Filtering techniques to minimize the effect of long motor leads onPWM inverter-fed AC motor drive systems

In this paper, filtering techniques are investigated to reduce the motor terminal overvoltage, ringing, and dv/dt in inverter-fed AC motor drive systems where long leads are required. Analysis is presented to show that the distributed LC of a cable and the pulse-width modulated (PWM) inverter switching action lead to motor terminal voltage reflections and ringing that stress the turn insulation and contribute to bearing currents. First- and second-order shunt filter designs are analyzed and compared. Detailed design equations to match the filter impedance to the cable surge impedance and to determine the filter component values are presented. It is demonstrated that a first-order shunt filter connected at the motor terminals significantly reduces the overvoltage stress and ringing, and also lowers the dv/dt of the PWM switching pulse. Simulation and experimental results are presented to verify the proposed filter designs for 50-ft and 100-ft cable lengths for 460-V PWM insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) AC motor drive systems     

新型PWM逆变器输出无源滤波器的研究

研究了变频器在长线传输时产生的过电压问题，理论分析表明，电动机端过电压与PWM变频器采用的开关器件上升时间和PWM变频器与电动机之间的电缆长度密切相关：上升时间越短，电缆长度越长，电压反射现象越显著，过电压也越高。为消除PWM变频器长线传输时在电动机端产生的过电压等负面效应，提出了一种逆变器输出无源滤波器。实验研究验证了该滤波器能够将变频器输出的PWM电压滤成近似正弦波，从而有效地抑制电动机端的过电压。这种滤波器还可以有效降低共模电压。文中分析了这种滤波器的共模结构及其可以降低共模电压的原因，实验验证了设计思想的正确性。同一种结构的滤波器能够同时消除差模dv／dt和共模电压，减小了滤波器的体积和成本，结构简单，是一种消除逆变器输出负面效应的有效手段。     

PWM逆变器输出端共模与差模电压 dv/dt滤波器设计

PWM逆变器直接驱动电机时会产生较高dv/dt的共模电压,并由此产生轴承电流和共模漏电流以及严重的电磁干扰(EMI).特别是当逆变器通过长线电缆与电机连接时,由于电缆中分布参数的影响,会在电机端产生电压反射现象,从而在电机端会产生2倍以上的过电压,导致线圈绝缘失败.本文通过对PWM逆变器驱动电机系统产生的共模以及差模电压分析,提出了一种改进型的逆变器端无源滤波器,并给出了参数的设计方法.与传统的滤波器相比,该滤波器可对共模及差模电压dv/dt同时起到抑制作用,从而减小了由此产生的负面效应.实验结果验证了该滤波器的有效性.     

Output filters for PWM drives with induction motors

When an induction motor is energized from a pulse width modulated (PWM) inverter, through long connecting cables, its insulation system can be severely stressed. The high dv/dt voltage pulses at the output of the inverter cause traveling waves in the connecting cable between the inverter and the motor. When the traveling wave reaches the motor, a large impedance mismatch is present which leads to a reflected voltage wave that, when added to the incoming incident wave, can reach two times the inverter output voltage. The resulting overvoltage at the motor terminals stresses the insulation system and can lead to reduced motor life. Various output filter arrangements can be used to condition the inverter output voltage before it is applied to the cable. The advantage of adding output filtering is that the dielectric stress on the motor insulation and the inverter cable charging current can both be reduced. The major disadvantages of adding filtering is that they represent extra cost, they require extra mounting space, and they introduce extra losses in the system. The most commonly used types of inverter output filters are: simple output line inductors; output limit filter; sine wave output filter; and motor termination filter. These filters are discussed     

一种新颖的用于减小电机终端共模dv/dt的逆变输出滤波器

提出了一种新颖的用于脉冲宽度调制（PWM）驱动系统的逆变器输出滤波器。此滤波器由可调电感和电容组成，可以有效抑制电机终端的共模dv/dt。这个滤波器的优点是电感的数值可以根据载波频率的大小自动进行调节，从而确保滤波效果不受载波频率变化的影响，同时可以减小不同载波频率下电感上的电压降。这种滤波器的使用将有助于延长轴承寿命，增强PWM驱动系统的可靠性。通过理论分析和领导具结果证明了这种滤波器的有效性。     

