基于超导储能的电力系统静态安全性在线评估

研究了超导储能(SMES)技术在电力系统静态安全性在线评估方面的应用。与SMES在电力系统中的其他应用(如储能和电力系统稳定控制等)不同，这种新的应用利用SMES灵活的能量输出方式，输出特定波形的功率信号作为扰动源，在不影响电力系统安全运行的前提下，激起系统在此工作点的振荡模式，通过对电力系统各节点频率响应曲线的检测和分析，得到潮流或结构变化时振荡模式的变化，从而进行在线的电力系统静态安全监测和评估。     

基于灵敏度法的SMES安装位置实用化方法

着重探讨了超导储能(SMES)装置治理晃电时的最优安装位置的问题,在潮流计算的基础上确定了受晃电影响明显的系统节点。建立了基于灵敏度法的SMES安装位置灵敏度指标,对受影响节点进行灵敏度分析,通过灵敏度指标的综合对比与分析,获取了基于灵敏度的SMES装置最优安装地点方法。通过大型企业配电系统仿真验证,验证了所提方法的有效性。所述方法可以推广应用于各种配电系统的晃电治理中。     

选择最佳TCSC安装地点提高电力系统电压稳定性

选择最佳的FACTS安装地点以提高电力系统的电压稳定性是一个重要而又实际的问题。负荷裕度是一种被一致认可的基本的电压稳定指标，文中推导了负荷裕度对线路电抗的灵敏度，该灵敏度可以被用来衡量在不同线路上装设TCSC提高电压稳定性的效用，文中以此为指标选择最佳TCSC的安装地点。该方法对系统的模型没有特殊要求，因而诸如负荷电压特性之类对电压稳定影响较大的因素可被考虑在内，从而提高了结果的准确性和实用性。最后在IEEE 14节点系统中应用该方法，证明了所提方法是有效的。     

基于最小奇异值灵敏度的电压稳定薄弱节点研究

最小奇异值作为静态电压稳定指标已广泛应用于电力系统的稳定分析之中。在最小奇异值分析的基础上，给出了最小奇异值对负荷功率的灵敏度，提出将最小奇异值灵敏度用于薄弱节点的分析及无功补偿点的确定。以IEEE57节点系统为例，在考虑负荷平均增长的情况下，分析了负荷变化对最小奇异值的影响，确定了系统薄弱区域及最弱节点，算例表明在所确定的最弱节点处进行无功补偿，可更有效地提高系统电压水平和电压稳定性。     

基于超导储能的小扰动动态安全在线评估

利用超导储能(SMES)技术进行电力系统小扰动动态安全在线监测和评估是该技术在电力系统中的一种新应用.基于改进的Levy曲线拟合方法,文中建立了3阶7变量的局部传递函数拟合模型,通过对系统频域响应曲线峰值的拟合,获得了峰值对应模式的阻尼和频率特性,形成了小扰动安全的在线评估算法.通过EPRI-36节点系统的模式特征值与响应曲线峰值拟合结果的对比分析,说明了该算法的有效性和适用性.     

综合灵敏度和静态电压稳定裕度的直流受端交流系统电压薄弱区域评估方法

提出综合无功-电压灵敏度与静态电压稳定裕度的直流受端交流系统电压薄弱区域评估方法,并在灵敏度及静态电压稳定计算中计及了负荷静态电压特性。以计及负荷静态电压特性的交直流电力系统潮流方程为基础,计算交流节点电压相对于直流落点无功功率的灵敏度;基于连续潮流法,计算计及负荷静态电压特性的直流受端交流系统静态电压稳定裕度,综合这2个指标识别电压薄弱区域。并进一步地比较了不同ZIP负荷占比、不同直流控制方式对直流落点近区交流系统电压薄弱区域评估的影响。     

考虑暂态电压稳定的低压减载地点选择

提出一种考虑暂态电压稳定的低压减载最佳地点的选择方法。在电力系统微分代数方程模型中,系统轨迹碰到奇异面对应着系统发生暂态电压失稳,可以通过切负荷控制使得奇异面远离系统轨迹,从而避免发生电压崩溃。奇异面移动的距离可以看做评估控制效果的一个指标。用文中提出的灵敏度分析方法计算这一指标对于节点负荷的灵敏度,根据灵敏度大小选择低压减载装置的最佳地点。在IEEE 39节点系统中进行了仿真验证,结果说明所提出的低压减载地点选择方法合理有效。     

