graded insulation,which leads to the various cable thicknesses in different portion of the winding,and thus,the uneven capacitance distribution.The large capacitive currents and large transient outrush currents resulting from the cable consisting of the stator winding of Powerformer may cause problems to the generator differential protection.Most of literatures available in the field of compensated differential protection focus on the charging current compensation for long transmission line,instead of for generator.The authors give a method which can be used to compensate the capacitive current wholly to improve the reliability of the differential protection of Powerformer.It is proved that the distributed capacitance can be equivalent as the lump circuit with a capacitance partition coefficient ρ,and ρ is proved as a constant no matter whether the generator experiences the normal operation,external phase(s) fault or internal phase(s) fault.The formula of the partition coefficient is provided and the corresponding equivalent circuit of the Powerformer cable to calculate capacitance currents is given.An analysis programming resolving the minimum value of the coefficient ρ is written in MATLAB 7.0/m according to this formula,using the function fmincon() which can work in any type of constraint condition.The program always gets the same global minimum points under the different initial values condition which proves our point by mathematical test.With this new approach to winding capacitance dividing method,the protection scheme used for Powerformer can be validated and improved accordingly.     

Impact Analyses of Wind Farm on Performances ofTransmission Line Relay Protection

A simulation system for power grid with concentrated large-scale wind farm integration is established based on the electro-magnetic transient model of wind turbine equipped with doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG),which is built by real-time digital simulator (RTDS).Using the hardware communication interface of RTDS,a closed-loop testing experiment is accomplished to study the impacts of large-scale wind farms on the existing relay protection devices for wind farm outgoing transmission line.This paper points out problems existing in current relay protection devices as follows:fault phase selector can select unwanted phase due to the changes of fault features caused by special network connection of wind farms;blocking condition for distance protections needs to be re-examined due to the weak power-feed characteristics of wind farms;and power frequency parameter based relay protection devices cannot accurately operate due to the special transient voltage and current characteristics of wind farms during fault period.Results lay the foundation for improving the performances of the existing relay protection device and developing new principle relay protection.     

Equivalent model of multi-type distributed generators under faults with fast-iterative calculation method based on improved PSO algorithm

There are various types of distributed generators (DGs) with diferent grid integration strategies. The transient char? acteristics of the fault currents provided by the DGs are diferent to those of conventional synchronous generators. In this paper, a distribution network with multi-type DGs is investigated, including consideration of DG low-voltage ride through (LVRT). The fault current characteristics of two typical DGs, i.e. an inverter-interfaced distributed generator (IIDG) and a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG), are analyzed, considering the specifc operation modes. Based on analysis of the fault characteristics, an equivalent model of the multi-type DGs under symmetrical/asymmetrical fault conditions is established. A fast-iterative fault calculation method for enhancing the calculation efciency while avoid? ing local convergence is then proposed using an improved particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. A simula? tion system of the distribution network with multi-type DGs is established in PSCAD/EMTDC. The simulation results validate the high accuracy and calculation efciency of the proposed calculation method of the fault components. This can assist in the settings of the protection threshold.     

基于支持向量机的配电网过电压模式识别(英文)

The internal and external overvoltage in distribution networks is the main reason of accidents. Based on overvoltage data in distribution network recorded by overvoltage on-line monitoring system, this paper analyzes the characteristics of zero sequence voltage waveform. The maximum amplitude and RMS value of zero sequence voltage, the minimum RMS of low frequency component of three phase voltage in stable range and other five parameters are selected as characteristic parameters to identify internal and external overvoltage. According to the operation data and record, all overvoltage data recorded by on-line monitoring system were labeled as internal or external overvoltage and the discrimination function is constructed by support vector machine method. The test results of field acquired overvoltage data indicate that the identification parameters and method based on the zero sequence voltage and support vector machine (SVM) are correct and effective.     

Analysis of low voltage ride-through capability and optimal control strategy of doubly-fed wind farms under symmetrical fault

Given the “carbon neutralization and carbon peak” policy, enhancing the low voltage ride-through (LVRT) capability of wind farms has become a current demand to ensure the safe and stable operation of power systems in the context of a possible severe threat of large-scale disconnection caused by wind farms. Currently, research on the LVRT of wind farms mainly focuses on suppressing rotor current and providing reactive current support, while the impact of active current output on LVRT performance has not been thoroughly discussed. This paper studies and reveals the relationship between the limit of reactive current output and the depth of voltage drop during LVRT for doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) based wind farms. Specifcally, the reactive current output limit of the grid-side converter is independent of the depth of voltage drop, and its limit is the maximum current allowed by the converter, while the reactive current output limit of the DFIG stator is a linear function of the depth of voltage drop. An optimized scheme for allocating reactive current among the STATCOM, DFIG stator, and grid-side converter is proposed. The scheme maximizes the output of active current while satisfying the standard requirements for reactive current output. Compared to traditional schemes, the proposed LVRT optimization strategy can output more active power during the LVRT period, efectively suppressing the rate of rotor speed increase, and improving the LVRT performance and fault recovery capability of wind farms. Simulation results verify the efectiveness of the proposed scheme.     