变频器驱动系统滤波器设计研究

由于PWM逆变器输出的脉冲电压在电机接线端子及绕组上产生了差模电压和共模电压;特别是当逆变器通过长线电缆与电机连接时,会在电机端产生电压反射现象,从而在电机端形成很大的过电压,危害电气设备的安全运行。通过对PWM逆变器驱动电机系统产生差模和共模电压机理分析的研究,在变频器输出端抑制电机端差模电压的RLC滤波器的基础上,提出一种改进型变频器输出端无源滤波器的方案,并给出了参数的设计方法。该滤波器可对共模及差模电压同时起到抑制作用,仿真结果验证了该滤波器设计方案的有效性,为变频器驱动系统滤波器设计研究提供理论依据。     

Application issues for PWM adjustable speed AC motor drives

In this article, some application issues for adjustable speed AC motor drives have been investigated. The effects of high PWM frequency, or high dv/dt on the motor terminal voltages and bearing currents have been addressed and explained. Mitigation techniques have been shown to significantly reduce the transient peak voltage and dv/dt at the motor terminals, as well as within the motor windings. This reduction contributes to improved reliability of PWM motor drive systems     

A low‐loss snubber for reducing motor terminal surge voltage

The development of an advanced Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) has enabled high‐frequency switching operation and has improved the performance of PWM inverters for motor drive. However, the IGBT's high rate of dv/dt has adverse effects on motor insulation stress. In many motor drive applications, the inverter and motor are separated, requiring long motor feeds. The long cable contributes high‐frequency ringing at the motor terminal and results in high surge voltage which stresses the motor insulation. The inverter output filter and RDC snubber are the conventional method for reducing the surge voltage. In this paper, we propose a new low‐loss snubber to reduce the motor terminal surge voltage. The snubber consists of the series connection of chraging/discharging capacitor and the voltage‐clamped capacitor. At IGBT turn‐off, the snubber starts to operate when the IGBT voltage reaches the voltage‐clamped level. Since dv/dt is decreased by snubber operating, the peak level of the surge voltage can be reduced. Also the snubber operates at the IGBT voltage above the voltage‐clamped level, and the snubber loss is largely reduced compared with the RDC snubber. The proposed snubber enables reduction of the motor terminal surge voltage with low loss. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 150(4): 64–72, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10378     

A New Current Source GTO Inverter with Sinusoidal Output Voltage and Current

A new current source inverter with sinusoidal output voltage and current is presented. Gate turn-off thyristors (GTO's) and pulsewidth modulation (PWM) control techniques are used in the current source inverter to produce the sinusoidal output voltage and current. Three capacitors are connected to the ac output terminals to absorb overvoltages which occur when the GTO current is cut off and to provide a filter function for reducing harmonics in the output current. Voltage spikes, which have been a serious problem in the practical application of this inverter, are suppressed by adding gate pulses which force the inverter into a state of shoot-through. Moreover, this inverter permits the capacitance of an ac output terminal capacitor for absorbing overvoltages to be reduced to one-tenth or less of that of a commutating capacitor in a conventional thyristor type current source inverter. A 3.7-kW induction motor is driven by the inverter. The motor efficiency and noise level are measured and compared with those obtained when the motor is driven by a conventional voltage source PWM inverter. An operating efficiency five or six percent higher and noise level 10 dB lower are obtained for the former. Therefore, this current source GTO inverter is very suitable for ac motor variable speed drives.     

A novel output filter topology to reduce motor overvoltage

When an induction machine is supplied with a voltage-source pulsewidth-modulation (PWM) inverter, a ringing voltage overshoot appears at motor terminals due to steep PWM voltage pulse propagation along the motor cable. It has been reported that in particular situations, when very long motor cables are used and retrofit installations, the overvoltage could stress motors with poor insulation. This paper presents a novel inverter output filter topology consisting of an LC filter which has the star point of the common-mode capacitors clamped to the + and - dc-link rails by the means of two diodes. The proposed filter drastically reduces the voltage overshoot at the motor terminals, thus reducing motor insulation stress. This is a cheap alternative to more known industrial solutions.     