具有综合负荷模拟的暂态稳定裕度灵敏度分析

负荷的模拟对暂态稳定分析结果有十分重要的影响。常用的负荷模拟方法是恒定阻抗模拟和综合负荷模拟。结合时域仿真，提出了具有综合负荷模拟的暂态过程中发电机加速面积、减速面积、减速功率（稳定裕度）对网络节点有功无功及变压器变化的灵敏度分析方法，提出的灵敏度分析方法能够得出大扰动下非线性微分方程组状态变量解在任意时刻的灵敏度，当变量不是很大时，一阶灵敏度具有较好的精度，暂态稳定裕度灵敏度能用于暂稳控制装置地点选择、安全校正再调度中系统稳定裕度约束和在线稳定监示。     

一种提高电力系统静态电压稳定裕度的切负荷算法

电力系统运行过程中发现静态电压稳定裕度低于临界值时,应及时采取控制措施以提高静态电压稳定裕度。给出一种电力系统静态电压稳定裕度的在线估计和提高静态电压稳定裕度的切负荷算法。该方法首先利用节点静态电压稳定指标（voltage stability index,VSI）识别出系统的薄弱节点,然后通过电压幅值优化来提高薄弱节点的电压幅值进而达到提高静态电压稳定裕度的目的。我国某实际682节点系统的仿真表明所提切负荷方法具有计算量小、速度快等特点。     

储能装置提高电力系统暂态稳定最优位置安装

超导储能装置可以很好地改善电力系统暂态稳定性。研究了储能装置的数学模型,运用特征值关于负荷变化的灵敏度方法找出最佳安装地点,分析了储能装置在不同安装地点对系统暂态稳定性的影响,并给出了效果对比分析,对储能装置实际应用具有一定的指导意义。     

Formulation, computation and improvement of steady state security margins in power systems. Part II: Results

A steady state security margin for a particular operating point can be defined as the distance from this initial point to the secure operating limits of the system. Four of the most used steady state security margins are the power flow feasibility margin, the contingency feasibility margin, the load margin to voltage collapse, and the total transfer capability between system areas. This is the second part of a two part paper. Part I has proposed a novel framework of a general model able to formulate, compute and improve any steady state security margin. In Part II the performance of the general model is validated by solving a variety of practical situations in modern real power systems. Actual examples of the Spanish power system will be used for this purpose. The same computation and improvement algorithms outlined in Part I have been applied for the four security margins considered in the study, outlining the convenience of defining a general framework valid for the four of them. The general model is used here in Part II to compute and improve: (a) the power flow feasibility margin (assessing the influence of the reactive power generation limits in the Spanish power system), (b) the contingency feasibility margin (assessing the influence of transmission and generation capacity in maintaining a correct voltage profile), (c) the load margin to voltage collapse (assessing the location and quantity of loads that must be shed in order to be far away from voltage collapse) and (d) the total transfer capability (assessing the export import pattern of electric power between different areas of the Spanish system).     

Power system stabilizing control by a superconducting magnetic energy storage with a high-speed phase shifter

Electric power demand has increased rapidly and this is expected to continue. Undamped power swings with low frequency tend to occur in large power systems with complex configuration. Therefore, several stabilizing control schemes, e.g., a power system stabilizer (PSS), have already been investigated. On the other hand, superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) is expected to be an effective apparatus in power systems since any SMES located in power systems is capable of leveling load demand, compensating for load changes, maintaining bus voltages and stabilizing power swings. The effectiveness of each function, however, depends upon the location of the SMES in the power system because output power from the SMES is distributed according to the impedance ratio of the transmission line at the SMES location. Therefore, it is difficult for SMES to serve two different purposes simultaneously. This paper proposes a combination of SMES with a high-speed phase shifter (HSPS). The HSPS, which consists of a phase shift transformer and a set of power converters, is capable of controlling the power flow of the transmission line by adjusting the phase angle of a phase shift transformer. Therefore, it is expected that the combination of SMES and HSPS can realize a highly effective controller independent of its location. Numerical examples demonstrate that the proposed apparatus located far from a generator in a long distance bulk power transmission system is capable of stabilizing the power swing as effectively as the SMES located at a generator terminal. In addition, the effectiveness of both load change compensation and power system stabilization is confirmed numerically.     