带并联电抗器的交流特高压输电线路单相自适应重合闸故障识别方法(英文)

In order to avoid single-phase adaptive reclosure overlap in a permanent fault,accurate identification of the fault types on transmission line is necessary.We present a fault nature identification method for ultra-high voltage alternating current(UHVAC) transmission lines with shunt reactor.The voltage amplitude ratios of the neutral small reactance voltage to terminal voltage under transient fault and permanent fault are calculated.The significant differences of the ratio under the two faults have been analyzed.It is found that the ratio can be a criterion to distinguish the fault type,transient or permanent,accurately.Additionally,we also proposed a method that delays a beat frequency oscillation cycle to decide the fault types for the existence of beat frequency oscillation which will cause misidentification on transient faults.Abundant simulation results of ATP/EMTP show that the voltage amplitude ratio under transient fault is between 0.6 and 0.7,which is bigger than 2.5,the ratio under permanent fault.     

ANN based directional relaying scheme forprotection of Korba-Bhilai transmission lineof Chhattisgarh state

As it is crucial to protect the transmission line from inevitable faults consequences, intelligent scheme must be employed for immediate fault detection and classification. The application of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to detect the fault, identify it’s section, and classify the fault on transmission lines with improved zone reach setting is presented in this article. The fundamental voltage and current magnitudes obtained through Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) are specified as the inputs to the ANN. The relay is placed at section-2 which is the prime section to be protected. The ANN was trained and tested using diverse fault datasets; obtained from the simulation of different fault scenarios like different types of fault at varying fault inception angles, fault locations and fault resistances in a 400 kV, 216 km power transmission network of CSEB between Korba-Bhilai of Chhattisgarh state using MATLAB. The simulation outcomes illustrated that the entire shunt faults including forward and reverse fault, it’s section and phase can be accurately identified within a half cycle time. The advantage of this scheme is to provide a major protection up to 99.5% of total line length using single end data and furthermore backup protection to the forward and reverse line sections. This routine protection system is properly discriminatory, rapid, robust, enormously reliable and incredibly responsive to isolate targeted fault.     

A Dynamic Reactive Power Control for DFIG Wind Turbines andIts Impacts on Distribution Protections

With the increasing penetration of distributed generations(DGs)into power grids,the fault ride-through ability of DG is attracting more and more attention.Recent grid codes require a DG to maintain its connection with the grid during grid faults and to play an active role in the recovery of grid voltage.This paper chooses the doublyfed induction generator(DFIG)as the typical wind turbine for study.Firstly,a dynamic reactive power control strategy is proposed to improve the fault ride-through characteristic of a DFIG.The contributions of a DFIG to the fault current under the dynamic reactive power control and the Crowbar control are analyzed and compared based on the mathematical expressions and control behaviors.The impacts of a DFIG under two control strategies on distribution protections are discussed.Studies show that although a DFIG under the dynamic reactive power control provides more fault current component than one under the Crowbar control,its impacts on distribution protections are acceptable.Finally,a 10kV distribution network with a DFIG is simulated in PowerFactory DIgSILENT.The simulation results prove the correctness of above theoretical analysis.     

Fault-line selection and fault-typerecognition in DC systems based on graphtheory

When a fault occurs in a DC system, the fault current rises rapidly with no zero-crossing point which makes fault-line selection and fault-type identification difficult. In this paper, an online detection and protection method based on graph theory, namely the “double D method”, is proposed for fault-line selection and fault-type identification in DC systems. In the proposed method, the entire distribution network is visualized as a “map” with vertices representing the line convergence points and edges representing the connection lines. A network topology matrix “D” is formed by detecting the current directions as the current directions are altered following a fault, whereas the current directions at the ends of non-fault lines remain the same. In order to prevent misjudgment problems arising from power flow reversal, the rates of change of the fault currents are used to further determine whether a fault has occurred and the “double D method” is introduced to identify the fault type. Simulations results with different fault types verify the effectiveness and reliability of the proposed method.     

雷电保护装置的有效性研究(英文)

In addition to the conventional Franklin Rod,many non-conventional air terminals are being used as lightning protection devices.As cited in previous works,these non-conventional devices emit space charge in the vicinity of the terminals during the process of lightning stroke.A number of factors affect the performance of these lightning protection devices,among them are geometry and dimension of the devices,location of the device above the ground,height of the cloud above the ground,and polarity of the lightning stroke.The performance of these lightning protection devices has been a topic of discussion by researchers for many years.Some studies focused on the magnitude of emission current from these devices as a criterion to evaluate their performances.The critical flashover voltage(CFO)between the devices and a metal screen simulating cloud can also be used as another criterion to evaluate the performance of the devices.Laboratory measurements were conducted in controlled conditions on different types of lightning protection devices to compare their performance.Four different types of devices were used in the present study:Franklin Rod,TerraStat models TS 100,TS 400,and Spline Ball Ionizer.The study focused on the CFO voltage of the air gap between devices and the metal screen.The CFO voltage was evaluated using standard switching and lightning impulses.The measurements were recorded for positive as well as negative polarity.The air gap between the devices and metal screen was selected at 2 m and 3 m.The results obtained provide a better understanding of the electrical performance of lightning protection devices.     