一种新颖的逆变器输出无源滤波器的研究

提出了一种新颖的可以同时降低差模dv／dt和共模电压的逆变器输出无源滤波器。该滤波器由一LC低通滤波器和一共模变压器构成。其主要特色是将两种结构的滤波器集合在一起，简化了滤波器的结构和设计。通过理论分析，仿真和实验方法验证了该滤波器在满足降低差模dv／dt使差模电压正弦化的同时可以最大程度的消除共模电压，从而有效延长电机的电气寿命。详细地分析了滤波器的共模等效电路，然后给出了滤波器的设计方法。进行了传统的LRC滤波器的相关实验，与所提滤波器进行了效果对比，验证了所提滤波器的有效性。     

Motor Overvoltage Limitation by Means of a New EMI-Reducing PWM Strategy for Three-Level Inverters

Pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) voltage-source inverters are known to provoke high-frequency disturbances in motor-drive applications, particularly when long cables are used. Indeed, the parasitic elements of the cable, along with steep voltage transitions due to semiconductor switchings, are responsible for the conducted electromagnetic emissions and high overvoltages on the motor terminals. Therefore, several specific PWM schemes have been proposed in order to reduce these phenomena without requiring large passive filters. However, strategies that reduce common-mode currents (mainly conducted electromagnetic emissions) tend to increase the overvoltages generated on the motor. This paper focuses on a new PWM strategy that reduces the common-mode currents generated by three-level inverters. It provides a control algorithm that makes sure that the motor overvoltages never exceed those of conventional strategies while improving the electromagnetic-compatibility performance of the drive.     

一种混合9电平电压源逆变器及其变频脉宽调制

介绍了一种应用于中高压变频调速装置的9电平输出电压源逆变器，逆变器的主电路由2种不同拓扑结构的逆变电路组成，分别使用不同参数的开关器件实现，可以综合利用阻断电压高的器件和开关速度快的器件的优点。分析了逆变器主电路的拓扑结构及特点，研究了主电路的开关模式后提出了一种基于载波调制的适合于任意电平数目混合逆变器的PWM(脉宽调制)算法，最后仿真研究了混合9电平逆变器在变速驱动场合中的应用，并验证了算法的有效性。对线电压的频谱分析表明，混合9电平逆变器有很好的输出波形，输出谐波含量少，在高频段输出线电压的总谐波畸变率小于5％，输出电压的dv／dt小，可用于驱动大容量的中高压异步电动机。     

A new medium-voltage PWM inverter topology for adjustable-speeddrives

In this paper, a new pulsewidth modulation (PWM) inverter topology suitable for medium-voltage (2300/4160 V) adjustable-speed drive systems is proposed. The modular inverter topology is derived by combining three standard three-phase inverter modules and a 0.33-pu output transformer. The output voltage is high-quality multistep PWM with low dv/dt. Further, the approach also guarantees balanced operation and 100% utilization of each three-phase inverter module over the entire speed range. These features enable the proposed topology to be suitable for powering constant-torque, as well as variable-torque type loads. Clean power utility interface of the proposed inverter system can be achieved via an 18-pulse input transformer. Analysis, simulation and experimental results are shown to validate the concepts     

PWM逆变器端过电压滤波器设计

PWM逆变器通过长线电缆与电机连接时,由于电缆分布参数的影响会在电机端产生2倍的过电压,从而使电机承受的应力大为增加.本文在对电压脉冲上升时间与电缆长度关系分析的基础上,提出了一种改进型的逆变器端无源滤波器.通过对滤波器传递函数特性分析,给出了具体的参数选取原则与设计方法.采用本文提出的滤波器可以使电机端的过电压得到对称的抑制,通过在380 V/3 KW电机系统的实验,验证了该滤波器的有效性,取得了良好的效果.     