基于知识发现技术的电网安全分析新思路

提出了一种层次型结构的知识发现技术并应用于电网在线安全分析,此模型采用稳态潮流信息作为输入。离线训练环节中,首先应用特征裁减技术以保留尽可能多的与电网安全强关联的信息为前提,实现了原始高维输入空间的有效降维。随后,运用知识发现技术在降维后的特征空间中提取了规则形式的电网安全评估知识。在线引用知识推理即可根据事实运行潮流信息快速判断电网的安全状态和薄弱环节。     

A robust SMES controller design for stabilization of inter-area oscillations based on wide area synchronized phasor measurements

This paper proposes a robust power controller design of superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) based on wide area synchronized phasor measurement units (PMUs) for stabilization of inter-area oscillation. The structure of active and reactive power controllers of SMES is the first-order lead/lag compensator. Assuming multiple PMUs are located in an interconnected power system, the steady state phasor data are obtained by applying the small load perturbation. Using the phasor data, the simplified oscillation model (SOM) included with SMES power controllers can be identified and applied to estimate the dominant inter-area oscillation modes. In the robust control design, unstructured system uncertainties such as various operating conditions, system parameters variation, etc., are represented by the inverse additive perturbation and included in the SOM. To enhance the system robust stability margin, the optimization of SMES control parameters is solved by genetic algorithm in the SOM. Simulation studies in the West Japan 6-machine power system confirm that the robustness of the proposed SMES is much superior to the conventional SMES against various operating conditions and fault locations.     

基于SMES相量模型抑制电力系统的功率振荡分析

根据超导储能装置（SMES）的工作原理,结合其结构特点与电路拓扑的发展趋势,建立了电压源型SMES相量模型。该模型将SMES等效为三相可控电流源,实现有功电流和无功电流独立控制,模拟SMES的功率响应特性,在功能上实现了对系统功率需求的准确跟踪,快速补偿系统的不平衡功率。最后,通过一个算例验证了SMES抑制单机无穷大系统功率振荡的效果,仿真结果表明该电压源型SMES可有效抑制系统的功率振荡,并使系统迅速恢复稳定运行状态,从而大大提高了系统的稳定性。     

StatCom-SMES

This article presents the modeling and control of the integration of a StatCom (static-synchronous compensator) with SMES (superconducting magnetic energy storage system) and its dynamic response to system oscillations caused by a three-phase fault. It has been shown that the StatCom-SMES combination can be very effective in damping power system oscillations. Adding energy storage enhances the performance of a StatCom and possibly reduces the MVA ratings requirements of the StatCom operating alone. This is important for a cost/benefit analysis of installing flexible AC transmission system controllers on utility systems. It should be noted that, in this study, the StatCom provides a real power flow path for SMES, but the SMES controller is independent of the StatCom controller. While the StatCom is ordered to absorb or inject reactive power, the SMES is ordered to absorb/inject real power. It was also observed that the location where the combined compensator is connected is important for improvement of overall system dynamic performance. Although the use of a reactive power controller seems more effective in a load area, this simulation study shows that a StatCom with real power capability can damp the power system oscillations more effectively, thereby stabilizing the system faster-if the StatCom-SMES controller is located near a generation area rather than a load area.     

Formulation, computation and improvement of steady state security margins in power systems. Part I: Theoretical framework

A steady state security margin for a particular operational point can be defined as the distance from this initial point to the secure operational limits of the system. Four of the most used steady state security margins are the power flow feasibility margin, the contingency feasibility margin, the load margin to voltage collapse, and the total transfer capability between system areas. A comprehensive literature survey has shown that these security margins have been studied separately. This fact has suggested to the authors the possibility of researching a common analysis framework valid for all of them. This is the first part of a two-part paper. In part I, a novel mathematical formulation valid to address the study of any steady state security margin is proposed. The developed general approach is presented in three steps: (a) formulation, (b) computation, and (c) improvement of security margins. In part II, the performance of the proposed approach when used to compute and improve the aforementioned steady security margins is illustrated through its application to the Spanish power system. Results denote that this approach can be a useful tool to solve a variety of practical situations in modern real power systems.     

Techno-economic analysis of MJ class high temperature Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage(SMES) systems applied to renewable power grids

High temperature Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage(SMES) systems can exchange energy with substantial renewable power grids in a small period of time with very high efficiency. Because of this distinctive feature, they store the abundant wind power when the power network is congested and release the energy back to the system when there is no congestion. However, considering the cost and lifespan of SMES systems, there is an urgent demand to conduct a cost-benefit analysis to justify its role in smart grid development. This study explores the application and performs economic analysis of a 5 MJ SMES in a practical renewable power system in China based on the PSCAD/EMTDC software. An optimal location of SMES in Zhangbei wind farm is presented using real power transmission parameters. The stabilities of the renewable power grid with and without SMES are discussed. In addition, a financial feasibility study is conducted by comparing the cost and the savings from wind power curtailment of deploying SMES and battery. The economic analysis tries to find the balance between SMES investment cost and wind farm operation cost by using real data over a calendar year. The technical analysis can help guide the optimal allocation of SMES for compensating power system instability with substantial wind power. Further, the economic analysis provides a useful indication of its practical application feasibility to fight the balance between cost and benefit.