妈湾电厂300 MW机组内部故障保护动作分析

介绍了在妈湾电厂1号300MW机组运行的RCS－985发变组保护装置的配置及差动保护原理。针对2001年6月11日主变高压侧C0内部故障,从装置录下的波形数据着手,对故障发生的全过程以及保护装置的正确动作进行了分析。     

直接并网的中小型发电机定子接地保护

指出了现有中小型发电机定子接地保护原理的不足.详细阐述了在发电机中性点不接地和经消弧线圈接地2种情况下,分别在系统侧单相接地和定子接地时机端零序电流和零序电压的方向关系.提出了基于零序电流与零序电压方向关系以及基于零序差流与零序电压方向关系的新型的定子接地保护原理.通过试验和现场运行情况表明了该保护原理的可行性.     

一起发电机定子接地事故的分析处理

文中介绍了华能铜川电厂发电机100%定子接地保护的原理及构成,一起发电机定子接地事故分析及处理过程,并对机端零序电压和中性点零序电压差异较大问题进行分析,发现原因是发电机中性点接地变压器二次抽头接线错误,并通过试验对此进行了验证。指出了出现这种问题的原因,是启动试验过程中没有采用实际发电机零序电压来检查零序电压回路的正确性,建议在启动过程中增加发电机定子接地试验项目来彻底杜绝此类问题发生。     

基于数学形态学的发电机定子绕组接地保护的研究

针对常用的发电机定子单相接地保护用于扩大单元接线时不具备选择性的问题,利用数学形态学对信号奇异性的检测功能和滤波特性,提出一种比较故障时机端零序电压和零序电流的突变极性来识别故障的新方法,经大量PSCAD仿真验证该保护方法能有效检测定子单相接地故障和准确判断故障发电机,且与发电机中性点接地方式无关。     

大型发电机定子接地保护灵敏度分析与整定计算

对大型发电机定子接地保护灵敏度进行了分析，提出了两段式发电机基波零序电压定子接地保护的概念：低定值动作发信号，高定值动作跳闸停机。并阐述了大型发电机定子接地保护的整定及各定子接地保护整定值的配合关系。通过发电机定子接地保护之间的相互配合，在整个发电机定子绕组范围内发生单相接地故障时，发电机定子接地保护均能灵敏地动作。     

Wavelet-based directional stator ground fault protection for generator

This paper introduces a wavelet-based stator ground fault protection scheme with selectivity for generator. It is found that the WT results of the measured zero sequence current at the terminals, zero sequence voltages at the neutral and the terminals of a fault generator, especially the modulus maxima, contain important information. It can be used to discriminate the generator stator ground fault. By applying the zero sequence current, the proposed scheme can detect if the fault is in the internal generator or out of the generator. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme was verified both in the experiment and in the field. Investigation results show that the scheme can detect the ground fault with high sensitivity and selectivity during all operating conditions.     

新型发电机100%定子单相接地保护方案

提出了基于B样条半正交小波的新型发电机定子单相接地保护方案。通过直接对机端和中性点两侧的测量电压进行小波变换，无需对测量电压中基波零序和三次谐波零序电压进行算法分离，利用其合成量的小波分析结果，可靠识别出发电机定子接地故障。由于综合利用了故障电压的突变奇异性，新方案能保护100%范围的定子绕组，灵敏度也大大提高。仿真研究和动模试验均表明，该方案在各种运行方式（包括强励）下均能取得很好的保护性能。     

水电站主变压器高压侧接地故障传递电压对发电机定子接地保护的影响

发电厂主变压器大接地系统高压侧发生接地故障时,故障点零序电压会经主变压器高低压绕组间耦合电容传递到发电机侧,因此在整定发电机基波零序电压定子接地保护定值时需校验该传递电压的影响。结合锦屏二级水电站的运行参数,阐述了主变压器高压侧接地故障传递电压的计算方法,校核了发电机基波零序电压定子接地保护定值的正确性。     

大型水轮发电机定子接地保护方案及灵敏度分析

以三峡水轮发电机的参数为仿真计算实例,对基波和三次谐波电压原理的水轮发电机各种定子接地保护方案进行了灵敏度的对比分析,在此基础上提出基于故障分量的定子接地保护方案。研究表明,只要取出保证计算精度的故障分量,该方案将能满足三峡电站发电机定子接地保护的灵敏度要求。     

汽轮发电机定子接地保护方案及灵敏度分析

用数字仿真方法对零序（基波和三次谐波）电压原理的发电机定子接地保护进行分析,比较各种原理三次谐波电压保护的优缺点,指出微机定子接地保护在灵敏度和可靠性方面的优越性。