PWM逆变器-感应电机系统中的过电压抑止滤波器研究

在PWM逆变器供电的感应电机调速系统中，当逆变器与电机之间的电缆超过一定长度后，在电机端可能出现2倍于逆变器直流母线电压的过电压。本文从时域和频域分析了过电压的内在特点，给出了过电压振荡频率与系统参数的函数关系式，根据过电压的形成机理及其特点，以R－C滤波器为例，给出了详细的滤波器参数选取方法。仿真和实验结果证明了按照本文所提供的方法设计的滤波器能够很好地抑止电机过电压。     

Interaction of drive modulation and cable parameters on AC motortransients

This paper investigates overvoltage transients on AC induction motors when connected through a cable of arbitrary length to a variable frequency drive (VFD) consisting of a pulsewidth modulation (PWM) inverter with insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) power devices. Factors contributing to a motor overvoltage transient equal to a theoretical twice DC bus voltage are first described using existing transmission line analysis. A critical cable distance I_c is defined where this 2-pu overvoltage occurs. However, literature is lacking on flow motor voltage transients >2-pu bus voltage and up to 3-4 pu are generated. This phenomenon is observed on all PWM inverters with output cable lengths greater than l_c distance. Contributing factors to the >2-pu overvoltage phenomenon are investigated by exploring the complex interaction between drive modulation techniques, carrier frequency selected, cable natural frequency of oscillation, cable high-frequency damping losses, and, to a lesser extent, inverter output rise time. Theoretical calculations of cable frequency and damping are correlated with simulation and experimental results. Novel modifications to the PWM modulator, as well as external hardware apparatus, are proposed solutions to the >2-pu overvoltage problem; both are simulated and experimentally confirmed     

高压变频器共模电压仿真研究

该文分析了PWM高压变频器中输出电缆对电机影响、共模电压和三电平逆变器箝位点电位不平衡机理。为有效抑制共模电压对变频器的不良影响，提出了新型拓扑结构：在24脉波整流/三电平逆变的高压变频器中，设置共模电抗器，并将整流器中性点、直流侧中间点、输出滤波器中性点和三电平逆变器箝位点相连，并通过小电阻和系统地相连。基于该拓扑结构对6kV／2250kW的电机所进行的仿真结果表明，该拓扑结构可以减小高压变频器的共模电压，提高变频器运行的可靠性。     

三电平逆变器异步电动机直接转矩控制系统(I)--单一矢量法

三电平中点钳位逆变器(NPC)广泛应用于中压变频调速系统,具有对器件耐压要求低,输出谐波含量低,控制性能好等优点.其主要问题是如何避免中点电压的漂移,以及防止输出电压有过高的瞬时跳变.提出一种三电平异步电动机直接转矩控制(DTC)系统,即基于单一矢量的控制算法.该方法有效地控制了三电平逆变器的中点电压,并抑制了输出电压的跳变,从而满足了实际运行的要求.仿真结果表明,本文的方法在三电平逆变器供电的异步电动机上有效地实现了DTC系统,并能达到较好的控制性能.     

Current regulated PWM-CSI induction motor drive system without aspeed sensor

This paper deals with a current source inverter-induction motor drive system without a speed sensor, and the speed estimation with only sense of the motor voltage is investigated. The input DC link current which is kept constant by a pulsewidth modulated (PWM) converter with sinusoidal input current is supplied to the PWM inverter. The inverter output current with sinusoidal wave is directly regulated by employing the modulation index control of the PWM strategy. The motor is driven by a slip frequency/current regulation control. The motor speed is estimated by using the measured voltage and current, or using the measured voltage and the estimated current. The filter capacitor which is installed in the inverter circuit is taken into consideration for the current estimation. A digital signal processor is employed for calculation. As the PWM pulse of the inverter is calculated by an online real-time system, the quick regulation of the sinusoidal output current is achieved. The experiments show that the high performance steady state behavior and the acceleration/deceleration characteristics with smooth drives and low noise of the motor is obtained